Comparison of Dimeglio and Pirani score in predicting number of casts and need for tenotomy in clubfoot correction using the Ponseti method

Reproducibility of pop sensation, Thompson sign in achillotomy, and final Pirani score to predict clubfoot relapse: Achillotomy clinical signs and Pirani predictive ability

Ultrasound (US) can guide and confirm percutaneous release of the achilles tendon in the clubfoot. However, this technique may not always be available; therefore, surgeons' reported feelings of tendon release ("click" or "pop") and the Thompson sign could demonstrate that they are sensitive and reliable for confirming complete tendon release. The purpose of this study was to compare the reproducibility of clinical maneuvers that aim to detect the reported "click" or "pop" sensation by the surgeon and the Thompson sign after surgical release in percutaneous achilles tenotomy compare with US in patients with clubfoot. A cross-sectional reproducibility study of consecutive patients with idiopathic clubfoot was conducted. All the patients were scheduled to undergo tenotomy in the operating room using the standard percutaneous achilles tenotomy technique under sedation. The surgeon's reported surgical sensation ("click" or "pop") and Thompson signs were compared to the US assessment of the cut. The final Pirani score was used to predict recurrence risk and was correlated with the number of plaster casts and age. Forty-five feet were affected in 30 patients. Eighteen (60%) men. Age range: 1 to 60 months. The sensation of "click" or "pop" was recorded in 38 patients, and complete release was confirmed by US in 37 patients, for a sensitivity (Se) of 0.95 and specificity (Sp) of 0.63. Thompson signs were positive in 33 and 36 patients at 2 evaluations, with Se values of 0.87 and 0.92 and Sp values of 0.88 and 0.75, respectively. The Pirani final score, a predictor of recurrence risk, had an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63-0.97; P = .005), Se = 0.78, and Sp = 0.56, with a cutoff point of 2.75. The feeling of achilles tendon release and Thompson sign had high sensitivity, prevalence, accuracy, and posttest probability. The confirmation of tendon release based on clinical signs could prevent the use of US.

Assessing the Influence of Age, Weight, and Pirani Score on the Number of Casts During the Initial Phase of Clubfoot Treatment Using the Ponseti Method: A Prospective Study

Background

Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus is a prevalent childhood ailment that, if untreated, can lead to long-term discomfort and impairment. The Ponseti technique, aimed at achieving corrected foot positioning, is widely accepted. This study investigated the influence of clubfoot severity (Pirani score), patient age, and initial manipulation and casting weight on the overall number of casts needed for effective treatment.

Methods

A prospective study was carried out involving 40 idiopathic clubfoot patients where manipulation and casting were performed following the Ponseti method. Patient age, weight, and foot Pirani score were evaluated concerning the total number of casts needed to achieve 70° of abduction.

Results

The majority of participants were male infants aged 4-6 months, with a median age of 4.5 months. Half of them weighed between 3.00 and 4.99 kg at their first hospital visit, with a median weight of 3.20 kg. Bilateral clubfoot involvement was common (57.5%). Children with Pirani HFCS 2.0-3 often required percutaneous tenotomy (87.5%, p value 0.05). On average, patients needed 5 casts (range 3-9). The mean total Pirani scores were 4.71 for the right foot and 4.61 for the left foot. The study reported a positive correlation between higher total Pirani scores and the required number of casts.

Conclusions

The Pirani scoring system is highly accurate in assessing clubfoot severity and predicting treatment success. It emerged as the single most significant predictor for both the total number of casts and the need for percutaneous tenotomy.

