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De Blasio FV, Freiesleben De Blasio B. Rapid clade divergence and phyletic gradualism in an interacting particle model of sympatric speciation. Biosystems 2024; 239:105198. [PMID: 38575052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of cladogenesis, i.e., the branching of lineages along an evolutionary tree as observed in the fossil record, and anagenesis, which is the progressive evolution within populations, lacks a clear explanation. In this study, we examine a simple model that simulates the evolutionary changes occurring within populations inhabiting the same environment in sympatry, and driven by ecological competition. Our model characterizes populations through a set of evolving morphological traits represented by mathematical points within a two-dimensional morphospace. Such points may reproduce or die due to overcrowding, implying competition in morphospace as suggested by the ecological phenomenon of character displacement. By focusing on the morphospace rather than physical space, the model effectively captures the simultaneous evolution of coexisting populations. Central to the model is the delicate balance between the range of competition and the range of reproduction within the morphospace. Interesting patterns emerge when the ratio between the competition to reproducetion ranges, referred to as CR ratio, changes from values slightly smaller to significantly larger than unity. When competition acts over short distances relative to the reproduction range (low CR), the phylogenetic tree takes on a nearly uniform appearance, gradually transforming into a more bush-like structure for slightly higher CR values. With further increases in CR, evolutionary lineages become more discernible, and the morphogenetic pattern shifts from a bush-like shape to a more tree-like arrangement and few branches for very large CRs. At specific time sections, the synthetic phylogenetic tree appears as an assembly of clusters of individuals within the morphospace. These clusters, interpretable as simulated models of species, exhibit distinct separation within the morphospace and are subject to dynamic inter-cluster repulsion. Notably, clusters tend to be resistant to change. They maintain relatively constant abundances while gradually shifting their positions within the morphospace-a phase that aligns with the concept of phyletic gradualism. However, this predictable pattern is occasionally upset by the abrupt divisions into multiple groups, interpreted as cladogenesis events. The intricacies of the splitting process are explored, revealing that in scenarios with large CR values, the splitting can emerge much more rapidly than phyletic changes. This accelerated process of splitting is initiated by one or few individuals at the fringes of a cluster, where competition is minimal. The newly generated cluster then undergoes deformation, swiftly followed by divergence and splitting (seen as branching in the synthetic phylogenetic tree), as if an inherent "repulsion" triggered the division between species. The simple rules implied in the interacting-particle model may provide insight into the coexistence of gradualism and cladogenesis along lineages, illustrating the capacity for rapid shifts during cladogenesis and the more gradual process of anagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vittorio De Blasio
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Milano, 20126, Italy.
| | - Birgitte Freiesleben De Blasio
- Department of Methods Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 222, 0213, Oslo, Norway; Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1122 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Venkataraman P, Saini S. Ecological disruptive selection acting on quantitative loci can drive sympatric speciation. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:6. [PMID: 38225420 PMCID: PMC10789801 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of speciation generates biodiversity. According to the null model of speciation, barriers between populations arise in allopatry, where, prior to biology, geography imposes barriers to gene flow. On the other hand, sympatric speciation requires that the process of speciation happen in the absence of a geographical barrier, where the members of the population have no spatial, temporal barriers. Several attempts have been made to theoretically identify the conditions in which speciation can occur in sympatry. However, these efforts suffer from several limitations. We propose a model for sympatric speciation based on adaptation for resource utilization. We use a genetics-based model to investigate the relative roles of prezygotic and postzygotic barriers, from the context of ecological disruptive selection, sexual selection, and genetic architecture, in causing and maintaining sympatric speciation. Our results show that sexual selection that acts on secondary sexual traits does not play any role in the process of speciation in sympatry and that assortative mating based on an ecologically relevant trait forces the population to show an adaptive response. We also demonstrate that understanding the genetic architecture of the trait under ecological selection is very important and that it is not required for the strength of ecological disruptive selection to be very high in order for speciation to occur in sympatry. Our results provide an insight into the kind of scenarios in which sympatric speciation can be demonstrated in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Supreet Saini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400 076, India
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3
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Yamahira K, Kobayashi H, Kakioka R, Montenegro J, Masengi KWA, Okuda N, Nagano AJ, Tanaka R, Naruse K, Tatsumoto S, Go Y, Ansai S, Kusumi J. Ghost introgression in ricefishes of the genus Adrianichthys in an ancient Wallacean lake. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1484-1493. [PMID: 37737547 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Because speciation might have been promoted by ancient introgression from an extinct lineage, it is important to detect the existence of 'ghost introgression' in focal taxa and examine its contribution to their diversification. In this study, we examined possible ghost introgression and its contributions to the diversification of ricefishes of the genus Adrianichthys in Lake Poso, an ancient lake on Sulawesi Island, in which some extinctions are known to have occurred. Population-genomic analysis revealed that two extant Adrianichthys species, A. oophorus and A. poptae are reproductively isolated from each other. Comparisons of demographic models demonstrated that introgression from a ghost population, which diverged from the common ancestor of A. oophorus and A. poptae, is essential for reconstructing the demographic history of Adrianichthys. The best model estimated that the divergence of the ghost population greatly predated the divergence between A. oophorus and A. poptae, and that the ghost population secondarily contacted the two extant species within Lake Poso more recently. Genome scans and simulations detected a greatly divergent locus, which cannot be explained without ghost introgression. This locus was also completely segregated between A. oophorus and A. poptae. These findings suggest that variants that came from a ghost population have contributed to the divergence between A. oophorus and A. poptae, but the large time-lag between their divergence and ghost introgression indicates that the contribution of introgression may be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamahira
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirozumi Kobayashi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Okuda
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Rieko Tanaka
- World Medaka Aquarium, Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shoji Tatsumoto
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Behavioral Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Kusumi
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Lackey ACR, Murray AC, Mirza NA, Powell THQ. The role of sexual isolation during rapid ecological divergence: Evidence for a new dimension of isolation in Rhagoletis pomonella. J Evol Biol 2023. [PMID: 37173822 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The pace of divergence and likelihood of speciation often depends on how and when different types of reproductive barriers evolve. Questions remain about how reproductive isolation evolves after initial divergence. We tested for the presence of sexual isolation (reduced mating between populations due to divergent mating preferences and traits) in Rhagoletis pomonella flies, a model system for incipient ecological speciation. We measured the strength of sexual isolation between two very recently diverged (~170 generations) sympatric populations, adapted to different host fruits (hawthorn and apple). We found that flies from both populations were more likely to mate within than between populations. Thus, sexual isolation may play an important role in reducing gene flow allowed by early-acting ecological barriers. We also tested how warmer temperatures predicted under climate change could alter sexual isolation and found that sexual isolation was markedly asymmetric under warmer temperatures - apple males and hawthorn females mated randomly while apple females and hawthorn males mated more within populations than between. Our findings provide a window into the early speciation process and the role of sexual isolation after initial ecological divergence, in addition to examining how environmental conditions could shape the likelihood of further divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia C R Lackey
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Van Cleve J. Evolutionarily stable strategy analysis and its links to demography and genetics through invasion fitness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210496. [PMID: 36934754 PMCID: PMC10024993 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) analysis pioneered by Maynard Smith and Price took off in part because it often does not require explicit assumptions about the genetics and demography of a population in contrast to population genetic models. Though this simplicity is useful, it obscures the degree to which ESS analysis applies to populations with more realistic genetics and demography: for example, how does ESS analysis handle complexities such as kin selection, group selection and variable environments when phenotypes are affected by multiple genes? In this paper, I review the history of the ESS concept and show how early uncertainty about the method lead to important mathematical theory linking ESS analysis to general population genetic models. I use this theory to emphasize the link between ESS analysis and the concept of invasion fitness. I give examples of how invasion fitness can measure kin selection, group selection and the evolution of linked modifier genes in response to variable environments. The ESSs in these examples depend crucially on demographic and genetic parameters, which highlights how ESS analysis will continue to be an important tool in understanding evolutionary patterns as new models address the increasing abundance of genetic and long-term demographic data in natural populations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Half a century of evolutionary games: a synthesis of theory, application and future directions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Van Cleve
