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Qu R, He K, Fan T, Yang Y, Mai L, Lian Z, Zhou Z, Peng Y, Khan AU, Sun B, Huang X, Ouyang J, Pan X, Dai J, Huang W. Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing analyses of cell heterogeneity during osteogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1478-1488. [PMID: 34346140 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their multilineage differentiation potential with immune-modulatory properties. The molecular underpinnings of differentiation remain largely undefined. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular features of chemically induced osteogenesis from MSC isolated from human adipose tissue (human adipose MSCs, hAMSCs) using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that a near complete differentiation of osteogenic clusters from hAMSCs under a directional induction. Both groups of cells are heterogeneous, and some of the hAMSCs cells are intrinsically prepared for osteogenesis, while variant OS clusters seems in cooperation with a due division of the general function. We identified a set of genes related to cell stress response highly expressed during the differentiation. We also characterized a series of transitional transcriptional waves throughout the process from hAMSCs to osteoblast and specified the unique gene networks and epigenetic status as key markers of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyao Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxing Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics & Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application & National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences & National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Drouin A, Wallbillich N, Theberge M, Liu S, Katz J, Bellovoda K, Se Yun Cheon S, Gootkind F, Bierman E, Zavras J, Berberich MJ, Kalocsay M, Guastaldi F, Salvadori N, Troulis M, Fusco DN. Impact of Zika virus on the human type I interferon osteoimmune response. Cytokine 2021; 137:155342. [PMID: 33130337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developing field of osteoimmunology supports importance of an interferon (IFN) response pathway in osteoblasts. Clarifying osteoblast-IFN interactions is important because IFN is used as salvage anti-tumor therapy but systemic toxicity is high with variable clinical results. In addition, osteoblast response to systemic bursts and disruptions of IFN pathways induced by viral infection may influence bone remodeling. ZIKA virus (ZIKV) infection impacts bone development in humans and IFN response in vitro. Consistently, initial evidence of permissivity to ZIKV has been reported in human osteoblasts. HYPOTHESIS Osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV and responsive to IFN. METHODS Multiple approaches were used to assess whether Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV infection and exhibit IFN-mediated ZIKV suppression. Proteomic methods were used to evaluate impact of ZIKV and IFN on Saos-2 cells. RESULTS Evidence is presented confirming Saos-2 cells are permissive to ZIKV and support IFN-mediated suppression of ZIKV. ZIKV and IFN differentially impact the Saos-2 proteome, exemplified by HELZ2 protein which is upregulated by IFN but non responsive to ZIKV. Both ZIKV and IFN suppress proteins associated with microcephaly/pseudo-TORCH syndrome (BI1, KI20A and UBP18), and ZIKV induces potential entry factor PLVAP. CONCLUSIONS Transient ZIKV infection influences osteoimmune state, and IFN and ZIKV activate distinct proteomes in Saos-2 cells, which could inform therapeutic, engineered, disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Drouin
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States; Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Nicholas Wallbillich
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Marc Theberge
- Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
| | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States
| | - Joshua Katz
- Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
| | - Kamela Bellovoda
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Scarlett Se Yun Cheon
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Frederick Gootkind
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Emily Bierman
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jason Zavras
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Matthew J Berberich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise Building, 200 Longwood, Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise Building, 200 Longwood, Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fernando Guastaldi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Nicolas Salvadori
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD)-PHPT, Marseille, France; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Maria Troulis
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Dahlene N Fusco
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70114, United States.
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Saad FA. Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1462:37-52. [PMID: 31556133 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent osteodegenerative disease and silent killer linked to a decrease in bone mass and decline of bone microarchitecture, due to impaired bone matrix mineralization, raising the risk of fracture. Nevertheless, the process of bone matrix mineralization is still an unsolved mystery. Osteoporosis is a polygenic disorder associated with genetic and environmental risk factors; however, the majority of genes associated with osteoporosis remain largely unknown. Several signaling pathways regulate bone mass; therefore, dysregulation of a single signaling pathway leads to metabolic bone disease owing to high or low bone mass. Parathyroid hormone, core-binding factor α-1 (Cbfa1), Wnt/β-catenin, the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL), myostatin, and osteogenic exercise signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of bone mass. The myostatin signaling pathway increases bone resorption by activating the RANKL signaling pathway, whereas osteogenic exercise inhibits myostatin and sclerostin while inducing irisin that consequentially activates the Cbfa1 and Wnt/β-catenin bone formation pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize what is known about osteoporosis-related signaling pathways; define the role of these pathways in osteoporosis drug discovery; focus light on the link between bone, muscle, pancreas, and adipose integrative physiology and osteoporosis; and underline the emerging role of osteogenic exercise in the prevention of, and care for, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Ali Saad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kim H, Lee J. Strategies to Maximize the Potential of Marine Biomaterials as a Platform for Cell Therapy. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E29. [PMID: 26821034 PMCID: PMC4771982 DOI: 10.3390/md14020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biopolymers have been explored as a promising cell therapy system for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. However, the marine biomaterial-based systems themselves have exhibited limited performance in terms of maintenance of cell viability and functions, promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation as well as cell delivery efficiency. Thus, numerous novel strategies have been devised to improve cell therapy outcomes. The strategies include optimization of physical and biochemical properties, provision of stimuli-responsive functions, and design of platforms for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. These approaches have demonstrated substantial improvement of therapeutic outcomes in a variety of research settings. In this review, therefore, research progress made with marine biomaterials as a platform for cell therapy is reported along with current research directions to further advance cell therapies as a tool to cure incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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Richard N, Fernández I, Wulff T, Hamre K, Cancela L, Conceição LEC, Gavaia PJ. Dietary supplementation with vitamin k affects transcriptome and proteome of Senegalese sole, improving larval performance and quality. