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Transmembrane Protein ANTXR1 Regulates γ-Globin Expression by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8440422. [PMID: 35942209 PMCID: PMC9356848 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8440422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) alleviates clinical symptoms in patients with β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, although the regulatory mechanisms of γ-globin expression have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent studies found that interfering with the expression of the membrane protein ANTXR1 gene upregulated γ-globin levels. However, the exact mechanism by which ANTXR1 regulates γ-globin levels remains unclear. Our study showed that overexpression and knockdown of ANTXR1 in K562, cord blood CD34+, and HUDEP-2 cells decreased and increased γ-globin expression, respectively. ANTXR1 regulates the reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) in K562, cord blood CD34+, and adult peripheral blood CD34+ cells through interaction with LRP6 to promote the nuclear entry of β-catenin and activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The overexpression or knockdown of ANTXR1 on γ-globin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in K562 cells was reversed by the inhibitor XAV939 and the activator LiCl, respectively, where XAV939 inhibits the transcription of β-catenin in the Wnt pathway, but LiCl inhibits GSK3-β. We also showed that the binding ability of the rank4 site in the transcriptional regulatory region of the SOX6 gene to c-Jun was significantly increased after overexpression of ANTXR1 in K562 cells. SOX6 protein expression was increased significantly after overexpression of the c-Jun gene, indicating that the transcription factor c-Jun initiated the transcription of SOX6, thereby silencing γ-globin. Our findings may provide a new intervention target for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Andrea AE, Chiron A, Mallah S, Bessoles S, Sarrabayrouse G, Hacein-Bey-Abina S. Advances in CAR-T Cell Genetic Engineering Strategies to Overcome Hurdles in Solid Tumors Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830292. [PMID: 35211124 PMCID: PMC8861853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During this last decade, adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) emerged as a valuable therapeutic strategy in hematological cancers. However, this immunotherapy has demonstrated limited efficacy in solid tumors. The main obstacle encountered by CAR-T cells in solid malignancies is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME impedes tumor trafficking and penetration of T lymphocytes and installs an immunosuppressive milieu by producing suppressive soluble factors and by overexpressing negative immune checkpoints. In order to overcome these hurdles, new CAR-T cells engineering strategies were designed, to potentiate tumor recognition and infiltration and anti-cancer activity in the hostile TME. In this review, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade immune defenses and we critically expose the most optimistic engineering strategies to make CAR-T cell therapy a solid option for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andrada Chiron
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sarah Mallah
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stéphanie Bessoles
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Sarrabayrouse
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Si T, Ning X, Chen H, Hu Z, Dun L, Zheng N, Huang P, Yang L, Yi P. ANTXR1 as a potential prognostic biomarker for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma identified by a weighted gene correlation network analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:3079-3092. [PMID: 35070431 PMCID: PMC8748048 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With high incidence and mortality rates, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of HCC, especially for Asians and blacks. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HBV-related HCC are unclear. This study sought to identify novel prognostic biomarkers and explore the potential pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC. METHODS The gene expression profiles and corresponding clinical information of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma data set were analyzed by a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Correlations between the co-expression modules and clinical traits were calculated. Next, key modules associated with HBV infection were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were conducted for the genes in the key modules. The hub genes were identified based on the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network via the Cytoscape. Finally, an overall survival (OS) analysis was performed. RESULTS The two modules (i.e., the brown and yellow modules) most relevant to HBV infection were constructed. A functional enrichment analysis revealed that the genes in the two modules were mainly enriched in HCC-related pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase B signaling pathway, focal adhesion, human papillomavirus infection, the Rap1 signaling pathway, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cGMP-PKG) signaling pathway. Ten hub genes [i.e., COL3A1, ANTXR1, COL14A1, THBS2, ADAMTS2, AEBP1, PRELP, EMILIN1, DCN and PODN] in the brown module, and 10 hub genes [i.e., USP34, SEC24C, ZNF770, STAG1, TSTD2, PKD1P6, CCNK, GFT2I, NT5C2 and SMG6] in the yellow module were identified. Among the hub genes, ANTXR1 (Anthrax-toxin receptor 1) was significantly correlated with HBV-related HCC patients' OS. CONCLUSIONS ANTXR1 represents a potential therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC. This study offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of HBV-induced tumorigenesis, which needs to be further validated by basic experiments and large-scale cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Si
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Xuejian Ning
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Haihui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Zhengguo Hu
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Linglu Dun
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, China
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Li Y, Wang Q, Wang D, Fu W. KLF7 Promotes Gastric Carcinogenesis Through Regulation of ANTXR1. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5547-5557. [PMID: 34285576 PMCID: PMC8285236 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s308071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Elucidating the mechanism of gastric cancer progression is of great importance for the discovery of new therapy targets against gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the function of Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) in gastric cancer. METHODS qPCR and Western blot were performed to determine the expression of ANTXR1 after KLF7 inhibition. CCK-8, colony formation, apoptosis analysis, cell cycle analysis and transwell assay were performed to determine KLF7 functions in cellular proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle. Tumour xenograft experiments were performed to examine cell growth in vivo. RESULTS The results showed that KLF7 was upregulated in gastric cancer. The proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells were suppressed by depletion of KLF7. In vivo tumour progression was also attenuated following the downregulation of KLF7. Meanwhile, overexpression of KLF7 promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. The results of the mechanistic analysis showed that KLF7 promoted gastric carcinogenesis via upregulation of ANTXR cell adhesion molecule 1 (ANTXR1). CONCLUSION Therefore, this study may provide a theoretical foundation for further clinical therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - DongWei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: DongWei Wang Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348, Dexiang Street, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154002, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-0454-8605850 Email