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
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Saltini M, Vasconcelos P, Rueffler C. Complex life cycles drive community assembly through immigration and adaptive diversification. Ecol Lett 2023. [PMID: 37125448 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most animals undergo ontogenetic niche shifts during their life. Yet, standard ecological theory builds on models that ignore this complexity. Here, we study how complex life cycles, where juvenile and adult individuals each feed on different sets of resources, affect community richness. Two different modes of community assembly are considered: gradual adaptive evolution and immigration of new species with randomly selected phenotypes. We find that under gradual evolution complex life cycles can lead to both higher and lower species richness when compared to a model of species with simple life cycles that lack an ontogenetic niche shift. Thus, complex life cycles do not per se increase the scope for gradual adaptive diversification. However, complex life cycles can lead to significantly higher species richness when communities are assembled trough immigration, as immigrants can occupy isolated peaks of the dynamic fitness landscape that are not accessible via gradual evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Saltini
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paula Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claus Rueffler
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Cramer ERA, Yilma ZB, Lifjeld JT. Selection on sperm size in response to promiscuity and variation in female sperm storage organs. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:131-143. [PMID: 36357998 PMCID: PMC10100110 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cells are exceptionally morphologically diverse across taxa. However, morphology can be quite uniform within species, particularly for species where females copulate with many males per reproductive bout. Strong sexual selection in these promiscuous species is widely hypothesized to reduce intraspecific sperm variation. Conversely, we hypothesize that intraspecific sperm size variation may be maintained by high among-female variation in the size of sperm storage organs, assuming that paternity success improves when sperm are compatible in size with the sperm storage organ. We use individual-based simulations and an analytical model to evaluate how selection on sperm size depends on promiscuity level and variation in sperm storage organ size (hereafter, female preference variation). Simulations of high promiscuity (10 mates per female) showed stabilizing selection on sperm when female preference variation was low, and disruptive selection when female preference variation was high, consistent with the analytical model results. With low promiscuity (2-3 mates per female), selection on sperm was stabilizing for all levels of female preference variation in the simulations, contrasting with the analytical model. Promiscuity level, or mate sampling, thus has a strong impact on the selection resulting from female preferences. Furthermore, when promiscuity is low, disruptive selection on male traits will occur under much more limited circumstances (i.e. only with higher among-female variation) than many previous models suggest. Variation in female sperm storage organs likely has strong implications for intraspecific sperm variation in highly promiscuous species, but likely does not explain differences in intraspecific sperm variation for less promiscuous taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R A Cramer
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Yukilevich R, Aoki F. Evolution of choosiness dictates whether search costs of mate choice enhance speciation by sexual selection. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1045-1059. [PMID: 35830473 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in speciation is implicated in both empirical case studies and larger comparative works. However, sexual selection faces two major problems in driving speciation. First, because females with novel preferences search for their initially rare males, search costs are expected to curtail initial sexual divergence. Second, if these populations come back into sympatry, sexual divergence may be erased due to hybridization. A major goal is to understand which conditions increase the likelihood of overcoming these problems. Here we generated a diploid population genetic model of how female search costs and evolution of female 'choosiness' (i.e. preference strength) interact to drive speciation in allopatry and secondary contact. We studied the model using numerical simulations in the context of two different male traits, ecologically 'arbitrary' versus 'magic' traits. First, in allopatry, without female search costs only minor and fluctuating sexual isolation evolved. In contrast, with female search costs, sexual isolation was highly curtailed with arbitrary male traits but was greatly facilitated with magic traits. However, because search costs selected for reduced choosiness, sexual isolation with magic traits was eventually eroded, the rate determined by the genetic architecture of choosiness. These factors also played a key role in secondary contact; with evolvable choosiness and female search costs, pure sexual selection models collapsed upon secondary contact. However, when we added selection against hybrids (i.e. reinforcement) to this model, we found that speciation could be maintained under a wide range of conditions with arbitrary male traits, but not with magic male traits. This surprisingly suggests that arbitrary male traits are in some cases more likely to aid speciation than magic male traits. We discuss these findings and relate them to empirical literature on female choosiness within species and in hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Yukilevich
- Department of Biology, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - Fumio Aoki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Fernández-Meirama M, Rolán-Alvarez E, Carvajal-Rodríguez A. A Simulation Study of the Ecological Speciation Conditions in the Galician Marine Snail Littorina saxatilis. Front Genet 2022; 13:680792. [PMID: 35480312 PMCID: PMC9037070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.680792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the interest in evolutionary divergence at small spatial scales has increased and so did the study of speciation caused by ecologically based divergent natural selection. The evolutionary interplay between gene flow and local adaptation can lead to low-dispersal locally adapted specialists. When this occurs, the evolutionary interplay between gene flow and local adaptation could eventually lead to speciation. The L. saxatilis system consists of two ecotypes displaying a microhabitat-associated intraspecific dimorphism along the wave-exposed rocky shores of Galicia. Despite being a well-known system, the dynamics of the ecotype formation remain unclear and cannot be studied from empirical evidence alone. In this study, individual-based simulations were used to incorporate relevant ecological, spatial, and genetic information, to check different evolutionary scenarios that could evolve non-random mating preferences and finally may facilitate speciation. As main results, we observed the evolution of intermediate values of choice which matches the estimates from empirical data of L. saxatilis in Galician shores and coincides with previous theoretical outcomes. Also, the use of the mating correlation as a proxy for assortative mating led to spuriously inferring greater reproductive isolation in the middle habitat than in the others, which does not happen when directly considering the choice values from the simulations. We also corroborate the well-known fact that the occurrence of speciation is influenced by the strength of selection. Taken together, this means, also according to other L. saxatilis systems, that speciation is not an immediate consequence of local divergent selection and mating preferences, but a fine tuning among several factors including the ecological conditions in the shore levels, the selection strength, the mate choice stringency, and cost to choosiness. The L. saxatilis system could correspond to a case of incomplete reproductive isolation, where the choice intensity is intermediate and local adaptation within the habitat is strong. These results support previous interpretations of the L. saxatilis model system and indicate that further empirical studies would be interesting to test whether the mate choice mechanism functions as a similarity-like mechanism as has been shown in other littorinids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Meirama
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología and Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - E Rolán-Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología and Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Carvajal-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología and Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Jafari O, Zeinalabedini M, Robledo D, Fernandes JMO, Hedayati AA, Arefnezhad B. Genotyping-by-Sequencing Reveals the Impact of Restocking on Wild Common Carp Populations of the Southern Caspian Basin. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.872176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the population structure and level of genetic diversity of wild populations is fundamental for appropriate stock management and species conservation. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important bony fish throughout the Southern coastline of the Caspian Sea, but captures of this species have seen a dramatic reduction during the last decade. As a consequence, a restocking program has been put in place to maintain C. carpio populations, but its impact is not clear. In the present study, the population structure and genetic diversity of C. carpio in the Southern Caspian basin was determined using 17,828 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 117 individuals collected from four different locations in the southern Caspian basin and a farm were genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing. The overall Fst obtained was 0.04, indicating a low level of differentiation between populations, and most genetic diversity was attributed to within population variation (97%). The low Fst values suggest that frequent migration events between different locations occur, and three migration events were inferred in the present study. However, each population still showed a distinct genetic profile, which allowed distinguishing the origin of the fish. This indicates that the ongoing restocking program is maintaining the differences between populations to some extent. Nonetheless, high inbreeding and low heterozygosity were detected in all populations, suggesting that additional conservation efforts are required to protect C. carpio populations in the Southern coast of the Caspian Sea.
