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Lovén Wallerius M, Moran V, Závorka L, Höjesjö J. Asymmetric competition over space use and territory between native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and invasive brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1033-1043. [PMID: 35152425 PMCID: PMC9314817 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interference competition over food and territory can shape population structure and habitat use within and between species. The introduction of invasive species often leads to novel competitive interactions over shared resources and invaders can eventually exclude the native species from preferred habitats. Invasive brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) introduced to northern Europe have excluded native brown trout (Salmo trutta) from numerous headwater streams. The fact that invasive brook trout can displace the more aggressive brown trout is puzzling. However, the earlier spawning and hatching of brook trout, compared to brown trout, may lead to unequal competition due to size advantage and prior resident status of brook trout at the fry stage. In this study, we examine the effect of competition between brown trout and brook trout using the natural size distribution of the two species. In two consecutive experiments, we first measured space use and feeding of a fry (age 0+) in the presence of a juvenile (age 1+). In experiment 2, we assessed territorial interactions between the species at the fry stage (age 0+) and if smaller brown trout could compensate the disadvantage by manipulating residence duration. Fry of brook trout feed sooner and spend more time close to the larger individual than brown trout fry. We also found that brook trout fry won most territorial contests against brown trout, and that increased residence duration led to longer and more aggressive interactions. The results suggest that smaller brown trout are displaced to suboptimal habitats in the presence of a larger brook trout. Therefore, the later emergence from gravel beds resulting in the naturally occurring size disadvantage of brown trout at the fry stage may lead to unequal territorial interactions that could explain why brown trout are displaced from preferred habitats in sympatry with brook trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lovén Wallerius
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Vilhem Moran
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz–Inter‐University Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem ResearchLunz am SeeAustria
| | - Johan Höjesjö
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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2
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Cattano C, Fine M, Quattrocchi F, Holzman R, Milazzo M. Behavioural responses of fish groups exposed to a predatory threat under elevated CO 2. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:179-184. [PMID: 31060864 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies dealing with the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on fish behaviour tested individuals in isolation, even when the examined species live in shoals in the wild. Here we evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations (i.e. ∼900 μatm) on the shelter use and group cohesion of the gregarious damselfish Chromis viridis using groups of sub-adults exposed to a predatory threat. Results showed that, under predatory threat, fish reared at elevated CO2 concentrations displayed a risky behaviour (i.e. decreased shelter use), whereas their group cohesion was unaffected. Our findings add on increasing evidence to account for social dynamics in OA experiments, as living in groups may compensate for CO2-induced risky behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma. Italy.
| | - M Fine
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
| | - F Quattrocchi
- Institute for marine biological resources and biotechnologies, Via Vaccara, 61, 91026, Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy
| | - R Holzman
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel; Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197, Roma. Italy
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Abstract
Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.
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Quattrini FG, Bshary R, Roche DG. Does the presence of an odd individual affect group choice? Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto G Quattrini
- Éco-éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Éco-éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Éco-éthologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ward AJW, Schaerf TM, Herbert-Read JE, Morrell L, Sumpter DJT, Webster MM. Local interactions and global properties of wild, free-ranging stickleback shoals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170043. [PMID: 28791135 PMCID: PMC5541530 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Collective motion describes the global properties of moving groups of animals and the self-organized, coordinated patterns of individual behaviour that produce them. We examined the group-level patterns and local interactions between individuals in wild, free-ranging shoals of three-spine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Our data reveal that the highest frequencies of near-neighbour encounters occur at between one and two body lengths from a focal fish, with the peak frequency alongside a focal individual. Fish also show the highest alignment with these laterally placed individuals, and generally with animals in front of themselves. Furthermore, fish are more closely matched in size, speed and orientation to their near neighbours than to more distant neighbours, indicating local organization within groups. Among the group-level properties reported here, we find that polarization is strongly influenced by group speed, but also the variation in speed among individuals and the nearest neighbour distances of group members. While we find no relationship between group order and group size, we do find that larger groups tend to have lower nearest neighbour distances, which in turn may be important in maintaining group order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. W. Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy M. Schaerf
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - James E. Herbert-Read
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley Morrell