Conventional Versus Accelerated Ponseti in the Management of Cases of Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the accelerated and standard Ponseti method for clubfoot pathology by constructing a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized comparative studies. A systematic search was conducted to identify the relevant studies through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane depending on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The keywords used included "accelerated" AND "standard" AND "Ponseti" AND "clubfoot" AND "Congenital Talipes Equinovarus" AND "CTEV" AND "prospective comparative design" AND "randomized trial." We conducted this analysis among 13 studies that met the criteria adopted in this review where eight studies were prospective comparative studies, and five studies were randomized prospective comparative studies which were published in the period between 2015 and 2022. Statistically, accelerated Ponseti showed superior impact over standard Ponseti considering the duration of treatment (22.53 days vs. 40.61 days, p<0.001). No significant difference was reported between the two methods considering final Pirani score (0.64 vs. 0.56, p=0.194), number of casts (5.23 vs. 5.25, p=0.425), rate of tenotomy (66.2% vs. 63.1%, OR=1.246, 95% CI: 0.86-1.80, p=0.245), relapse rate (9.51% vs. 8.54%, OR=1.126, 95% CI: 0.68-1.86, p=0.642) and complication rate (14.4% vs. 13.1%, OR=1.130, 95% CI: 0.58-2.19, p=0.717). We concluded that the accelerated Ponseti method could achieve comparable efficacy to the standard method in terms of post-procedure Pirani score, tenotomy rate, relapse rate, complications rate, and number of casts needed by the patients with advantage of requiring shorter duration of treatment which is associated with more patient's compliance.

Outcomes of the Ponseti Technique in Different Types of Clubfoot-A Single Center Retrospective Analysis

Background: Clubfoot is a congenital deformity that can affect one or both of a newborn's lower extremities. The main objective of the study is to evaluate and compare the outcomes of the Ponseti method for the management of different types of clubfoot. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 151 children with 253 clubfeet (idiopathic untreated, idiopathic recurrent, and syndromic) with at least one year of follow-up was conducted in four months after ethical approval. Data were collected with a structured proforma after the consent of the parents. An independent sample t-test was applied to show the comparison between the groups, and a p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 151 patients, 76% were male and 24% were female. Out of a total of 235 feet, 96 (63%) were idiopathic untreated, 40 (26.5%) were idiopathic recurrent, and 15 (9.5%) were syndromic clubfoot. The average number of casts was higher in syndromic clubfoot (9 casts per foot). There was no significant difference in the baseline Pirani score of the three groups (p-value > 0.05); but after one year of follow-up, there was a significant difference in the Pirani score of idiopathic and syndromic clubfoot (p-value ≤ 0.05) and between recurrent clubfoot and syndromic clubfoot (p-value = 0.01). Conclusions: The aetiology of syndromic clubfoot affects the outcomes of the Ponseti method and leads to relapse. In idiopathic (untreated and recurrent) clubfoot, the Ponseti method does not produce a significant difference in outcome. Poor brace compliance and a lack of tenotomy lead to orthotic (ankle foot orthosis AFO and foot orthosis FO) use in the day time and the recurrence of clubfoot deformity in these three types of clubfoot.

Factors Related to Relapse of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) After the Ponseti Method

BACKGROUND

Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is one of the common congenital disorders in pediatric orthopedic practice that affects a large group of children.It is a combination of four parts of deformity that affect either a single foot or both feet. Our aim in this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of CTEV and to evaluate the risk factors that lead to relapse in some children to avoid relapse in future and complex surgical interventions, as well as to improve the final outcome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study for the cases of CTEV was conducted to estimate the prevalence of relapse in children with CTEV after management by the Ponseti method and to evaluate the risk factors that lead to recurrence.

RESULT

The study includes 103 patients with CTEV, and only 22 patients had relapse. The prevalence rate of relapsed cases was 20.4%, and the incidence was 42 per thousand. The average number of casts applied was 4.05 ± 1.37. The average severity of the deformity that was measured by the Pirani score was 4.97 ± 1.21. The most common atypical presentation of CTEV was associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), followed by myelomeningocele (MMC).

CONCLUSION

The only significant factors in the study were the Pirani score and non-compliance of the brace with p < 0.05. There was not any significance in the correction of the deformity by Ponseti between idiopathic and non-idiopathic CTEV based on the number of casts and the Pirani score. The dynamic foot brace can be the solution for the high recurrence rate, yet more studies are needed in the future.