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China,Weihua Fu Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +022-60363901 Email
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Sun KR, Lv HF, Chen BB, Nie CY, Zhao J, Chen XB. Latest therapeutic target for gastric cancer: Anthrax toxin receptor 1. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:216-222. [PMID: 33889273 PMCID: PMC8040068 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), also known as tumor endothelial marker 8, is a highly conserved cell surface protein overexpressed in tumor-infiltrating vessels. It was first found in vascular endothelial cells of human colorectal cancer. Although our understanding of its physiological function is limited, it has been found that ANTXR1 binds collagen and promotes migration of endothelial cells in vitro. ANTXR1 is upregulated in vessels of different tumor types in mice and humans, and is also expressed by tumor cells themselves in some tumors, such as gastric, lung, intestinal and breast cancer. Developmental angiogenesis and wound healing were not disturbed in ANTXR1 knockout mice, but compared with wild-type mice, growth of melanoma was impaired after ANTXR1 knockout, indicating that host-derived ANTXR1 can promote tumor growth on the basis of immune activity. Previous studies have shown that ANTXR1 vaccines or sublethal doses of anthrax toxin can inhibit angiogenesis, slow tumor growth and prolong survival. These studies suggest that ANTXR1 is necessary for tumor rather than physiological angiogenesis. It has been found that ANTXR1 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesisas well as in the growth and metastasis of many kinds of tumors. This article reviews the physiological function of ANTXR1 and its role in different kinds of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ran Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Cai-Yun Nie
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
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Huang X, Zhang J, Zheng Y. ANTXR1 Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates With Stromal and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastric Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:598221. [PMID: 33385012 PMCID: PMC7770144 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.598221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, making it difficult to ascertain the optimal therapeutic approach for individual GC patients. Stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC has a strong correlation with clinical outcomes; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive immunosuppression remain vastly undiscovered. Recent studies validated that anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is aberrantly expressed in several cancers and holds promise as a new therapeutic target for cancer. However, its immunological roles in GC are still unclear. Here, we show that we identify the distinct stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC between the high and low ANTXR1 expression group by analyzing genomic data. Clinically, ANTXR1 is highly expressed in GC and correlates with adverse clinicopathological characteristics. Additionally, high ANTXR1 expression is linked to markedly poor clinical outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy, whereas the low ANTXR1 expression group is correlated with better outcomes and response to chemotherapy in GC patients. We further revealed the differential landscape of somatic tumor mutation burden (TMB) between the two groups and observed that patients with high ANTXR1 expression suffered from a lower TMB, potentially leading to less sensitivity to checkpoint therapy. Molecularly, results displayed that ANTXR1 is an immunosuppressive element, which may perform its function via promoting the secretion of immunosuppressive factors that play a significant role in modulating tumor-associated fibroblast transformation, M2 macrophage polarization, and T cell exhaustion. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that cancer-related pathways including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, focal adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were enriched in high ANTXR1 expression tumors. Our work suggests that ANTXR1 could not only serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in GC but also be deemed as a potential immunotherapeutic target and useful biomarker of sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wei S, Lu J, Lou J, Shi C, Mo S, Shao Y, Ni J, Zhang W, Cheng X. Gastric Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Characterization Reveals Stromal-Related Gene Signatures Associated With Macrophage Infiltration. Front Genet 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32695142 PMCID: PMC7339942 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has attracted attention owing to its essential role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. With the emergence of immunotherapies for various cancers, and their high efficacy, an understanding of the TME in gastric cancer (GC) is critical. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various components within the GC TME, and to identify mechanisms that exhibit potential as therapeutic targets. The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to quantify immune and stromal components in GC samples, whose clinicopathological significance and relationship with predicted outcomes were explored. Low tumor mutational burden and high M2 macrophage infiltration, which are considered immune suppressive characteristics and may be responsible for unfavorable prognoses in GC, were observed in the high stromal group (HR = 1.585; 95% CI, 1.112–2.259; P = 0.009). Furthermore, weighted correlation network, differential expression, and univariate Cox analyses were used, along with machine learning methods (LASSO and SVM-RFE), to reveal genome-wide immune phenotypic correlations. Eight stromal-relevant genes cluster (FSTL1, RAB31, FBN1, ANTXR1, LRRC32, CTSK, COL5A2, and ENG) were identified as adverse prognostic factors in GC. Finally, using a combination of TIMER database and single-sample gene set enrichment analyses, we found that the identified genes potentially contribute to macrophage recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. These findings provide a different perspective into the immune microenvironment and indicate potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for GC immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyu Wei
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Lou
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Shi
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Mo
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaojian Shao
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Ni
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Shulan Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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