1
|
Ren D, Xiong S, Ren Y, Yang X, Zhao X, Jin J, Xu M, Liang T, Guo L, Weng L. Advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines: Harnessing immune adjuvants for enhanced efficacy and future perspectives. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1833-1843. [PMID: 38707540 PMCID: PMC11066472 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Preventive cancer vaccines are highly effective in preventing viral infection-induced cancer, but advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines with a focus on eliminating cancer cells through immunotherapy are limited. To develop therapeutic cancer vaccines, the integration of optimal adjuvants is a potential strategy to enhance or complement existing therapeutic approaches. However, conventional adjuvants do not satisfy the criteria of clinical trials for therapeutic cancer vaccines. To improve the effects of adjuvants in therapeutic cancer vaccines, effective vaccination strategies must be formulated and novel adjuvants must be identified. This review offers an overview of the current advancements in therapeutic cancer vaccines and highlights in situ vaccination approaches that can be synergistically combined with other immunotherapies by harnessing the adjuvant effects. Additionally, the refinement of adjuvant systems using cutting-edge technologies and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying immunogenic cell death to facilitate the development of innovative adjuvants have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shizheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueni Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinmiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miaomiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Shi Q, Wang P, Huang C, Tang S, Zhou M, Hu Q, Wu L, Liang D. iPSC-derived NK cells with site-specific integration of CAR19 and IL24 at the multi-copy rDNA locus enhanced antitumor activity and proliferation. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e553. [PMID: 38737469 PMCID: PMC11082533 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of chimeric antigen receptor-modified natural killer (CAR-NK) cells using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has emerged as one of the paradigms for manufacturing off-the-shelf universal immunotherapy. However, there are still some challenges in enhancing the potency, safety, and multiple actions of CAR-NK cells. Here, iPSCs were site-specifically integrated at the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus with interleukin 24 (IL24) and CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19), and successfully differentiated into iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cells, followed by expansion using magnetic beads in vitro. Compared with the CAR19-iNK cells, IL24 armored CAR19-iNK (CAR19-IL24-iNK) cells showed higher cytotoxic capacity and amplification ability in vitro and inhibited tumor progression more effectively with better survival in a B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) (Nalm-6 (Luc1))-bearing mouse model. Interestingly, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that IL24 may enhance iNK cell function through nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway-related genes while exerting a direct effect on tumor cells. This study proved the feasibility and potential of combining IL24 with CAR-iNK cell therapy, suggesting a novel and promising off-the-shelf immunotherapy strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Qingxin Shi
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Peiyun Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chujun Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shuqing Tang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Miaojin Zhou
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Qian Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou Y, Yaguchi T. Programmed cell death-1 blockade therapy in melanoma: Resistance mechanisms and combination strategies. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:264-275. [PMID: 36645031 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor derived from melanocytes. In recent years, the incidence and mortality of melanoma have gradually increased, seriously threatening human health. Classic treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy show very limited efficacy. Due to the high immunogenicity of melanoma cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors have received considerable attention as melanoma treatments. One such therapy is blockade of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which is one of the most important negative immune regulators and is mainly expressed on activated T cells. Disruption of the interactions between PD-1 and its ligands, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) rejuvenates exhausted T cells and enhances antitumor immunity. Although PD-1 blockade therapy is widely used in melanoma, a substantial proportion of patients still show no response or short durations of remission. Recent researches have focused on revealing the underlying mechanisms for resistance to this treatment and improving its efficacy through combination therapy. Here, we will introduce the resistance mechanisms associated with PD-1 blockade therapy in melanoma and review the combination therapies available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zou