A study on the effect of radiographic angles on clubfoot's recurrence

Clubfoot is one of the common orthopaedic deformities. However, regardless of its' treatment high success rate, recurrence of the deformity is a serious issue. The aim of this study is to evaluate if radiographic angles can be used for clubfoot recurrence prediction. This is a prospective study on 91 patients (134 feet) with mean age of 9.5 ± 2.3 days and male/female ratio of 2/1 on patients with congenital clubfoot admitted to our hospital. Pre and one-year post-tenotomy tibiocalcaneal (TIC-L), talocalcaneal (TC-L) and calcaneal-first metatarsal angles (C1M-L) in the lateral view of the patients' radiographs, and their recurrence status until three years were measured. Ten feet experienced relapse. The mean pre and one-year follow-up measurements of TC-L, C1M-L, and TIC-L angles were significantly different between patients who experienced relapse and others (P < .05). The cut-off points of 1.75 and 6.5 for one-year follow-up Pirani and Dimeglio scores for recurrence prediction were suggested respectively. Also, cut-off points of 26.5 and 79.5 for one-year follow-up TC-L and TIC-L angles for recurrence prediction were calculated, respectively. We demonstrated that the pre-tenotomy and one-year follow-up TIC-L, TC-L, and C1M-L angles are helpful in clubfoot recurrence prediction after Ponseti treatment.

Subgroups of Idiopathic Clubfoot Can Predict Short-term Outcomes

BACKGROUND

The Pirani scale is used for the assessment of Ponseti-managed clubfoot. Predicting outcomes using the total Pirani scale score has varied results, however, the prognostic value of midfoot and hindfoot components remains unknown. The purpose was to (1) determine the existence of subgroups of Ponseti-managed idiopathic clubfoot based on the trajectory of change in midfoot and hindfoot Pirani scale scores, (2) identify time points, at which subgroups can be distinguished, and (3) determine whether subgroups are associated with the number of casts required for correction and need for Achilles tenotomy.

METHODS

Medical records of 226 children with 335 idiopathic clubfeet, over a 12-year period, were reviewed. Group-based trajectory modeling of the Pirani scale midfoot score and hindfoot score identified subgroups of clubfoot that followed statistically distinct patterns of change during initial Ponseti management. Generalized estimating equations determined the time point, at which subgroups could be distinguished. Comparisons between groups were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test for the number of casts required for correction and binary logistic regression analysis for the need for tenotomy.

RESULTS

Four subgroups were identified based on the rate of midfoot-hindfoot change: (1) fast-steady (61%), (2) steady-steady (19%), (3) fast-nil (7%), and (4) steady-nil (14%). The fast-steady subgroup can be distinguished at the removal of the second cast and all other subgroups can be distinguished at the removal of the fourth cast [ H (3) = 228.76, P < 0.001]. There was a significant statistical, not clinical, difference in the total number of casts required for correction across the 4 subgroups [median number of casts 5 to 6 in all groups, H (3) = 43.82, P < 0.001]. Need for tenotomy was significantly less in the fast-steady (51%) subgroup compared with the steady-steady (80%) subgroup [ H (1) = 16.23, P < 0.001]; tenotomy rates did not differ between the fast-nil (91%) and steady-nil (100%) subgroups [ H (1) = 4.13, P = 0.04].

CONCLUSIONS

Four distinct subgroups of idiopathic clubfoot were identified. Tenotomy rate differs between the subgroups highlighting the clinical benefit of subgrouping to predict outcomes in Ponseti-managed idiopathic clubfoot.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level II, prognostic.

Use of Ankle Dorsiflexion and the Dimeglio and Pirani Scores in Predicting Relapse of Clubfoot Treated With the Ponseti Method

