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Gielen K, Louwerse AL, Sterck EHM. The Older the Better: Infanticide Is Age-Related for Both Victims and Perpetrators in Captive Long-Tailed Macaques. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071008. [PMID: 36101389 PMCID: PMC9311617 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In wild primates, infanticide is a risk that is especially prevalent when a new male takes over the alpha position. Insight into risk factors related to infanticide may decrease the incidence of infanticide in captivity during male introductions. We investigated several risk factors of infanticide derived from hypotheses explaining infanticide in the wild and tested this in captive long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) using demographic data spanning a 25.5-year period. Factors that are related to infanticide in the wild explained a large proportion, but not all incidences, of infanticide in captivity. Consistent with the wild data, infants young enough to decrease the interbirth interval (<215 days) were at risk of being killed. In contrast to studies from the wild, infanticidal males were more than 2.5 years younger than non-infanticidal males. This indicates that captive settings can lead to new risks since relatively young males may gain the alpha position, promoting infanticide. Therefore, we propose the adolescent male risk hypothesis as a captive risk factor in which subadult males pose a risk of infanticide. In conclusion, the ages of both males and infants are related to infanticide in captivity and have to be taken into account during male introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Gielen
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-30-253-5304
| | - Annet L. Louwerse
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands;
| | - Elisabeth H. M. Sterck
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands;
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2
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Kunz JA, Duvot GJ, Willems EP, Stickelberger J, Spillmann B, Utami Atmoko SS, van Noordwijk MA, van Schaik CP. The context of sexual coercion in orang-utans: when do male and female mating interests collide? Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Giraud G, Sosa S, Hambuckers A, Deleuze S, Wandia IN, Huynen MC, Poncin P, Brotcorne F. Effect of Infant Presence on Social Networks of Sterilized and Intact Wild Female Balinese Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2538. [PMID: 34573504 PMCID: PMC8466756 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraception is increasingly used to control wild animal populations. However, as reproductive condition influences social interactions in primates, the absence of new offspring could influence the females' social integration. We studied two groups of wild macaques (Macaca fascicularis) including females recently sterilized in the Ubud Monkey Forest, Indonesia. We used social network analysis to examine female grooming and proximity networks and investigated the role of infant presence on social centrality and group connectivity, while controlling for the fertility status (sterilized N = 14, intact N = 34). We compared the ego networks of females experiencing different nursing conditions (young infant (YI) vs. old infant (OI) vs. non-nursing (NN) females). YI females were less central in the grooming network than other females while being more central in proximity networks, suggesting they could keep proximity within the group to protect their infant from hazards, while decreasing direct grooming interactions, involving potential risks such as kidnapping. The centrality of sterilized and intact females was similar, except for the proximity network where sterilized females had more partners and a better group connectivity. These results confirm the influence of nursing condition in female macaque social networks and did not show any negative short-term effects of sterilization on social integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennan Giraud
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium; (A.H.); (M.-C.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Sebastian Sosa
- Department of Ecology, Physiology and Ethology, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Alain Hambuckers
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium; (A.H.); (M.-C.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Stefan Deleuze
- Research Unit FARAH, Equine and Companion Animal Reproduction Pathologies Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, 4130 Liège, Belgium;
| | - I Nengah Wandia
- Primate Division of Natural Resources and Environment Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar 80361, Bali, Indonesia;
| | - Marie-Claude Huynen
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium; (A.H.); (M.-C.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Pascal Poncin
- Research Unit FOCUS, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium; (A.H.); (M.-C.H.); (F.B.)