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Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 PMCID: PMC8910576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Divekar PA, Narayana S, Divekar BA, Kumar R, Gadratagi BG, Ray A, Singh AK, Rani V, Singh V, Singh AK, Kumar A, Singh RP, Meena RS, Behera TK. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense Tools against Herbivores for Sustainable Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052690. [PMID: 35269836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052690/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide defensive functions and regulate defense signaling pathways to safeguard plants against herbivores. Herbivore injury initiates complex reactions which ultimately lead to synthesis and accumulation of PSMs. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is regulated by the interplay of signaling molecules comprising phytohormones. Plant volatile metabolites are released upon herbivore attack and are capable of directly inducing or priming hormonal defense signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites enable plants to quickly detect herbivore attacks and respond in a timely way in a rapidly changing scenario of pest and environment. Several studies have suggested that the potential for adaptation and/or resistance by insect herbivores to secondary metabolites is limited. These metabolites cause direct toxicity to insect pests, stimulate antixenosis mechanisms in plants to insect herbivores, and, by recruiting herbivore natural enemies, indirectly protect the plants. Herbivores adapt to secondary metabolites by the up/down regulation of sensory genes, and sequestration or detoxification of toxic metabolites. PSMs modulate multi-trophic interactions involving host plants, herbivores, natural enemies and pollinators. Although the role of secondary metabolites in plant-pollinator interplay has been little explored, several reports suggest that both plants and pollinators are mutually benefited. Molecular insights into the regulatory proteins and genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites will pave the way for the metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway intermediates for improving plant tolerance to herbivores. This review throws light on the role of PSMs in modulating multi-trophic interactions, contributing to the knowledge of plant-herbivore interactions to enable their management in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Adinath Divekar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Srinivasa Narayana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Basana Gowda Gadratagi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
| | - Aishwarya Ray
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, India
| | - Achuit Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vijaya Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Regional Research Station, Sargatia, Kushinagar 274406, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda 210001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sheopur 476339, India
| | - Rudra Pratap Singh
- Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kotwa, Azamgarh 276207, India
| | - Radhe Shyam Meena
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221305, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi 221305, India
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Boughman JW, Servedio MR. The ecological stage maintains preference differentiation and promotes speciation. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:926-938. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolution & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Maria R. Servedio
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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14
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Malec P, Weber J, Böhmer R, Fiebig M, Meinert D, Rein C, Reinisch R, Henrich M, Polyvas V, Pollmann M, von Berg L, König C, Steidle JLM. The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera? BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34781897 PMCID: PMC8591844 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites. Results We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Malec
- Naturpark Steigerwald E.V., 91443, Scheinfeld, Germany
| | - Justus Weber
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robin Böhmer
- Natural History Museum Bern, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fiebig
- Untere Naturschutzbehörde, Landratsamt Kitzingen, 97318, Kitzingen, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Rein
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ronja Reinisch
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maik Henrich
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Polyvas
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie Pollmann
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lea von Berg
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian König
- Akademie für Natur- und Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg beim Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima und Energiewirtschaft, 70192, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes L M Steidle
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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Gurgel-Lourenço RC, de S Rodrigues-Filho CA, de Oliveira Araújo PV, Sánchez-Botero JI. Phenotypic variation among silverside populations (Atherinopsidae: Atherinella brasiliensis) from distinct environments in Northeastern Brazil. ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125981. [PMID: 34814095 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The successful adaptation of populations to a wide range of environments is a central topic in ecology. Based on the assumption that body shape may affect survival, we evaluated to what extent biotic and abiotic factors are capable of inducing morphological changes in Brazilian silverside populations (Atherinella brasiliensis). To reach this goal, we compared 18 morphological traits of specimens from five ecosystems representing three types of environment (estuary, coastal lagoon, reservoir). Populations from estuaries displayed greater anal fin area and greater caudal fin aspect ratio and area. Populations from coastal lagoons had more compressed bodies, larger heads, and slightly broader caudal peduncles. The fish from estuaries and coastal lagoons had longer caudal peduncles, larger pelvic fins and larger eye area. Population from reservoir had more depressed bodies and greater oral protrusion. Food availability explained 31% of the observed ecomorphological patterns. Overall, the morphology of the respective populations was consistent with each type of environment, making it possible to associate phenotypic variation with habitat and feeding patterns, although abiotic factors were more significant than biotic factors. In conclusion, landlocked populations of A. brasiliensis are sustainable and add to current knowledge of phenotypical variability in a species widely distributed along the Western Atlantic coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C Gurgel-Lourenço
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais, Instituto de Ciências do Mar - Labomar, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Av. da Abolição 3207, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A de S Rodrigues-Filho
- Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Jorge I Sánchez-Botero
- Departamento de Biologia, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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16
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Maltseva AL, Varfolomeeva MA, Lobov AA, Tikanova PO, Repkin EA, Babkina IY, Panova M, Mikhailova NA, Granovitch AI. Premating barriers in young sympatric snail species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5720. [PMID: 33707514 PMCID: PMC7952697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympatric coexistence of recently diverged species raises the question of barriers restricting the gene flow between them. Reproductive isolation may be implemented at several levels, and the weakening of some, e.g. premating, barriers may require the strengthening of the others, e.g. postcopulatory ones. We analysed mating patterns and shell size of mates in recently diverged closely related species of the subgenus Littorina Neritrema (Littorinidae, Caenogastropoda) in order to assess the role of premating reproductive barriers between them. We compared mating frequencies observed in the wild with those expected based on relative densities using partial canonical correspondence analysis. We introduced the fidelity index (FI) to estimate the relative accuracy of mating with conspecific females and precopulatory isolation index (IPC) to characterize the strength of premating barriers. The species under study, with the exception of L. arcana, clearly demonstrated preferential mating with conspecifics. According to FI and IPC, L. fabalis and L. compressa appeared reliably isolated from their closest relatives within Neritrema. Individuals of these two species tend to be smaller than those of the others, highlighting the importance of shell size changes in gastropod species divergence. L. arcana males were often found in pairs with L. saxatilis females, and no interspecific size differences were revealed in this sibling species pair. We discuss the lack of discriminative mate choice in the sympatric populations of L. arcana and L. saxatilis, and possible additional mechanisms restricting gene flow between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina L Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Marina A Varfolomeeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy A Lobov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina O Tikanova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Egor A Repkin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Y Babkina
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Panova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalia A Mikhailova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.,Centre of Cell Technologies, Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei I Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Klápště J, Kremer A, Burg K, Garnier-Géré P, El-Dien OG, Ratcliffe B, El-Kassaby YA, Porth I. Quercus species divergence is driven by natural selection on evolutionarily less integrated traits. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:366-382. [PMID: 33110229 PMCID: PMC8027598 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional traits are organismal attributes that can respond to environmental cues, thereby providing important ecological functions. In addition, an organism's potential for adaptation is defined by the patterns of covariation among groups of functionally related traits. Whether an organism is evolutionarily constrained or has the potential for adaptation is based on the phenotypic integration or modularity of these traits. Here, we revisited leaf morphology in two European sympatric white oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.), sampling 2098 individuals, across much of their geographical distribution ranges. At the phenotypic level, leaf morphology traditionally encompasses discriminant attributes among different oak species. Here, we estimated in situ heritability, genetic correlation, and integration across such attributes. Also, we performed Selection Response Decomposition to test these traits for potential differences in oak species' evolutionary responses. Based on the uncovered functional units of traits (modules) in our study, the morphological module "leaf size gradient" was highlighted among functionally integrated traits. Equally, this module was defined in both oaks as being under "global regulation" in vegetative bud establishment and development. Lamina basal shape and intercalary veins' number were not, or, less integrated within the initially defined leaf functional unit, suggesting more than one module within the leaf traits' ensemble. Since these traits generally show the greatest species discriminatory power, they potentially underwent effective differential response to selection among oaks. Indeed, the selection of these traits could have driven the ecological preferences between the two sympatric oaks growing under different microclimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand.
