Internal lateral nasal osteotomy: double-guarded osteotome and mucosa tearing

Early Postoperative Sequelae After Open Sky Access in Nasal Osteotomy: A Comparative Study

INTRODUCTION

Nasal osteotomy is a powerful cornerstone step in almost all rhinoplasty procedures and is a major cause of postoperative periorbital ecchymosis and edema after rhinoplasty. Different accesses for osteotomy have been described, the most popular of which is the external perforating and the internal continuous methods. These accesses are blind maneuvers and have some drawbacks such as possible visible scar formation in the percutaneous access or high rate of mucosal tear in the endonasal access. Open sky access osteotomy after wide subperiosteal dissection had been described to overcome those disadvantages. Early postoperative sequelae have not been assessed in the literature after using this access. In the present study, we aim to assess early postoperative sequelae after using this technique in comparison with percutaneous perforating osteotomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted between November 2017 and January 2021. Forty patients were randomly assigned into 2 equal groups. Group A was subjected to lateral osteotomy by percutaneous perforating method, whereas group B underwent lateral osteotomy by the open sky access technique using a 2-mm curved osteotome. Early postoperative periorbital sequelae were assessed on the second and seventh postoperative days, using the grading system suggested by Kara et al (Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:2213-2218). Mucosal tear was assessed on the second postoperative day using nasal endoscopy after removal of nasal packs.

RESULTS

There was a statistically nonsignificant difference between the studied groups regarding ecchymosis and edema occurring on the second or seventh days. Meanwhile, mucosal tear was significantly less in the open sky access osteotomy group.

CONCLUSIONS

Open sky access osteotomy is a safe method for lateral nasal osteotomy with direct visualization of the surgical field. It does not require a skin incision that could lead to a scar formation. It produces less mucosal tear than percutaneous perforating osteotomy. No statistically significant difference is found between both techniques regarding postoperative periorbital ecchymosis and edema on the second and seventh postoperative days.

SELF: A Novel Algorithm for Deciding the Position of Lateral Osteotomies in Rhinoplasty Patients with Minimal External Deviation

BACKGROUND

Although the different techniques and instruments described for lateral osteotomies date back decades, the literature on deciding the position of lateral osteotomies between the sides is limited. In general, the position of lateral osteotomies is decided by frontal view and palpation, but this is not always easy, especially in minimally deviated noses.

METHODS

The SELF algorithm, which includes 4 developmentally related parameters, was used to decide the position and number of lateral osteotomies. Parameters of the SELF algorithm are septal position in nasal floor, external alar length, lateral pyramidal length and frontal pyramidal deviation's starting side. After considering and evaluating these parameters, either double lateral or high lateral osteotomy was performed on the side where the bony wall was considered to be longer.

RESULTS

Out of 521 patients whose lateral osteotomy level was decided by applying the SELF algorithm, 493 were female, and 28 were male. The ages of the patients ranged from 18 to 59 years. Based on the SELF algorithm, 401 double lateral and 85 high lateral osteotomies were performed on the side with the longest anterior-posterior distance of the bony pyramid. No serious complications, either functionally or aesthetically, were encountered related to lateral osteotomies performed based on the SELF algorithm.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a relationship between the position of the septum at the nasal floor, external alar length, lateral pyramidal projection and frontal deviation, as the tissues in the nose are shaped in relation to each other during development. The SELF algorithm based on these parameters can provide assistance to the surgeon in terms of selecting the position and number of lateral osteotomies, especially in minimally deviated noses.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV

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Availability and Safety of Osteotomy in Esthetic Rhinoplasty of East Asian Patients

OBJECTIVE

East Asians usually have short and flat noses and broad nasal bones. Therefore, rhinoplasty with dorsal augmentation and nasal osteotomy is often required. However, many surgeons are wary of performing nasal osteotomy in conjunction with augmentation with silicone. The authors sought to evaluate the availability and safety of osteotomy in esthetic rhinoplasty of East Asian patients.