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De Aquino I, Platas-Neri D, Sánchez-Ferrer JC, Jiménez S, Muñoz-Delgado J. Tactical deception in sociosexual behaviour of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides): an exploratory study. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tactical deception (TD) is a social strategy in which a subject performs an action to its own benefit causing disadvantage for a competitor. In primates, the cognitive mechanisms involved in TD have been described at different levels. Sneaky mating is a common context within which to study TD because in many primate groups, dominant males monopolize access to females and subordinate males must find a way to copulate with females avoiding the alpha’s presence. The objective of this study was to explore which of the TD behavioural strategies are involved in the male sociosexual behaviour of a group of stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). We found that the subordinate males participated in more interactions when they were in a section of the enclosure where the alpha male was not present. The alpha male had more copulation interactions, but the beta male’s interactions lasted longer on average. Our data offer evidence in support of the hypothesis that stump-tailed macaques may use TD strategies that are related to operant conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel De Aquino
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Cronoecología y Etología Humana, Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Platas-Neri
- Laboratorio de Antropología y Cognición, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Said Jiménez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Cronoecología y Etología Humana, Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jairo Muñoz-Delgado
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Cronoecología y Etología Humana, Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pang KH, Rowe AK, Sheeran LK, Xia DP, Sun L, Li JH. Sexual Interference Behaviors in Male Adult and Subadult Tibetan Macaques ( Macaca thibetana). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030663. [PMID: 33801483 PMCID: PMC7999075 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sexual interference behaviors (interruption/harassment) by male nonhuman primates can lead copulating individuals to separate and is hypothetically a form of male–male competition for access to sexually receptive females. Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) provide an example of male sexual interference that can be used to discuss the sexual competition hypothesis. We found male sexual interference in this species showed significant seasonal variation. Age did not affect the proportion or type of interference behaviors that a male performed, but his social status did. Dominant males more often interrupted copulations. Subordinate males more often directed harassment behaviors toward dominant males, which reduced copulation duration, especially the post-ejaculatory phase of copulation. Our results suggest that sexual interference (interruption or harassment) may be a tactic to reduce the mating success of other males by either preventing ejaculation or reducing the duration of the post-ejaculatory phase, which is critical for sperm transport and, thus, reproductive success. Abstract Male nonhuman primate sexual interference, which includes copulation interruption and copulation harassment, has been related to reproductive success, but its significance has been challenging to test. Copulation interruption results in the termination of a copulation before ejaculation, whereas copulation harassment does not. We conducted this study using the all-occurrence behavior sampling method on sexual interference behaviors of seven adult and four subadult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in mating and non-mating seasons at Mt. Huangshan, China, from August 2016 to May 2017. Our results showed that males’ individual proportion of copulation interruption and harassment was higher during the mating season than during the non-mating season. In addition, dominant males more often performed interruption, whereas subordinate males more often performed harassment. We found no difference in the individual proportion of copulation interruption or harassment between adult and subadult males. Adult and subadult males both directed copulation interruption and harassment more often toward the mating male than toward the mating female. Lastly, the post-ejaculation phase of copulation was shorter when copulation harassment occurred than when it did not. Our results suggest that sexual interference may be an important mating tactic that adult and subadult males use in male–male sexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Hai Pang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Amanda K. Rowe
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Lori K. Sheeran
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA;
| | - Dong-Po Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Lixing Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA;
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-63861723
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Guo C, Krzton A, Ruan X, Xiang Z, Li M. Reproductive strategy of bachelors in a snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) all-male unit. Primates 2020; 61:291-299. [PMID: 31955302 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Snub-nosed monkeys exhibit a rare multilevel social system composed of several one-male units (OMU) and at least one all-male unit (AMU). The AMU comprises males who are blocked from access to females by resident males in the OMUs, and how these satellite males achieve reproductive success is still unclear. To investigate their reproductive strategies, we focused on the AMU in a band of provisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China. Behaviors that AMU males use to gain access to females (i.e. immigration, male takeover, and sexual interaction with females) were recorded and compared with resident OMU males to explore how AMU bachelors achieve reproductive success when they are denied stable access to females. We found that in response to solicitation from females, adult and sub-adult members of the AMU responded more actively than resident males, and the bachelors actively initiated mating with females when the latter's resident male was temporarily absent. These mating opportunities mostly coincided with the peak mating season in OMUs, and probably allowed bachelors to sire some offspring. We also found that for some AMU adults, taking over an OMU is the main strategy used to gain stable access to females, and these males repeatedly migrate between bands. AMU members therefore show multiple strategies that allow them to gain some degree of reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan Nanlu, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Alicia Krzton
- RBD Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Xiangdong Ruan
- National Forest Inventory and Design Institute, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 Shaoshan Nanlu, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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Baniel A, Delaunay A, Cowlishaw G, Huchard E. Oestrous females avoid mating in front of adult male bystanders in wild chacma baboons. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181009. [PMID: 30800354 PMCID: PMC6366197 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In social species, female mating strategies can be constrained by both male and female groupmates through sexual conflict and reproductive competition, respectively. This study tests if females adjust their sexual behaviour according to the presence of male and female bystanders in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and assesses their relative importance. Our results show that oestrous females initiate fewer copulations in the presence of adult male bystanders, irrespective of whether they are mate-guarded or not. This inhibitory effect probably reflects a response to indirect sexual coercion by males, whose close proximity may dissuade females to initiate copulations with rival males to avoid punishment and/or aggressive mating interference. By contrast, females initiate more matings with their mate-guard in the presence of higher-ranking female bystanders, which may reflect an attempt to secure bodyguard services from their mate when they feel threatened. These results emphasize the importance of intra- and intersexual conflicts in shaping female sexual behaviour in this promiscuous society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baniel
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | | | - Guy Cowlishaw
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Elise Huchard
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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8
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Comparing functions of copulation calls in wild olive baboons, Papio anubis, using multimodel inference. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Structure of sexual networks determines the operation of sexual selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E53-E61. [PMID: 29255016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710450115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection is a fundamental evolutionary process but remains debated, particularly in the complexity of polyandrous populations where females mate with multiple males. This lack of resolution is partly because studies have largely ignored the structure of the sexual network, that is, the pattern of mate sharing. Here, we quantify what we call mating assortment with network analysis to specify explicitly the indirect as well as direct relationships between partners. We first review empirical studies, showing that mating assortment varies considerably in nature, due largely to basic properties of the sexual network (size and density) and partly to nonrandom patterns of mate sharing. We then use simulations to show how variation in mating assortment interacts with population-level polyandry to determine the strength of sexual selection on males. Controlling for average polyandry, positive mating assortment, arising when more polygynous males tend to mate with more polyandrous females, drastically decreases the intensity of precopulatory sexual selection on male mating success (Bateman gradient) and the covariance between male mating success and postcopulatory paternity share. Average polyandry independently weakened some measures of sexual selection and crucially also impacted sexual selection indirectly by constraining mating assortment through the saturation of the mating network. Mating assortment therefore represents a key-albeit overlooked-modulator of the strength of sexual selection. Our results show that jointly considering sexual network structure and average polyandry more precisely describes the strength of sexual selection.