Although Dimeglio and Pirani scores are frequently employed to rate the severities of clubfoot and to evaluate treatment outcomes, it is unclear if these scores predict relapse after treatment. Ankle dorsiflexion has been suggested in recent years to be a promising predictor of relapse. The aim of this study was to investigate ankle dorsiflexion and Dimeglio and Pirani scores in predicting the relapse of clubfoot after treatment with the Ponseti method. We included patients with clubfoot previously treated by the Ponseti method, and retrospectively analyzed their initial ankle dorsiflexion, Pirani and Dimeglio scores, number of castings, and the occurrence of relapse. We analyzed 218 feet of 176 infants with clubfoot who showed an incidence of relapse of 17.0% (30/176). The mean initial Pirani and Dimeglio scores of the feet showing recurrence were significantly higher than individuals with non-recurrence (p < .001 each). We observed a robust association between Pirani and Dimeglio scores and the recurrence of clubfoot at the last follow-up (γ = 0.53, p = .001). In contrast, ankle dorsiflexion was negatively correlated with recurrence of clubfoot (γ = -0.21, p = .001). Dimeglio scores significantly predicted the recurrence of clubfoot (p = .014). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis exhibited slightly better performance regarding the Dimeglio score relative to the Pirani score and ankle dorsiflexion in predicting recurrence. Ankle dorsiflexion and Pirani and Dimeglio scores were related to recurrence in patients with clubfoot. However, the Dimeglio score reflected superior accuracy in predicting the prognosis of clubfoot treated with the Ponseti method.

Factors Predictive of Tenotomy After Ponseti Casting for Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Tertiary Care Center Study

INTRODUCTION

Parents of children with clubfoot are likely to inquire about the need for tenotomy and about any factors that may be predictive. The present study was done to identify factors that may help predict the need for tenotomy in children undergoing Ponseti treatment for idiopathic clubfoot.

METHODS

A prospective observational study was conducted on patients under 5 years of age with idiopathic clubfoot and no previous treatment history treated at Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre for Disabled Children. The relationship between the Pirani score, Dimeglio score, age, and passive ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and the need for heel cord tenotomy was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

RESULTS

Of 83 patients (125 feet) with a mean age of 6 months, 93 feet (74.4%) required a percutaneous tenotomy. The mean initial Pirani and Dimeglio score for 125 club feet was 4.5 (SD=1.68) and 13.5 (SD=6.1), respectively. The mean initial passive ankle DF was -40.4 (SD=22.31). The Dimeglio ( P =0.000), Pirani scores ( P =0 .000), and passive ankle DF ( P =0.000) showed significant association with the need for tenotomy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows a strong association between initial Pirani and Demiglio scores and initial passive ankle DF as predictive of a heel cord tenotomy. However, age, sex, and laterality were not associated with the need for tenotomy.

Genotype-phenotype correlation in clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)

Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is a congenital malformation affecting muscles, bones, connective tissue and vascular or neurological structures in limbs. It has a complex aetiology, both genetic and environmental. To date, the most important findings in clubfoot genetics involve PITX1 variants, which were linked to clubfoot phenotype in mice and humans. Additionally, copy number variations encompassing TBX4 or single nucleotide variants in HOXC11, the molecular targets of the PITX1 transcription factor, were linked to the clubfoot phenotype. In general, genes of cytoskeleton and muscle contractile apparatus, as well as components of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue, are frequently linked with clubfoot aetiology. Last but not least, an equally important element, that brings us closer to a better understanding of the clubfoot genotype/phenotype correlation, are studies on the two known animal models of clubfoot-the pma or EphA4 mice. This review will summarise the current state of knowledge of the molecular basis of this congenital malformation.

A modification of the Ponseti method for clubfoot management: a prospective comparative study

PURPOSE

We aimed to compare our parent-based exercise programem's efficacy with the foot abduction brace (FAB) Ponseti manipulation as a retention programme.

METHODS

We conducted this prospective multicentre cohort study between August 2009 and November 2019. The included children were allocated into one of two groups according to the retention protocol. The Pirani and Laaveg-Ponseti scores were used to assess the feet clinically and functionally. Radiological assessment was performed using standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the feet. We assessed the parents' satisfaction and adherence to the retention method. SPSS version 25 was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 1265 feet in 973 children were included. Group A included 637 feet managed with FAB, while group B included 628 feet managed with our retention programme. All patients were followed up to the age of four years. At the final follow-up, Pirani scores in group A participants were excellent, good and poor in 515, 90, and 32 feet, respectivel, while in group B the scores were excellent, good and poor in 471, 110 and 44 feet, respectively. The mean total score of Laaveg-Ponseti was 87.81 (sd 19.82) in group A and 90.55 (sd 20.71) in group B (p = 0.02). Group B participants showed higher satisfaction with the treatment method (p = 0.011) and more adherence to the treatment (p = 0.013).