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Kornel Burg
- Department of Health and Environment (Bioresources), AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straβe 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Pauline Garnier-Géré
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Omnia Gamal El-Dien
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Blaise Ratcliffe
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilga Porth
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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18
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Guo K, Chen C, Liang XF, Qu YF, Ji X. Female northern grass lizards judge mates by body shape to reinforce local adaptation. Front Zool 2020; 17:22. [PMID: 32774436 PMCID: PMC7409496 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying the factors that contribute to divergence among populations in mate preferences is important for understanding of the manner in which premating reproductive isolation might arise and how this isolation may in turn contribute to the evolutionary process of population divergence. Here, we offered female northern grass lizards (Takydromus septentrionalis) a choice of males between their own population and another four populations to test whether the preferences that females display in the mating trials correlate with phenotypic adaptation to local environments, or to the neutral genetic distance measured by divergence of mitochondrial DNA sequence loci. Results Females showed a strong preference for native over foreign males. Females that mated with native versus foreign males did not differ from each other in mating latency, or copulation duration. From results of the structural equation modelling we knew that: 1) geographical distance directly contributed to genetic differentiation and environmental dissimilarity; 2) genetic differentiation and environmental dissimilarity indirectly contributed to female mate preference, largely through their effects on morphological divergence; and 3) females judged mates by body shape (appearance) and discriminated more strongly against morphologically less familiar allopatric males. Conclusions Local adaptation rather than neutral genetic distance influences female mate preference in T. septentrionalis. The tendency to avoid mating with foreign males may indicate that, in T. septentrionalis, local adaptations are more valuable than genetic novelties. Our results highlight the importance of comprehensive studies integrating ecological, molecular and behavioral approaches to understand population divergence in female mate preferences as the consequence of local adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiao-Fang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
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19
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Sakamoto T, Innan H. Establishment process of a magic trait allele subject to both divergent selection and assortative mating. Theor Popul Biol 2020; 135:9-18. [PMID: 32735902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection and divergent selection are among the major driving forces of reproductive isolation, which could eventually result in speciation. A magic trait is defined such that a single trait is subject to both divergent selection and mate choice through phenotype-based assortative mating. We are here interested in the evolutionary behavior of alleles at a genetic locus responsible for a magic trait in a finite population. We assume that, in a pair of homogeneous subpopulations, a mutant allele arises at the magic trait locus, and theoretically obtain the probability that the new allele establishes in the population, or the establishment probability. We also show an analytical expression for the trajectory of allele frequency along the establishment, from which the time required for the establishment is obtained, or the establishment time. Under this model, divergent selection simply favors the new allele to fix where it is beneficial, whereas assortative mating works against rare alleles. It is theoretically demonstrated that the fate of the new allele is determined by the relative contributions of the two selective forces, divergent selection and assortative mating, when the allele is rare so that the two selective forces counteract. Our theoretical results for the establishment probability and time allow us to understand the relative role of random genetic drift in the establishment process of a magic trait allele in a finite population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakamoto
- SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - H Innan
- SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
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20
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Tinghitella RM, Lackey ACR, Durso C, Koop JAH, Boughman JW. The ecological stage changes benefits of mate choice and drives preference divergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190546. [PMID: 32654644 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Preference divergence is thought to contribute to reproductive isolation. Ecology can alter the way selection acts on female preferences, making them most likely to diverge when ecological conditions vary among populations. We present a novel mechanism for ecologically dependent sexual selection, termed 'the ecological stage' to highlight its ecological dependence. Our hypothesized mechanism emphasizes that males and females interact over mating in a specific ecological context, and different ecological conditions change the costs and benefits of mating interactions, selecting for different preferences in distinct environments and different male traits, especially when traits are condition dependent. We test key predictions of this mechanism in a sympatric three-spine stickleback species pair. We used a maternal half-sib split-clutch design for both species, mating females to attractive and unattractive males and raising progeny on alternate diets that mimic the specialized diets of the species in nature. We estimated the benefits of mate choice for an indicator trait (male nuptial colour) by measuring many fitness components across the lifetimes of both sons and daughters from these crosses. We analysed fitness data using a combination of aster and mixed models. We found that many benefits of mating with high-colour males depended on both species and diet. These results support the ecological stage hypothesis for sticklebacks. Finally, we discuss the potential role of this mechanism for other taxa and highlight its ability to enhance reproductive isolation as speciation proceeds, thus facilitating the evolution of strong reproductive isolation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alycia C R Lackey
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Durso
- Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer A H Koop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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21
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Sánchez-Herrera M, Beatty CD, Nunes R, Salazar C, Ware JL. An exploration of the complex biogeographical history of the Neotropical banner-wing damselflies (Odonata: Polythoridae). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:74. [PMID: 32580705 PMCID: PMC7315476 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New World Tropics has experienced a dynamic landscape across evolutionary history and harbors a high diversity of flora and fauna. While there are some studies addressing diversification in Neotropical vertebrates and plants, there is still a lack of knowledge in arthropods. Here we examine temporal and spatial diversification patterns in the damselfly family Polythoridae, which comprises seven genera with a total of 58 species distributed across much of Central and South America. RESULTS Our time-calibrated phylogeny for 48 species suggests that this family radiated during the late Eocene (~ 33 Ma), diversifying during the Miocene. As with other neotropical groups, the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of most of the Polythoridae genera has a primary origin in the Northern Andes though the MRCA of at least one genus may have appeared in the Amazon Basin. Our molecular clock suggests correlations with some major geographical events, and our biogeographical modeling (with BioGeoBEARS and RASP) found a significant influence of the formation of the Pebas and Acre systems on the early diversification of these damselflies, though evidence for the influence of the rise of the different Andean ranges was mixed. Diversification rates have been uniform in all genera except one-Polythore-where a significant increase in the late Pliocene (~ 3 mya) may have been influenced by recent Andean uplift. CONCLUSION The biogeographical models implemented here suggest that the Pebas and Acre Systems were significant geological events associated with the diversification of this damselfly family; while diversification in the tree shows some correlation with mountain building events, it is possible that other abiotic and biotic changes during our study period have influenced diversification as well. The high diversification rate observed in Polythore could be explained by the late uplift of the Northern Andes. However, it is possible that other intrinsic factors like sexual and natural selection acting on color patterns could be involved in the diversification of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sánchez-Herrera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia. .,Federated Department of Biological Sciences. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Christopher D Beatty
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Renato Nunes
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Departament of Biology, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Jessica L Ware
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Wang Y, Cooper TF. Environment-dependent costs and benefits of recombination in independently evolved populations of Escherichia coli. Evolution 2020; 74:1865-1873. [PMID: 32281651 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the causes by which reproductive isolation arises remains limited. We examine the role of adaptation in driving reproductive isolation among 12 Escherichia coli populations evolved in two different environments. We found that, regardless of whether parents were selected in the same or different environments, the average fitness of recombinants was lower than the expected, consistent with a prevailing influence of incompatibility between independently accumulated mutations. Exceptions to this pattern occurred among recombinants of some parents evolved in different environments. These recombinants were less fit than expected in the selective environment of one parent, but more fit than expected in the selective environment of the other parent. Our results indicate that both parallel and divergent adaptation can quickly lead to intrinsic genetic barriers contributing to the initial stages of speciation and show that these barriers can be complex, for example, depending on the environment in which recombinant offspring are tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204.,Present address: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Tim F Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204.,Present address: Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0630, New Zealand
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23