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Bayani DM, Taborsky M, Frommen JG. To pee or not to pee: urine signals mediate aggressive interactions in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Trenchard H, Perc M. Energy saving mechanisms, collective behavior and the variation range hypothesis in biological systems: A review. Biosystems 2016; 147:40-66. [PMID: 27288936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy saving mechanisms are ubiquitous in nature. Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic drafting, vortice uplift, Bernoulli suction, thermoregulatory coupling, path following, physical hooks, synchronization, and cooperation are only some of the better-known examples. While drafting mechanisms also appear in non-biological systems such as sedimentation and particle vortices, the broad spectrum of these mechanisms appears more diversely in biological systems that include bacteria, spermatozoa, various aquatic species, birds, land animals, semi-fluid dwellers like turtle hatchlings, as well as human systems. We present the thermodynamic framework for energy saving mechanisms, and we review evidence in favor of the variation range hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that, as an evolutionary process, the variation range between strongest and weakest group members converges on the equivalent energy saving quantity that is generated by the energy saving mechanism. We also review self-organized structures that emerge due to energy saving mechanisms, including convective processes that can be observed in many systems over both short and long time scales, as well as high collective output processes in which a form of collective position locking occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; CAMTP-Center for Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Maribor, Krekova 2, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Killen SS, Fu C, Wu Q, Wang Y, Fu S. The relationship between metabolic rate and sociability is altered by food deprivation. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Yu‐Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
- Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Shi‐Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
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9
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Kimbell HS, Morrell LJ. Turbidity weakens selection for assortment in body size in groups. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Quantification acuity in spontaneous shoaling decisions of three-spined sticklebacks. Anim Cogn 2015; 18:1125-31. [PMID: 26099740 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate between different quantities is widespread throughout the animal kingdom, and the underlying mechanisms of quantity discrimination are currently intensely discussed. In contrast, questions elucidating the limits of quantity estimation received rather little attention so far. Here, we examined fine-tuned quantity estimation in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a natural context, i.e. during shoaling decisions. Wild-caught focal fish were given the spontaneous choice between two shoals which differed in group size by 1 fish (0 vs. 1, 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, 3 vs. 4, 4 vs. 5, 5 vs. 6 and 6 vs. 7), based on visual assessment. The results show that sticklebacks generally prefer to shoal with the larger group. They discriminated numerical contrasts up to 6 versus 7, equalling a numerical ratio of 0.86. Preference patterns followed Weber's law, i.e. decreased with increasing numerical ratio. This pattern was found across all numerical conditions as well as within the small number range (ranging from 1 vs. 2 to 3 vs. 4). The results suggest that wild-caught three-spined sticklebacks are spontaneously able (i.e. without prior learning) to detect subtle differences in shoal sizes. Further, they confirm findings of previous studies highlighting the contribution of the analogue magnitude system to quantity estimation in fishes.
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SIEBECK UE, O'CONNOR J, BRAUN C, LEIS JM. Do human activities influence survival and orientation abilities of larval fishes in the ocean? Integr Zool 2015; 10:65-82. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike E. SIEBECK
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jack O'CONNOR
- Ichthyology; The Australian Museum; Sydney Australia
- Department of Environmental Studies; University of Technology Sydney; Ultimo Australia
| | - Christoph BRAUN
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. LEIS
- Ichthyology; The Australian Museum; Sydney Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; University of Tasmania; Hobart Australia
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12
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Kleinhappel TK, Burman OHP, John EA, Wilkinson A, Pike TW. Diet-mediated social networks in shoaling fish. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Rodgers GM, Gladman N, Corless H, Morrell L. Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2760-7. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.080879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Many animals, particularly reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods, have the ability to change their body colour, for functions including thermoregulation, signalling and predator avoidance. Many fish plastically darken their body colouration in response to dark visual backgrounds, and this functions to reduce predation risk. Here, we test the hypotheses that 1) colour change in fish carries with it an energetic cost and 2) affects subsequent shoal and habitat choice decisions. We demonstrate that guppies (Poecilia reticulata) change colour in response to dark and light visual backgrounds, and that doing so carries an energetic cost in terms of food consumption. By increasing food intake, however, guppies are able to maintain growth rates and meet the energetic costs of changing colour. Following colour change, fish preferentially chose habitats and shoals that match their own body colouration, and maximise crypsis, thus avoiding the need for further colour change, but also potentially paying an opportunity cost associated with restriction to particular habitats and social associates. Thus, colour change to match the background is complemented by behavioural strategies, which should act to maximise fitness in variable environments.
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