CONCLUSION

The deformity's recurrence related to the brace's non-compliance in the Ponseti method might be reduced by substituting the brace with our home-based daily stretching exercises.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II.

Interobserver Reliability of Pirani and Dimeglio Scores in the Clinical Evaluation of Idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot

BACKGROUND

Dimeglio (DimS) and Pirani (PirS) scores are the most common scores used in congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of these scores and how clinical practice can influence the clinical outcome of clubfoot through the DimS and Pirs.

METHODS

Fifty-four feet were assessed by six trained independent observers through the DimS and PirS: three consultants (OS), and three residents (RS) divided into three pediatric orthopaedic surgeons (PeO) and three non-pediatric orthopaedic surgeons (NPeO).

RESULTS

The PirS and DimS Scores were strongly correlated. In the same way, OS and RS, PirS, and DimS scores were strongly correlated, and the interobserver reliability ranked "good" in the comparison between PeO and NPeO. In fully trained paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, an "excellent" interobserver reliability was found but was only "good" in the NPeO cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, after careful preparation, at least six months of observation of children with CTEV, PirS and DimS proved to be valid in terms of clinical evaluation. However, more experience with CTEV leads to a better clinical evaluation.

Can clubfoot scoring systems predict the number of casts and future recurrences in patients undergoing Ponseti method?

Background

Congenital clubfoot is one of the common congenital orthopaedic deformities. Pirani and Dimeglio scoring systems are two classification systems for measuring the severity of the clubfoot. However, the relation between the initial amount of each of these scores and the treatment parameters is controversial.

Methods

Patients with severe and very severe idiopathic clubfoot undergoing Ponseti treatment were entered. Their initial Pirani and Dimeglio scores, the number of castings as a short-term treatment parameter, and the recurrences as a long-term parameter until the age of three were prospectively documented.

Results

One hundred patients (143 feet) with mean age of 9.51 ± 2.3 days including 68 males and 32 females and the mean initial Pirani score of 5.5 ± 0.5 and the mean initial Dimeglio score of 17.1 ± 1.6 were studied. The incidence of relapse was 8.4 %( n = 12). The mean initial Pirani score (P < 0.001) and the mean initial Dimeglio score (P < 0.003) of the feet with recurrence were significantly more than the non-recurrence feet. The mean number of casts in the recurrence group (7 ± 0.9) was significantly more than the feet without recurrences (6.01 ± 1.04) (P = 0.002). The ROC curve suggested the Pirani score of 5.75 and the Dimeglio score of 17.5 as the cut-off points of these scores for recurrence prediction.

Conclusion

In our study, Pirani and Dimeglio scores are markedly related with more number of casts and recurrence in patients with severe and very severe clubfoot. Also, we have introduced new cut-off points for both classification systems for prediction of recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been introduced into the English literature.

Is the Denis Browne Splint a Myth? A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study in Clubfoot Management using Denis Browne Splint Versus Daily Exercise Protocol

The Ponseti technique is successful in idiopathic clubfoot management. However, the leading cause of relapse and recurrence is nonadherence to the Denis Brown bracing protocol. This necessitates more extensive soft tissue surgeries. Based on a detailed up-to-date search, we have found that no other studies provide such a modified Ponseti technique. This study is unique, as it depends on using specific stretching exercises instead of bracing during management. Between August 2009 and June 2019, a consecutive series of 194 isolated idiopathic clubfoot patients (251 feet) were included in this study. The mean follow-up was 93 months (range 72 to 146), mean 91.8 months. All patients underwent a clinical and functional assessment using the Laaveg-Ponseti score and radiological assessments. There were 132 boys (68.1%) and 62 girls (31.9%), a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The mean age at initiation of treatment was 14.9 days. According to the Laaveg-Ponseti score, 51.7% yielded excellent results, 35.3% yielded good results, 11.55% yielded fair results, and 1.59% yielded poor results. Bracing noncompliance has been identified as a major cause for treatment failure. This presented exercise protocol not only eliminates the need for bracing and reduces the cost for the affected individuals but also provides excellent clinical and radiographic end results, comparable to the original treatment protocol using the Denis Brown brace.