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Hamada Y, San AM, Malaivijitnond S. Assessment of the hybridization between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) based on morphological characters. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:189-98. [PMID: 26354607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hybridization between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques has become a focal point of interest. The majority of such studies have evaluated their genetics, but not their morphological characters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed morphological characters of eight free-ranging populations of Indochinese rhesus and long-tailed macaques distributed at the proposed hybrid zone (15.75-21.58° N) in comparison with one population each of Chinese and Indian-derived rhesus macaques and three populations of Sundaic long-tailed macaques. RESULTS Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques had a heavier body mass, longer crown-rump length, shorter relative facial length and relative tail length, and a greater contrast of reddish and yellowish dorsal pelage color than the Sundaic long-tailed macaques for which the latter three parameters could be used to visually discriminate between the two species. Although the morphological characters of Indochinese rhesus and long-tailed macaques were intermediate between the Chinese/Indian rhesus and Sundaic long-tailed macaques, they were more similar to their respective conspecifics. The species-specific characters of a shorter tail (<70%) and a bipartite pelage color pattern were retained in the Indochinese rhesus macaques while the longer tail (>90%) and no bipartite pattern was found in the Indochinese long-tailed macaques. No morphological cline was observed across the species and the variations were abrupt to some extent. DISCUSSION The hybridization between rhesus and long-tailed macaques may be results of multiple contacts and isolations over a long period of time, thus their evolutionary history should not be drawn solely by genetic or morphological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Hamada
- Evolutionary Morphology Section, Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Aye Mi San
- Department of Zoology, Mawlamyine University, Mawlamyine, Myanmar
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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Overduin-de Vries AM, Spruijt BM, de Vries H, Sterck EHM. Tactical deception to hide sexual behaviour: macaques use distance, not visibility. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015; 69:1333-1342. [PMID: 26246655 PMCID: PMC4521099 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although tactical deception (TD) may be employed to hide sexual behaviour, there is as yet no firm evidence for it. Hiding may be guided by cognitive mechanisms consistent with either no, low or high level TD, such as exploiting male peripheral positions (no TD), creating distance (TD level 1) or hiding behind screens (TD level 1.5 which involves visual perspective taking (VPT)). Macaques are capable of VPT in a food context, suggesting that they may employ TD level 1.5. We investigated, in an observational study with temporarily provided hiding screens, which strategy was used to hide sexual behaviour in captive groups of two macaque species (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Sexual behaviour only sporadically took place near screens, and the few copulations near screens were not systematically hidden from the alpha male, precluding TD level 1.5. Instead, both females and non-alpha males were at a larger distance from the alpha male during sexual interactions than otherwise, consistent with TD level 1. Creating peripheral locations (TD level 1) may be effective in improving sexual opportunities in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Overduin-de Vries
- />Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - H. de Vries
- />Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. H. M. Sterck
- />Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- />Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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12
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Forette LM, Mannion KL, Dzieweczynski TL. Acute exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol disrupts audience effect on male–female interactions in Betta splendens. Behav Processes 2015; 113:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Dominance rank, female reproductive synchrony, and male reproductive skew in wild Assamese macaques. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Young C, Hähndel S, Majolo B, Schülke O, Ostner J. Male coalitions and female behaviour affect male mating success independent of dominance rank and female receptive synchrony in wild Barbary macaques. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Clutton-Brock T, Huchard E. Social competition and its consequences in female mammals. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Huchard
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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