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MARTIN CHRISTOPHERH, RICHARDS EMILIEJ. The paradox behind the pattern of rapid adaptive radiation: how can the speciation process sustain itself through an early burst? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2019; 50:569-593. [PMID: 36237480 PMCID: PMC9555815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid adaptive radiation poses a distinct question apart from speciation and adaptation: what happens after one speciation event? That is, how are some lineages able to continue speciating through a rapid burst? This question connects global macroevolutionary patterns to microevolutionary processes. Here we review major features of rapid radiations in nature and their mismatch with theoretical models and what is currently known about speciation mechanisms. Rapid radiations occur on three major diversification axes - species richness, phenotypic disparity, and ecological diversity - with exceptional outliers on each axis. The paradox is that the hallmark early stage of adaptive radiation, a rapid burst of speciation and niche diversification, is contradicted by most existing speciation models which instead predict continuously decelerating speciation rates and niche subdivision through time. Furthermore, while speciation mechanisms such as magic traits, phenotype matching, and physical linkage of co-adapted alleles promote speciation, it is often not discussed how these mechanisms could promote multiple speciation events in rapid succession. Additional mechanisms beyond ecological opportunity are needed to understand how rapid radiations occur. We review the evidence for five emerging theories: 1) the 'transporter' hypothesis: introgression and the ancient origins of adaptive alleles, 2) the 'signal complexity' hypothesis: the dimensionality of sexual traits, 3) the connectivity of fitness landscapes, 4) 'diversity begets diversity', and 5) flexible stem/'plasticity first'. We propose new questions and predictions to guide future work on the mechanisms underlying the rare origins of rapid radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPHER H. MARTIN
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - EMILIE J. RICHARDS
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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24
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Arostegui MC, Quinn TP. Ontogenetic and ecotypic variation in the coloration and morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a stream–lake system. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alternative ecotypes of diverse animal taxa exhibit distinct, habitat-specific phenotypes. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a salmonid fish, exhibits stream-resident (fluvial), lake-migrant (adfluvial) and ocean-migrant (anadromous) ecotypes throughout its range. We investigated the coloration, and morphology associated with swimming performance of wild, native non-anadromous rainbow trout in connected stream and lake habitats of a south-west Alaskan watershed to assess if they exhibited phenotypic diversity consistent with the presence of alternative fluvial and adfluvial ecotypes. Colour differences among rainbow trout of different size classes and habitats (stream or lake) indicated ecotype-specific pathways, diverging at the same point in ontogeny and resulting in different terminal coloration patterns. Specifically, lake-caught fish exhibited distinct silvering of the body, whereas stream-caught fish displayed banded coloration when small and bronze colour when larger. The morphology of lake-caught rainbow trout also differed from that of stream-caught fish in features associated with swimming performance, and they exhibited both shared and unique morphological patterns compared to sympatric Salvelinus species in those habitats [Dolly Varden (S. malma) in streams, and Arctic char (S. alpinus) in the lake]. Greater morphological variation within stream- than lake-caught rainbow trout, and their limited overlap in morphology, suggested population-specific partial migration. This study highlights the intraspecific diversity of migratory behaviour and how conservation of particular phenotypes depends on managing both for genotypes and for habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arostegui
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Janicke T, Marie-Orleach L, Aubier TG, Perrier C, Morrow EH. Assortative Mating in Animals and Its Role for Speciation. Am Nat 2019; 194:865-875. [PMID: 31738105 DOI: 10.1086/705825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that positive assortative mating-the tendency of similar individuals to mate with each other-plays a key role for speciation by generating reproductive isolation between diverging populations. However, comprehensive tests for an effect of assortative mating on species richness at the macroevolutionary scale are lacking. We used a meta-analytic approach to test the hypothesis that the strength of assortative mating within populations is positively related to species richness across a broad range of animal taxa. Specifically, we ran a phylogenetically independent meta-analysis using an extensive database of 1,447 effect sizes for the strength of assortative mating, encompassing 307 species from 130 families and 14 classes. Our results suggest that there is no relationship between the strength of assortative mating and species richness across and within major taxonomic groups and trait categories. Moreover, our analysis confirms an earlier finding that animals typically mate assortatively (global Pearson correlation coefficient: r=0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.52) when accounting for phylogenetic nonindependence. We argue that future advances will rely on a better understanding of the evolutionary causes and consequences of the observed intra- and interspecific variation in the strength of assortative mating.
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26
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Gould GM, Carter GG, Augustine JK. Divergent color signals from homologous unfeathered ornaments in two congeneric grouse. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11833-11847. [PMID: 31695891 PMCID: PMC6822034 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Color-based visual signals are important aspects of communication throughout the animal kingdom. Individuals evaluate color to obtain information about age and condition and to behave accordingly. Birds display a variety of striking, conspicuous colors and make ideal subjects for the study of color signaling. While most studies of avian color focus on plumage, bare unfeathered body parts also display a wide range of color signals. Mate choice and intrasexual competitive interactions are easily observed in lekking grouse, which also signal with prominent unfeathered color patches. Most male grouse have one pair of colorful bare part ornaments (combs), and males of several species also have inflatable air sacs in their throat. Previous studies have mostly focused on comb color and size, but little is known about the signaling role of air sac color. We measured comb size and the color properties of combs and air sacs in the Lesser and Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and T. cupido, respectively), and investigated whether these properties varied with age and mass. We found that mass predicted color properties of air sacs and that age predicted comb size in the Greater Prairie-Chicken, suggesting that these ornaments indicate condition dependence. No conclusive relationships between color and age or size were detected in the Lesser Prairie-Chicken. Color properties of both ornaments differed between the two species. Further research is needed to determine mechanisms that link condition to color and whether the information advertised by color signals from these ornaments is intended for males, females, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M. Gould
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Gerald G. Carter
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jacqueline K. Augustine
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State University at LimaLimaOHUSA
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27
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Alonzo SH, Servedio MR. Grey zones of sexual selection: why is finding a modern definition so hard? Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191325. [PMID: 31431160 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection has long been acknowledged as an important evolutionary force, capable of shaping phenotypes ranging from fascinating and unusual displays to cryptic traits whose function is only uncovered by careful study. Yet, despite decades of research, reaching a consensus definition of the term 'sexual selection' has proved difficult. Here we explore why arriving at a unifying definition of sexual selection is so hard. While some researchers have argued about whether sexual selection should be considered a form of natural selection, we concentrate on where the line between sexual selection and other forms of selection falls. We focus on identifying the 'grey zones' of sexual selection by illustrating cases in which application of the term 'sexual selection' would be considered controversial or ambiguous. We believe that clarifying why sexual selection is so difficult to define is an essential first step forward towards greater clarity, and if possible towards reaching a consensus definition. We suggest that a more nuanced perspective may be necessary, particularly one that specifies for cases of 'sexual selection' why the term is used or whether they fall into a grey zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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28
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Watts JC, Flynn A, Tenhumberg B, Hebets EA. Contemporary sexual selection does not explain variation in male display traits among populations. Evolution 2019; 73:1927-1940. [PMID: 31343745 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is widely hypothesized to facilitate the evolution of reproductive isolation through divergence in sexual traits and sexual trait preferences among populations. However, direct evidence of divergent sexual selection causing intraspecific trait divergence remains limited. Using the wolf spider Schizocosa crassipes, we characterized patterns of female mate choice within and among geographic locations and related those patterns to geographic variation in male display traits to test whether divergent sexual selection caused by mate choice explains intraspecific trait variation. We found evidence of phenotypic selection on male behavior arising from female mate choice, but no evidence that selection varied among locations. Only those suites of morphological and behavioral traits that did not influence mate choice varied geographically. These results are inconsistent with ongoing divergent sexual selection underlying the observed intraspecific divergence in male display traits. These findings align with theory on the potentially restrictive conditions under which divergent sexual selection may persist, and suggest that long-term studies capable of detecting periodic or transient divergent sexual selection will be critical to rigorously assess the relative importance of divergent sexual selection in intraspecific trait divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colton Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Allissa Flynn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Brigitte Tenhumberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
| | - Eileen A Hebets
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588
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29
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Richards EJ, Servedio MR, Martin CH. Searching for Sympatric Speciation in the Genomic Era. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900047. [PMID: 31245871 PMCID: PMC8175013 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sympatric speciation illustrates how natural and sexual selection may create new species in isolation without geographic barriers. However, recent genomic reanalyses of classic examples of sympatric speciation reveal complex histories of secondary gene flow from outgroups into the radiation. In contrast, the rich theoretical literature on this process distinguishes among a diverse range of models based on simple genetic histories and different types of reproductive isolating barriers. Thus, there is a need to revisit how to connect theoretical models of sympatric speciation and their predictions to empirical case studies in the face of widespread gene flow. Here, theoretical differences among different types of sympatric speciation and speciation-with-gene-flow models are reviewed and summarized, and genomic analyses are proposed for distinguishing which models apply to case studies based on the timing and function of adaptive introgression. Investigating whether secondary gene flow contributed to reproductive isolation is necessary to test whether predictions of theory are ultimately borne out in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie J. Richards
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Maria R. Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Christopher H. Martin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC
- Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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30
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Harmon LJ, Andreazzi CS, Débarre F, Drury J, Goldberg EE, Martins AB, Melián CJ, Narwani A, Nuismer SL, Pennell MW, Rudman SM, Seehausen O, Silvestro D, Weber M, Matthews B. Detecting the macroevolutionary signal of species interactions. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:769-782. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho
| | | | - Florence Débarre
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618) Paris France
| | | | - Emma E. Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota
| | - Ayana B. Martins
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Instituto de Física ‘Gleb Wataghin’ Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Carlos J. Melián
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Anita Narwani
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho
| | - Matthew W. Pennell
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia
| | - Seth M. Rudman
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marjorie Weber
- Department of Plant Biology & Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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31
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Blankers T, Berdan EL, Hennig RM, Mayer F. Physical linkage and mate preference generate linkage disequilibrium for behavioral isolation in two parapatric crickets. Evolution 2019; 73:777-791. [PMID: 30820950 PMCID: PMC6593781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral isolation is a potent barrier to gene flow and a source of striking diversity in the animal kingdom. However, it remains unclear if the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between sex‐specific traits required for behavioral isolation results mostly from physical linkage between signal and preference loci or from directional mate preferences. Here, we test this in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. These closely related species diverged with gene flow and have strongly differentiated songs and preference functions for the mate calling song rhythm. We map quantitative trait loci for signal and preference traits (pQTL) as well as for gene expression associated with these traits (eQTL). We find strong, positive genetic covariance between song traits and between song and preference. Our results show that this is in part explained by incomplete physical linkage: although both linked pQTL and eQTL couple male and female traits, major effect loci for different traits were never on the same chromosome. We suggest that the finely tuned, highly divergent preference functions are likely an additional source of LD between male and female traits in this system. Furthermore, pleiotropy of gene expression presents an underappreciated mechanism to link sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Matthias Hennig
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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32
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Lindtke D, Yeaman S. Identifying the loci of speciation: the challenge beyond genome scans. J Evol Biol 2018; 30:1478-1481. [PMID: 28786194 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lindtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Yeaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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33
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Hume JB, Recknagel H, Bean CW, Adams CE, Mable BK. RADseq and mate choice assays reveal unidirectional gene flow among three lamprey ecotypes despite weak assortative mating: Insights into the formation and stability of multiple ecotypes in sympatry. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4572-4590. [PMID: 30252984 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive divergence with gene flow often results in complex patterns of variation within taxa exhibiting substantial ecological differences among populations. One example where this may have occurred is the parallel evolution of freshwater-resident nonparasitic lampreys from anadromous-parasitic ancestors. Previous studies have focused on transitions between these two phenotypic extremes, but here, we considered more complex evolutionary scenarios where an intermediate freshwater form that remains parasitic is found sympatrically with the other two ecotypes. Using population genomic analysis (restriction-associated DNA sequencing), we found that a freshwater-parasitic ecotype was highly distinct from an anadromous-parasitic form (Qlake-P = 96.8%, Fst = 0.154), but that a freshwater-nonparasitic form was almost completely admixed in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Demographic reconstructions indicated that both freshwater populations likely derived from a common freshwater ancestor. However, while the nonparasitic ecotype has experienced high levels of introgression from the anadromous-parasitic ecotype (Qanad-P = 37.7%), there is no evidence of introgression into the freshwater-parasitic ecotype. Paradoxically, mate choice experiments predicted high potential for gene flow: Males from all ecotypes were stimulated to spawn with freshwater-parasitic females, which released gametes in response to all ecotypes. Differentially fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms identified genes associated with growth and development, which could possibly influence the timing of metamorphosis, resulting in significant ecological differences between forms. This suggests that multiple lamprey ecotypes can persist in sympatry following shifts in adaptive peaks, due to environmental change during their repeated colonization of post-glacial regions, followed by periods of extensive gene flow among such diverging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Hume
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin W Bean
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Scottish Natural Heritage, Clydebank, UK
| | - Colin E Adams
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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34
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Au KLE. Digest: The evolution of sexual imprinting as an assortative mating mechanism. Evolution 2018; 72:1529-1530. [PMID: 29920665 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this issue, Yeh et al. (2018) investigated whether sexual imprinting could act as an assortative mating mechanism, reducing hybridization and increasing premating isolation. While they indeed find that imprinting leads to assortative mating and reduced hybridization, the strength at which imprinting evolves is usually intermediate, because it is counterbalanced by the costs of imprinting and the benefits of adaptive hybridization. Thus, while sexual imprinting can act as an assortative mating mechanism, it is often not the sole element of female mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Lung Elroy Au
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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35
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Yeh DJ, Boughman JW, Saetre GP, Servedio MR. The evolution of sexual imprinting through reinforcement. Evolution 2018; 72:1336-1349. [PMID: 29741268 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement is the process whereby assortative mating evolves due to selection against costly hybridization. Sexual imprinting could evolve as a mechanism of reinforcement, decreasing hybridization, or it could potentially increase hybridization in genetically purebred offspring of heterospecific social pairs. We use deterministic population genetic simulations to explore conditions under which sexual imprinting can evolve through reinforcement. We demonstrate that a sexual imprinting component of female preference can evolve as a one-allele assortative mating mechanism by reducing the risk of hybridization, and is generally effective at causing trait divergence. However, imprinting often evolves to be a component rather than the sole determinant of female preference. The evolution of imprinting has the unexpected side effect of homogenizing existing innate preference, because the imprinted preference neutralizes any innate preference. We also find that the weight of the imprinting component may evolve to a lower value when migration and divergent selection are strong and the cost of hybridization is low; these conditions render hybridization adaptive for immigrant females because they can acquire locally adaptive genes by mating with local males. Together, these results suggest that sexual imprinting can itself evolve as part of the speciation process, and in doing so has the capacity to promote or retard divergence through complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Justin Yeh
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Glenn-Peter Saetre
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CESS), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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36
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Servedio MR, Bürger R. The Effects on Parapatric Divergence of Linkage between Preference and Trait Loci versus Pleiotropy. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E217. [PMID: 29673216 PMCID: PMC5924559 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to uncover the genetic basis of female mating preferences and male signals involved in reproductive isolation have discovered intriguing cases in which loci contributing to these traits co-localize in their chromosomal positions. Such discoveries raise the question of whether alleles at certain loci contribute pleiotropically to male and female components of premating reproductive isolation, versus whether these loci are merely tightly linked. Here we use population genetic models to assess the degree to which these alternatives affect both short term and equilibrium patterns of trait (signal) and preference divergence. We take advantage of the fact that in the case of secondary contact between populations exchanging migrants, patterns of divergence across the range of preference strengths differ markedly when preferences and traits are controlled by the same locus (the case of phenotype matching) versus when they are on separate chromosomes. We find that tight linkage between preference and trait loci can mimic the pleiotropic pattern for many generations (roughly the reciprocal of the recombination rate), but that any recombination ultimately results in equilibrium patterns of divergence far more similar to those found when preferences and traits are on separate chromosomes. In general, our finding that pleiotropy results in quite different long-term patterns from tight linkage highlights the importance of distinguishing between these possibilities in empirical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, CB#3280, Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Reinhard Bürger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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37
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The Limits to Parapatric Speciation II: Strengthening a Preexisting Genetic Barrier to Gene Flow in Parapatry. Genetics 2018; 209:241-254. [PMID: 29496748 PMCID: PMC5937195 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By encompassing the whole continuum between allopatric and sympatric scenarios, parapatric speciation includes many potential scenarios for the evolution of new species. Here, we investigate how a genetic barrier to gene flow, that relies on a single postzygotic genetic incompatibility, may further evolve under ongoing migration. We consider a continent island model with three loci involved in pairwise Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMIs). Using an analytic approach, we derive the conditions for invasion of a new mutation and its consequences for the strength and stability of the initial genetic barrier. Our results show that the accumulation of genetic incompatibilities in the presence of gene flow is under strong selective constraints. In particular, preexisting incompatibilities do not always facilitate the invasion of further barrier genes. If new mutations do invade, they will often weaken or destroy the barrier rather than strengthening it. We conclude that migration is highly effective at disrupting the so-called “snowball effect”, the accelerated accumulation of DMIs that has been described for allopatric populations en route to reproductive isolation.