Correlation of age and severity scores to the number of Ponseti casts in Indian infants with clubfeet

PURPOSE

World over, age and various severity scores are among the foremost variables studied in relation to the number of casts in clubfoot. We studied the correlation between child's age at presentation, initial Pirani, Dimeglio scores to the number of Ponseti casts in Indian clubfoot children. Further, we matched Pirani versus Dimeglio scores at different severities of deformity to derive a correlation between them.

METHODS

We included 90 idiopathic clubfeet in 55 infants and scored them according to Pirani and Dimeglio grading systems. Syndromic, neurological, surgically intervened, atypical or complex clubfeet were excluded from the study. The number of casts before percutaneous tenotomy was counted. Correlations were calculated between corrective casts and age, Pirani, Dimeglio scores and their individual components.

RESULTS

Mean age of children was 63.7 days and average number of casts applied was 3.2. Age at presentation and number of casts had no correlation with r = 0.034 (p < 0.001). The correlation between initial Pirani score (average 5.39) and Dimeglio score (average 13.4) to number of casts was 0.35 (p < 0.001)and 0.56 (p < 0.0001) respectively. Among individual components of Pirani score, medial crease and rigid equinus had maximum correlation to the number of casts whereas empty heel sign had the lowest. For Dimeglio score, equinus and varus correlated the most and posterior crease the least. Pirani and Dimeglio scores were highly correlated (r = 0.87) to each other except for very supple or severe deformity.

CONCLUSIONS

In infancy, the age at presentation had no bearing on number of casts. Both scoring systems had positive correlation in terms of corrective casts for our population. The Dimeglio fared slightly better than Pirani scores.

Congenital isolated clubfoot: Correlation between prenatal assessment and postnatal degree of severity

OBJECTIVE

Since prenatal diagnosis of isolated clubfoot has a false positive rate (FP) of 10%-40%, fetal parameters that might correlate with post-natal confirmation and grade of severity were investigated.

METHOD

Retrospective analysis (2013-2019) of cases analysed with three-dimensional multiplanar view. The following data were recorded: the angle between the long axis of foot and lower leg; width, length and width-to-length ratio (W/L) of the foot; tibia length and calf width (T/C) ratio. Severity after birth was assessed using the Pirani classification.

RESULTS

Diagnosis was confirmed in 45/53 neonates (84.9%, FP 15%). Values were higher for both angle and W/L in true vs false positive cases (median angle 100.4° versus 69.55°, p <.000; median W/L 0.53 vs 0.45, p = .001), no difference for T/C (3.77 vs 3.48, p = .8). The area under the curve for angle was 0.98 (CI 0.94-1.00), with a diagnostic cut-off of 84.7° (PPV of 100%, NPV of 66.7%). Median Pirani score, available for 33 neonates (73.3%) was 3 (IQR 3-4): only angle correlated with Pirani score (Spearman coefficient 0.36, p = .04) CONCLUSION: Measuring the angle between the foot and lower leg can reduce the FP rate of prenatal congenital clubfoot diagnosis and better predict the need for postnatal treatment.

Difficulties During Ponseti Casting for the Treatment of Idiopathic Clubfoot

The Ponseti method has resulted in excellent outcomes in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. To evaluate the process of serial casting, most studies previously used the number of casts required to achieve correction. In contrast, difficulties that occurred during serial casting were rarely studied. We reviewed 47 patients with severe idiopathic clubfoot (Dimeglio score ≥10) and a follow-up period of ≥4 years by focusing on difficulties during the Ponseti casting and their related factors. All events requiring temporary discontinuation and/or delay of scheduled casting were considered difficulties. Among the 47 patients, difficulties occurred in 18 patients (38.3%). Initial Dimeglio score (14.9 ± 2.5 [vs 13.5 ± 2.3, p = .042]), its subcomponent of equinus (3.8 ± 0.4 [vs 3.3 ± 0.6, p = .005]), and the number of casts (6.3 ± 2.0 [vs 4.9 ± 1.2, p = .009]) in the 18 patients with difficulties were greater than those of the remaining 29 patients. In addition, the foot length was shorter (7.2 ± 0.6 cm [vs 7.7 ± 0.8 cm, p = .030]) in patients with difficulties. In the regression analysis, both subcomponents of equinus and foot length showed the significance for the occurrence of difficulties. During 8.7 ± 3.8 years, further surgery was needed in 35 patients (74.5%) because of residual or recurrent deformity. The ratio was higher in patients with difficulties (94.4% [vs 62.1%, p = .017]). In our experience, difficulties frequently occurred in feet with rigid equinus and small length, and further surgery was required after the initial correction in almost all of the feet with difficulties.