- Division of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu SC, Barry MA. Locked and loaded: engineering and arming oncolytic adenoviruses to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1359-1378. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Z, McGray AJR, Jiang W, Lu B, Kalinski P, Guo ZS. Improving cancer immunotherapy by rationally combining oncolytic virus with modulators targeting key signaling pathways. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:196. [PMID: 36221123 PMCID: PMC9554963 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a new class of multi-modal immunotherapies for cancer, with OV-elicited antitumor immunity being key to their overall therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the clinical effectiveness of OV as monotherapy remains limited, and thus investigators have been exploring various combinations with other anti-cancer agents and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy. As cancer cells have evolved to alter key signaling pathways for enhanced cell proliferation, cancer progression and metastasis, these cellular and molecular changes offer promising targets for rational cancer therapy design. In this regard, key molecules in relevant signaling pathways for cancer cells or/and immune cells, such as EGFR-KRAS (e.g., KRASG12C), PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ERK-MEK, JAK-STAT, p53, PD-1-PD-L1, and epigenetic, or immune pathways (e.g., histone deacetylases, cGAS-STING) are currently under investigation and have the potential to synergize with OV to modulate the immune milieu of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby improving and sustaining antitumor immunity. As many small molecule modulators of these signaling pathways have been developed and have shown strong therapeutic potential, here we review key findings related to both OV-mediated immunotherapy and the utility of small molecule modulators of signaling pathways in immuno-oncology. Then, we focus on discussion of the rationales and potential strategies for combining OV with selected modulators targeting key cellular signaling pathways in cancer or/and immune cells to modulate the TME and enhance antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide perspectives and viewpoints on the application of novel experimental systems and technologies that can propel this exciting branch of medicine into a bright future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren Y, Miao JM, Wang YY, Fan Z, Kong XB, Yang L, Cheng G. Oncolytic viruses combined with immune checkpoint therapy for colorectal cancer is a promising treatment option. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961796. [PMID: 35911673 PMCID: PMC9334725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the promising strategies in the treatment of oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, as a type of immunotherapy, have no significant efficacy in the clinical treatment of patients with pMMR/MSS/MSI-L mCRC alone. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find combination therapies that can improve the response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncolytic viruses are a new class of cancer drugs that, in addition to directly lysing tumor cells, can facilitate the action of immune checkpoint inhibitors by modulating the tumor microenvironment and transforming “cold” tumors into “hot” ones. The combination of oncolytic viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors is currently being used in several primary and clinical studies to treat tumors with exciting results. The combination of genetically modified “armed” OV with ICIs is expected to be one of the treatment options for pMMR/MSS/MSI-L mCRC. In this paper, we will analyze the current status of oncolytic viruses and ICIs available for the treatment of CRC. The feasibility of OV in combination with ICI for CRC will be discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of OV in treating tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Meng Miao
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xian-Bin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xian-Bin Kong, ; Long Yang, long ; Gong Cheng,
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xian-Bin Kong, ; Long Yang, long ; Gong Cheng,
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xian-Bin Kong, ; Long Yang, long ; Gong Cheng,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pradhan AK, Bhoopathi P, Maji S, Kumar A, Guo C, Mannangatti P, Li J, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Das SK, Fisher PB. Enhanced Cancer Therapy Using an Engineered Designer Cytokine Alone and in Combination With an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor. Front Oncol 2022; 12:812560. [PMID: 35402258 PMCID: PMC8988683 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.812560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 or Interleukin-24 (mda-7, IL-24) displays expansive anti-tumor activity without harming corresponding normal cells/tissues. This anticancer activity has been documented in vitro and in vivo in multiple preclinical animal models, as well as in patients with advanced cancers in a phase I clinical trial. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of MDA-7 (IL-24), we engineered a designer cytokine (a "Superkine"; IL-24S; referred to as M7S) with enhanced secretion and increased stability to engender improved "bystander" antitumor effects. M7S was engineered in a two-step process by first replacing the endogenous secretory motif with an alternate secretory motif to boost secretion. Among four different signaling peptides, the insulin secretory motif significantly enhanced the secretion of MDA-7 (IL-24) protein and was chosen for M7S. The second modification engineered in M7S was designed to enhance the stability of MDA-7 (IL-24), which was accomplished by replacing lysine at position K122 with arginine. This engineered "M7S Superkine" with increased secretion and stability retained cancer specificity. Compared to parental MDA-7 (IL-24), M7S (IL-24S) was superior in promoting anti-tumor and bystander effects leading to improved outcomes in multiple cancer xenograft models. Additionally, combinatorial therapy using MDA-7 (IL-24) or M7S (IL-24S) with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1, dramatically reduced tumor progression in murine B16 melanoma cells. These results portend that M7S (IL-24S) promotes the re-emergence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, providing a solid rationale for prospective translational applications of this therapeutic designer cytokine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjan K. Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Santanu Maji