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38
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Blankers T, Vilaça ST, Waurick I, Gray DA, Hennig RM, Mazzoni CJ, Mayer F, Berdan EL. Demography and selection shape transcriptomic divergence in field crickets. Evolution 2018; 72:553-567. [PMID: 29363111 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow, demography, and selection can result in similar patterns of genomic variation and disentangling their effects is key to understanding speciation. Here, we assess transcriptomic variation to unravel the evolutionary history of Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, cryptic field cricket species with highly divergent mating behavior. We infer their demographic history and screen their transcriptomes for footprints of selection in the context of the inferred demography. We find strong support for a long history of bidirectional gene flow, which ceased during the late Pleistocene, and a bottleneck in G. rubens consistent with a peripatric origin of this species. Importantly, the demographic history has likely strongly shaped patterns of genetic differentiation (empirical FST distribution). Concordantly, FST -based selection detection uncovers a large number of outliers, likely comprising many false positives, echoing recent theoretical insights. Alternative genetic signatures of positive selection, informed by the demographic history of the sibling species, highlighted a smaller set of loci; many of these are candidates for controlling variation in mating behavior. Our results underscore the importance of demography in shaping overall patterns of genetic divergence and highlight that examining both demography and selection facilitates a more complete understanding of genetic divergence during speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Behavioural Physiology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sibelle T Vilaça
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Waurick
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - David A Gray
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330
| | - R Matthias Hennig
- Behavioural Physiology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Camila J Mazzoni
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
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Dijkstra PD, Border SE. How does male-male competition generate negative frequency-dependent selection and disruptive selection during speciation? Curr Zool 2018; 64:89-99. [PMID: 29492042 PMCID: PMC5809039 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection has been shown to drive population differentiation and speciation. The role of sexual selection in this process is controversial; however, most of the work has centered on mate choice while the role of male-male competition in speciation is relatively understudied. Here, we outline how male-male competition can be a source of diversifying selection on male competitive phenotypes, and how this can contribute to the evolution of reproductive isolation. We highlight how negative frequency-dependent selection (advantage of rare phenotype arising from stronger male-male competition between similar male phenotypes compared with dissimilar male phenotypes) and disruptive selection (advantage of extreme phenotypes) drives the evolution of diversity in competitive traits such as weapon size, nuptial coloration, or aggressiveness. We underscore that male-male competition interacts with other life-history functions and that variable male competitive phenotypes may represent alternative adaptive options. In addition to competition for mates, aggressive interference competition for ecological resources can exert selection on competitor signals. We call for a better integration of male-male competition with ecological interference competition since both can influence the process of speciation via comparable but distinct mechanisms. Altogether, we present a more comprehensive framework for studying the role of male-male competition in speciation, and emphasize the need for better integration of insights gained from other fields studying the evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological consequences of agonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Dijkstra
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Shana E Border
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Kopp M, Servedio MR, Mendelson TC, Safran RJ, Rodríguez RL, Hauber ME, Scordato EC, Symes LB, Balakrishnan CN, Zonana DM, van Doorn GS. Mechanisms of Assortative Mating in Speciation with Gene Flow: Connecting Theory and Empirical Research. Am Nat 2018; 191:1-20. [DOI: 10.1086/694889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Nehring V, Müller JK, Steinmetz N. Phoretic Poecilochirus mites specialize on their burying beetle hosts. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10743-10751. [PMID: 29299254 PMCID: PMC5743630 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurring species interactions can cause species to adapt to each other. Specialization will increase the fitness of symbionts in the coevolved association but may reduce the flexibility of symbiont choice as it will often decrease fitness in interactions with other than the main symbiont species. We analyzed the fitness interactions between a complex of two cryptic mite species and their sympatric burying beetle hosts in a European population. Poecilochirus mites (Mesostigmata, Parasitidae) are phoretic on burying beetles and reproduce alongside beetles, while these care for their offspring at vertebrate carcasses. While Poecilochirus carabi is typically found on Nicrophorus vespilloides beetles, P. necrophori is associated with N. vespillo. It has long been known that the mites discriminate between the two beetle species, but the fitness consequences of this choice remained unknown. We experimentally associated both mite species with both beetle species and found that mite fitness suffered when mites reproduced alongside a nonpreferred host. In turn, there is evidence that one of the beetle species is better able to cope with the mite species they are typically associated with. The overall fitness effect of mites on beetles was negative in our laboratory experiments. The Poecilochirus mites studied here are thus specialized competitors or parasites of burying beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Nehring
- Department for Animal Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biology I Freiburg University Freiburg Germany
| | - Josef K Müller
- Department for Animal Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biology I Freiburg University Freiburg Germany
| | - Nadine Steinmetz
- Department for Animal Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biology I Freiburg University Freiburg Germany
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42
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Servedio MR, Boughman JW. The Role of Sexual Selection in Local Adaptation and Speciation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection plays several intricate and complex roles in the related processes of local adaptation and speciation. In some cases sexual selection can promote these processes, but in others it can be inhibitory. We present theoretical and empirical evidence supporting these dual effects of sexual selection during local adaptation, allopatric speciation, and speciation with gene flow. Much of the empirical evidence for sexual selection promoting speciation is suggestive rather than conclusive; we present what would constitute strong evidence for sexual selection driving speciation. We conclude that although there is ample evidence that sexual selection contributes to the speciation process, it is very likely to do so only in concert with natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516
| | - Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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43
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Coron C, Costa M, Leman H, Smadi C. A stochastic model for speciation by mating preferences. J Math Biol 2017; 76:1421-1463. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Chenuil A, Saucède T, Hemery LG, Eléaume M, Féral JP, Améziane N, David B, Lecointre G, Havermans C. Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:481-504. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chenuil
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE-UMR7263); Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions; F-13007 Marseille France
| | - Thomas Saucède
- UMR6282 Biogéosciences; CNRS - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel; F-21000 Dijon France
| | - Lenaïg G. Hemery
- DMPA, UMR 7208 BOREA/MNHN/CNRS/Paris VI/ Univ Caen, 57 rue Cuvier; 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Marc Eléaume
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean-Pierre Féral
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE-UMR7263); Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions; F-13007 Marseille France
| | - Nadia Améziane
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Bruno David
- UMR6282 Biogéosciences; CNRS - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel; F-21000 Dijon France
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Guillaume Lecointre
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Charlotte Havermans
- Marine Zoology, Bremen Marine Ecology (BreMarE); University of Bremen, PO Box 330440; 28334 Bremen Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12; D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany
- OD Natural Environment; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29; B-1000 Brussels Belgium
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45