Correlation of scores with number of Ponseti casts required for clubfoot correction in the older child

BACKGROUND

We examined the correlation between initial Pirani and Dimeglio scores and their individual components to the number of casts for older clubfoot children.

METHODS

Twenty seven patients (39 feet) aged 2-11 years with idiopathic clubfeet were treated using the Ponseti technique and correlation with number of corrective casts calculated. The number of cast required was counted from application of primary cast to the time of initiation of the foot abduction orthosis.

RESULTS

Average 8.45 ± 2.31 (range, 4-13) casts were used for treatment. A low correlation (r = 0.203) was identified when total Dimeglio score was compared with the number of casts. No correlation was identified for Pirani score (r = 0.023). Among individual components, only cavus deformity had a significant positive correlation to cast numbers.

CONCLUSIONS

The Pirani and Dimeglio classifications still remain the most widely practiced clubfoot severity grading systems for the older clubfoot child. However, their prognostic value to predict the total cast duration from initial severity remains questionable.

A Modified Ponseti Method for the Treatment of Rigid Idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot

This study reviewed the efficacy of a modified Ponseti method (MP) for treating rigid clubfeet insufficiently corrected by the classic Ponseti method. Briefly, the MP consisted of 3 procedures. First, Achilles tenotomy, abductor hallucis tenotomy, and plantar fasciotomy were conducted through 3 small incisions. Second, the talocalcaneal and talonavicular joints were manually reduced. Third, plaster immobilization was introduced to maintain the initial correction. Dimeglio scores, radiographs, and pain evaluations were used to analyze outcomes. All 38 patients with 56 clubfeet enrolled in the present study achieved initial correction after the MP, followed by a mean of 3.68 ± 0.77 (range 3 to 5) cast immobilizations, which were changed each week. The average duration of treatment was 30.63 ± 6.45 days (range 23 to 47), and 6 (10.71%) clubfeet exhibited cast-related pressure injury. After a mean follow-up period of 19.71 ± 4.83 months (range 12.47 to 31.33), no child presented foot pain, and except for 1 patient with relapse, all patients received correction, with Dimeglio scores of 0.55 ± 1.06 points (range 0 to 7). The recurrence rate was 1.79% (1 of 56) at the first year. The anteroposterior talocalcaneal angle was 34.83° ± 10.65°, and the lateral talocalcaneal angle was 31.38° ± 9.86° at the last follow-up period, and both were significantly improved compared with the corresponding preoperative angles (p < .001). The anteroposterior talus-first metatarsal angle was 12.33° ± 10.04°, and the lateral calcaneal tibial angle was 74.15° ± 14.12°, which were significantly decreased compared with the preoperative values (p < .001). In conclusion, the present short-term evaluation of this minimally invasive soft-tissue release method showed promising results for treating rigid clubfoot that was not responsive to the traditional Ponseti method.

Interobserver reliability of Diméglio and Pirani score and their subcomponents in the evaluation of idiopathic clubfoot in a clinical setting: a need for improved scoring systems

PURPOSE

Diméglio (DimS) and Pirani (PirS) scores are the most commonly used scoring systems for evaluation of clubfoot, with many centres performing both. Interobserver reliability of their global score has been rated high in a few studies, but agreement of their subcomponents has been poorly investigated. The aim of the study was to assess interrater reliability of global scores and of items in a clinical setting and to analyse overlapping features of the two scores.