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Padmanabhan Mannangatti
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jiong Li
- Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K. Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,*Correspondence: Swadesh K. Das, ; Paul B. Fisher,
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States,*Correspondence: Swadesh K. Das, ; Paul B. Fisher,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Appleton E, Hassan J, Chan Wah Hak C, Sivamanoharan N, Wilkins A, Samson A, Ono M, Harrington KJ, Melcher A, Wennerberg E. Kickstarting Immunity in Cold Tumours: Localised Tumour Therapy Combinations With Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754436. [PMID: 34733287 PMCID: PMC8558396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients with low or absent pre-existing anti-tumour immunity ("cold" tumours) respond poorly to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI). In order to render these patients susceptible to ICPI, initiation of de novo tumour-targeted immune responses is required. This involves triggering of inflammatory signalling, innate immune activation including recruitment and stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs), and ultimately priming of tumour-specific T cells. The ability of tumour localised therapies to trigger these pathways and act as in situ tumour vaccines is being increasingly explored, with the aspiration of developing combination strategies with ICPI that could generate long-lasting responses. In this effort, it is crucial to consider how therapy-induced changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) act both as immune stimulants but also, in some cases, exacerbate immune resistance mechanisms. Increasingly refined immune monitoring in pre-clinical studies and analysis of on-treatment biopsies from clinical trials have provided insight into therapy-induced biomarkers of response, as well as actionable targets for optimal synergy between localised therapies and ICB. Here, we review studies on the immunomodulatory effects of novel and experimental localised therapies, as well as the re-evaluation of established therapies, such as radiotherapy, as immune adjuvants with a focus on ICPI combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Appleton
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jehanne Hassan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charleen Chan Wah Hak
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Nanna Sivamanoharan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Wilkins
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Melcher
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Wennerberg
- Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu HJ, Liang X, Li HL, Wang HY, Gu JF, Sun LY, Xiao J, Hu JQ, Ni AM, Liu XY. Optimization of the Administration Strategy for the Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus ZD55-IL-24 in Both Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Mouse Models. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1481-1494. [PMID: 34155929 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ZD55-IL-24 is an armed oncolytic adenovirus similar but superior to ONYX-015. Virotherapeutic strategies using ZD55-IL-24 have been demonstrated to be effective against several cancer types. However, it is unclear whether the traditional administration strategy is able to exert the maximal antitumor efficacy of ZD55-IL-24. In this study, we sought to optimize the administration strategy of ZD55-IL-24 in both A375-bearing immunocompromised mouse model and B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model. Although the underlying antitumor mechanisms are quite different, the obtained results are similar in these two mouse tumor models. We find that the antitumor efficacy of ZD55-IL-24 increases as injection times increase in both of these two models. However, no obvious increase of efficacy is observed as the dose of each injection increases. Our further investigation reveals that the administration strategy of sustained ZD55-IL-24 therapy can achieve a better therapeutic effect than the traditional administration strategy of short-term ZD55-IL-24 therapy. Furthermore, there is no need to inject every day; every 2 or 3 days of injection achieves an equivalent therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we find that the sustained rather than the traditional short-term ZD55-IL-24 therapy can synergize with anti-PD-1 therapy to reject tumors in B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model. These findings suggest that the past administration strategy of ZD55-IL-24 is in fact suboptimal and the antitumor efficacy can be further enhanced through administration strategy optimization. This study might shed some light on the development of clinically applicable administration regimens for ZD55-IL-24 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hai-Lang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Huai-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Fa Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Min Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|