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Li L, Josef BA, Liu B, Zheng S, Huang L, Chen S. Three-Dimensional Evaluation on Ecotypic Diversity of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Case Study of Artemisia annua L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1225. [PMID: 28744301 PMCID: PMC5504922 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is the first-line drug for anti-malaria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). As the sole natural plant source of artemisinin, ecotypes of Artemisia annua L. vary widely in artemisinin content between nations, and China is the main producing area of A. annua. Here we present a three-dimensional evaluation on ecotypic diversity of A. annua from 12 main producing areas in China using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) method, DNA barcoding and ecological analyses. The results indicated that A. annua exhibited high ecotypic diversity. A. annua grown in the South of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River Line had a high artemisinin content, whereas the northern ones were low. Similar pattern was noted in the genetic diversity. The southern A. annua had high intraspecific variation in contrast to the northern A. annua. In terms of ecological analyses, humidity and sunshine time could be the major limiting ecological factors that affect the accumulation of artemisinin. This is the first reported three-dimensional evaluation integrating chemical, molecular and ecological analyses of the ecotypic diversity of A. annua. The work will facilitate exploring the genetic basis of chemical variations and developing strategies for the breeding and cultivation of high quality A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Brinckmann A. Josef
- Sustainability Department, Traditional Medicinals, SebastopolCA, United States
| | - Bing Liu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
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46
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Weiss K, Herzner G, Strohm E. Sexual selection and the evolution of male pheromone glands in philanthine wasps (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:128. [PMID: 28587589 PMCID: PMC5461632 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual selection is thought to promote evolutionary changes and diversification. However, the impact of sexual selection in relation to other selective forces is difficult to evaluate. Male digger wasps of the tribe Philanthini (Hymenoptera, Philanthinae) scent mark territories to attract receptive females. Consequently, the organs for production and storage of the marking secretion, the mandibular gland (MG) and the postpharyngeal gland (PPG), are subject to sexual selection. In female Philanthini, these glands are most likely solely subject to natural selection and show very little morphological diversity. According to the hypothesis that sexual selection drives interspecific diversity, we predicted that the MG and PPG show higher interspecific variation in males than in females. Using histological methods, 3D-reconstructions, and multivariate statistical analysis of morphological characters, we conducted a comparative analysis of the MG and the PPG in males of 30 species of Philanthini and three species of the Cercerini and Aphilanthopsini, two related tribes within the Philanthinae. Results We found substantial interspecific diversity in gland morphology with regard to gland incidence, size, shape and the type of associated secretory cells. Overall there was a phylogenetic trend: Ensuing from the large MGs and small PPGs of male Cercerini and Aphilanthopsini, the size and complexity of the MG was reduced in male Philanthini, while their PPG became considerably enlarged, substantially more complex, and associated with an apparently novel type of secretory cells. In some clades of the Philanthini the MG was even lost and entirely replaced by the PPG. However, several species showed reversals of and exceptions from this trend. Head gland morphology was significantly more diverse among male than among female Philanthinae. Conclusion Our results show considerable variation in male head glands including the loss of an entire gland system and the evolution of a novel kind of secretory cells, confirming the prediction that interspecific diversity in head gland morphology is higher in male than in female Philanthini. We discuss possible causes for the remarkable evolutionary changes in males and we conclude that this high diversity has been caused by sexual selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0963-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Weiss
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Herzner
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Strohm
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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47
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Components of reproductive isolation between the closely related grasshopper species Chorthippus biguttulus and C. mollis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Perreault-Payette A, Muir AM, Goetz F, Perrier C, Normandeau E, Sirois P, Bernatchez L. Investigating the extent of parallelism in morphological and genomic divergence among lake trout ecotypes in Lake Superior. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1477-1497. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alysse Perreault-Payette
- Département de Biologie; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; 1030 avenue de la Médecine Québec Quebec Canada G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Andrew M. Muir
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Michigan State University; 13 Natural Resources Building East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Great Lakes Fishery Commission; 2100 Commonwealth Boulevard Suite 100 Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA
| | - Frederick Goetz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Port Orchard WA 98366 USA
| | - Charles Perrier
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR CEFE CNRS 5175); 1919, route de Mende, 34293; Montpellier France
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Département de Biologie; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; 1030 avenue de la Médecine Québec Quebec Canada G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Pascal Sirois
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées; Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques; Département des sciences fondamentales; Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; 555 boulevard de l'Université Chicoutimi Quebec Canada G7H 2B1
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; 1030 avenue de la Médecine Québec Quebec Canada G1V 0A6 Canada
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49
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Buhaciuc E, Székely P, Băncilă R, Cogălniceanu D. Food availability influences postmetamorphic growth in two spadefoot toad species (genus Pelobates). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how major life history traits such as body size and mass and growth change in response to resource availability is crucial in explaining life history trade-offs. We conducted a laboratory experiment with three (high, medium and low) feeding intensity treatments using metamorphs of two spadefoot toads species,Pelobates syriacusandP. fuscus, from syntopic populations. We tested how total food consumption, final body size and mass, body mass increase, body mass and length growth rates and growth efficiency are influenced by food availability. The responses to food availability differed significantly between the species with respect to the total food consumption, body mass increase, body mass growth rate and growth efficiency (i.e. the ratio between total amount of food consumed during the experiment divided by the increase in body mass).P. syriacusmetamorphs had higher growth rates and growth efficiency thanP. fuscusjuveniles. Also,P. syriacusjuveniles responded to differences in food level by increasing growth efficiency with decreasing food levels. OverallP. syriacusseems better adapted to shortages in food availability thanP. fuscus. Our results clearly indicate that the differences in body size between the two species originate between metamorphosis and sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Buhaciuc
- Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 900470 Constanţa, Romania
| | - Paul Székely
- Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 900470 Constanţa, Romania
| | - Raluca Băncilă
- Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 900470 Constanţa, Romania
- “Emil Racoviţă” Institute of Speleology of Romanian Academy, 13 Septembrie Road, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 900470 Constanţa, Romania
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50
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Lackey ACR, Boughman JW. Evolution of reproductive isolation in stickleback fish. Evolution 2016; 71:357-372. [PMID: 27901265 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To understand how new species form and what causes their collapse, we examined how reproductive isolation evolves during the speciation process, considering species pairs with little to extensive divergence, including a recently collapsed pair. We estimated many reproductive barriers in each of five sets of stickleback fish species pairs using our own data and decades of previous work. We found that the types of barriers important early in the speciation process differ from those important late. Two premating barriers-habitat and sexual isolation-evolve early in divergence and remain two of the strongest barriers throughout speciation. Premating isolation evolves before postmating isolation, and extrinsic isolation is far stronger than intrinsic. Completing speciation, however, may require postmating intrinsic incompatibilities. Reverse speciation in one species pair was characterized by significant loss of sexual isolation. We present estimates of barrier strengths before and after collapse of a species pair; such detail regarding the loss of isolation has never before been documented. Additionally, despite significant asymmetries in individual barriers, which can limit speciation, total isolation was essentially symmetric between species. Our study provides important insight into the order of barrier evolution and the relative importance of isolating barriers during speciation and tests fundamental predictions of ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 2112 Biology Building, Murray, State University, Murray, Kentucky, 42071
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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