METHODS

Fifty-six consecutive idiopathic clubfeet undergoing correction using the Ponseti method were independently evaluated at each casting session by two trained paediatric orthopaedic surgeons using both scores. Interobserver reliability of collected data was analysed; a kappa coefficient > 0.60 was considered adequate.

RESULTS

For DimS and PirS, the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.87 and 0.91 (p < .0001) respectively, and kappa coefficients were 0.23 and 0.31. Among subcomponents, kappa values were rated > 0.60 only for equinus and curvature of lateral border in PirS; muscular abnormality in DimS was rated 0.74 but a high prevalence index (0.94) indicated influence of scarce prevalence of this feature. All other items showed k < 0.60 and were considered to be improved.For overlapping features: posterior and medial crease showed similar agreement in the two systems, items describing equinus and midfoot adduction were much more reliable in PirS than in DimS.

CONCLUSIONS

In a clinical setting, despite a high correlation of evaluations for total scores, the interobserver agreement of DimS and PirS was not adequate and only a few items were substantially reliable. Simultaneous use of two scores seemed redundant and some overlapping features showed different reliability according to criterion or scale used. Future scoring systems should improve these limitations.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I - Diagnostic studies.

Dimeglio Score Predicts Treatment Difficulty During Ponseti Casting for Isolated Clubfoot

BACKGROUND

The Dimeglio score (DS) is widely used to assess clubfoot severity, but its ability to predict long-term outcomes following Ponseti treated isolated clubfoot (IC) is controversial. This study tested the association between the initial DS and its individual parameters with the number of Ponseti clubfoot casts required to achieve correction and the rate of early recurrence following treatment.

METHODS

Data were retrospectively collected from patients who underwent treatment of IC between March 2012 and March 2015 and were followed for ≥2 years. DSs were collected at the initial casting visit. The number of Ponseti casts required to achieve clubfoot correction before tenotomy and recurrence of deformity were collected as the primary outcome variables. Recurrence was defined as any loss of correction leading to repeat casting or tenotomy during the bracing phase. Negative binomial and logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between the 8 Dimeglio parameters and number of casts and incidence of recurrence, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients (37 male and 16 female) were included in the study. The median number of casts required to achieve an acceptable correction was 5 (range, 2 to 16). The incidence of recurrence was 24.53% (13/53). An increase in derotation, varus, equinus, muscle condition, and total DSs at the initial cast visit were associated with a significant (P<0.05) increase in the number of casts required to achieve an acceptable correction. The derotation parameter [rate ratio: 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.50, P=0.0003] was most strongly associated with number of casts. Total DSs at initial visit was the only variable significantly associated with the incidence of deformity recurrence (odds ratio: 1.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.84, P=0.0482).

CONCLUSION

Initial DS is correlated with the number of casts required for correction in Ponseti treated IC. DS may help physicians establish realistic expectations for families with regard to the length of treatment and the possibility of recurrence following Ponseti treatment.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level II-retrospective prognostic study.

The PBS Score - a clinical assessment tool for the ambulatory and recurrent clubfoot

PURPOSE

The signs for clubfoot relapse are poorly defined in the literature and there is a lack of a scoring system that allows assessment of clubfeet in ambulatory children. The aim of this study is to develop an easy to use, reliable and validated evaluation tool for ambulatory children with a history of clubfoot.

METHODS

A total of 52 feet (26 children, 41 clubfeet, 11 unaffected feet) were assessed. Three surgeons used the seven-item PBS Score to rate hindfoot varus, standing and walking supination, early heel rise, active/passive ankle dorsiflexion and subtalar abduction blinded to the other examiners. All parents answered the modified Roye score questionnaire prior to the clinical assessment. Correlation between the mean PBS Score and the Roye score was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Interobserver reliability was tested using weighted and unweighted Cohen's Kappa coefficients.

RESULTS

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for correlation between mean PBS Score and Roye score was 0.73 (moderate to good correlation).The interobserver agreement for the total PBS Score resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.93 (almost perfect agreement).

CONCLUSION

The PBS score is an easy to use, clinical assessment tool for walking age children with clubfoot deformity. It includes passive and active criteria with a very good interobserver reliability and moderate to good validity.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I - Diagnostic study.