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:522-537. [PMID: 24792583 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional factors strongly influence fish larval development and skeletogenesis, and may induce skeletal deformities. Vitamin K (VK) has been largely disregarded in aquaculture nutrition, despite its important roles in bone metabolism, in γ-carboxylation of Gla proteins, and in regulating gene expression through the pregnane X receptor (Pxr). Since the mechanisms mediating VK effects over skeletal development are poorly known, we investigated the effects of VK-supplementation on skeletal development in Senegalese sole larvae, aiming to identify molecular pathways involved. Larvae were fed live preys enriched with graded levels of phylloquinone (PK) (0, 50, and 250 mg kg(-1)) and survival rate, growth, VK contents, calcium content and incidence of skeletal deformities were determined, revealing an improvement of larval performance and decreasing the incidence of deformities in VK-supplemented groups. Comparative proteome analysis revealed a number of differentially expressed proteins between Control and Diet 250 associated with key biological processes including skin, muscle, and bone development. Expression analysis showed that genes encoding proteins related to the VK cycle (ggcx, vkor), VK nuclear receptor (pxr), and VK-dependent proteins (VKDPs; oc1 and grp), were differentially expressed. This study highlights the potential benefits of increasing dietary VK levels in larval diets, and brings new insights on the mechanisms mediating the positive effects observed on larval performance and skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Richard
- CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Shotgun proteomics analysis of proliferating STRO-1-positive human dental pulp cell after exposure to nacreous water-soluble matrix. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:261-70. [PMID: 24923583 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For dental treatment, dentin regeneration is required after a tooth injury with dental pulp exposure. The effects of the water-soluble matrix (WSM) extracted from the nacreous layer of the bivalve Pinctada maxima on human dental pulp cells in vitro were challenging and useful for clinical application. MATERIAL AND METHODS The biological activity of the STRO-1-positive human dental pulp cells in response to WSM compared to Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) as a normal control was monitored. The cell survival rate was analyzed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Proteomic profiles among inducers and noninducers with time dependency were compared by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS). RESULTS The human dental pulp cells cultured in nacreous WSM exhibited higher relative cell viability than those in DMEM with similar morphological appearance. Significant changes were found in the relative abundance of 44 proteins in cells after exposure to WSM for 2 weeks. They play a role in cell adhesion, cell proliferation, metabolic process, signal transduction, stress response, transcription, translation, and transport. CONCLUSION These results indicate that WSM of P. maxima has the ability to induce proliferation of human dental pulp cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This finding initiated the study to evaluate the suitability of nacre as biomaterial for dentistry.
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Wu S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Han Y, Lin Y, Deng HW. Genome-wide approaches for identifying genetic risk factors for osteoporosis. Genome Med 2013; 5:44. [PMID: 23731620 PMCID: PMC3706967 DOI: 10.1186/gm448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common type of bone disease worldwide, is clinically characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased susceptibility to fracture. Multiple genetic and environmental factors and gene-environment interactions have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Osteoporosis has strong genetic determination, with the heritability of BMD estimated to be as high as 60%. More than 80 genes or genetic variants have been implicated in risk of osteoporosis by hypothesis-free genome-wide studies. However, these genes or genetic variants can only explain a small portion of BMD variation, suggesting that many other genes or genetic variants underlying osteoporosis risk await discovery. Here, we review recent progress in genome-wide studies of osteoporosis and discuss their implications for medicine and the major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wu
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China ; Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yingying Han
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yong Lin
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- The Center for System Biomedical Research, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Rd, Yangpu district, Shanghai, 200093, China ; Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Frohbergh ME, Katsman A, Botta GP, Lazarovici P, Schauer CL, Wegst UGK, Lelkes PI. Electrospun hydroxyapatite-containing chitosan nanofibers crosslinked with genipin for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9167-78. [PMID: 23022346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large bone defects remains problematic in orthopedic and craniofacial clinical practice. Autografts are limited in supply and are associated with donor site morbidity while other materials show poor integration with the host's own bone. This lack of integration is often due to the absence of periosteum, the outer layer of bone that contains osteoprogenitor cells and is critical for the growth and remodeling of bone tissue. In this study we developed a one-step platform to electrospin nanofibrous scaffolds from chitosan, which also contain hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and are crosslinked with genipin. We hypothesized that the resulting composite scaffolds represent a microenvironment that emulates the physical, mineralized structure and mechanical properties of non-weight bearing bone extracellular matrix while promoting osteoblast differentiation and maturation similar to the periosteum. The ultrastructure and physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were studied using scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. The average fiber diameters of the electrospun scaffolds were 227 ± 154 nm as spun, and increased to 335 ± 119 nm after crosslinking with genipin. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic features of hydroxyapatite in the composite chitosan fibers. The Young's modulus of the composite fibrous scaffolds was 142 ± 13 MPa, which is similar to that of the natural periosteum. Both pure chitosan scaffolds and composite hydroxyapatite-containing chitosan scaffolds supported adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse 7F2 osteoblast-like cells. Expression and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteogenic marker, were higher in cells cultured on the composite scaffolds as compared to pure chitosan scaffolds, reaching a significant, 2.4 fold, difference by day 14 (p < 0.05). Similarly, cells cultured on hydroxyapatite-containing scaffolds had the highest rate of osteonectin mRNA expression over 2 weeks, indicating enhanced osteoinductivity of the composite scaffolds. Our results suggest that crosslinking electrospun hydroxyapatite-containing chitosan with genipin yields bio-composite scaffolds, which combine non-weight-bearing bone mechanical properties with a periosteum-like environment. Such scaffolds will facilitate the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of osteoblast-like cells. We propose that these scaffolds might be useful for the repair and regeneration of maxillofacial defects and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Frohbergh
- Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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