METHODS

In a clinical study, a retrospective chart review was performed for 227 patients who had undergone nasal osteotomy (paramedian oblique osteotomy plus percutaneous lateral osteotomy) and dorsal augmentation with silicone. Patient satisfaction after surgery was evaluated by the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation test. In addition, a cadaveric study was conducted in which 5 fresh cadavers received different osteotomies on each side of the nose (right side: paramedian oblique and percutaneous lateral osteotomy; left side: medial oblique and intranasal continuous lateral osteotomy).

RESULTS

In the clinical study, patients were satisfied with the outcome after esthetic rhinoplasty with nasal osteotomy (paramedian oblique osteotomy plus percutaneous lateral osteotomy) and augmentation with silicone. The results revealed a low complication rate. The average Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation test score significantly increased (P < 0.001), with 91.2% of patients scoring their postoperative result better than "good." In the cadaveric study, stability was greater when paramedian oblique and percutaneous lateral osteotomy was performed.

CONCLUSIONS

Paramedian oblique and percutaneous lateral osteotomy is effective for reducing broad nasal bones, thus providing a stable framework and a reliable method for achieving a good outcome when augmentation with silicone is performed simultaneously.

Current updates in nasal bone reshaping

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review recent studies on nasal osseocartilaginous anatomy, osteotomy techniques and contemporary methods of nasal bone reshaping carried out under direct vision.

RECENT FINDINGS

Current cadaver studies on osseocartilaginous vault anatomy, osteotomy techniques provide valuable information that can reduce outcome variability and increase reliability of osteotomies. Nevertheless, osteotomes have limitations and contemporary approaches - namely, piezoelectric instrumentations, osteoectomy, and osteotomy carried out under direct vision - can provide valuable solutions to certain shortcomings. Contrary to widespread understanding, extended wide periosteal dissection is the common thread in newly introduced methods which claim enhanced control, reduced soft tissue trauma, and reproducible results. Comparative and cadaver studies show promising results regarding protection of underlying mucosa, reduced comminuted fractures, reduced postoperative ecchymosis, and edema.

SUMMARY

Improvements in nasal bone reshaping are promising for better esthetic and functional outcomes. Nevertheless, these approaches need to be validated by randomized controlled trials and test of time before being incorporated in routine surgical practice.

Intranasal Extramucosal Access: A New Access for Lateral Osteotomy in Open Rhinoplasty

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Different accesses have been used to perform lateral osteotomies in rhinoplasty. All of them have some disadvantages. The aim of this paper was to report a new access to overcome drawbacks of the other techniques in lateral osteotomy during open rhinoplasty.

METHODS

An anatomical study was designed to search possibility of intranasal extramucosal access (open sky access) for the lateral osteotomy in open rhinoplasty. It was performed directly on the lateral wall of piriform aperture, and then possible advantages of this technique were investigated. Five fixed cadavers were used for this purpose. No drawbacks were observed during procedure in cadavers. Then the same procedure was performed in 23 consecutive rhinoplasty patients. Nineteen operations were primary and 4 operations were secondary. Median oblique osteotomies were added to the procedure in all patients. The mean follow-up was 17 months.

RESULTS

Intranasal extramucosal access during lateral osteotomy was easily performed in all patients. Hemorrhage due to angular vessel injury was not occurred during intraoperative period. Edema and ecchymosis was minimal. Intranasal examination did not show any sign for nasal mucosal tearing in all patients. Residual bone spurs or bone irregularities were not observed in any patients.

CONCLUSION

Intranasal extramucosal access that produces precise, predictable, and reproducible aesthetic and functional results could also provide better exposure during lateral osteotomy. Additionally, open sky access minimizes scars because it does not need additional incisions on the skin and mucosa. Protection of the internal periosteum of the nasal bones may be the main advantages of this technique.

A comparison of piezosurgery with conventional techniques for internal osteotomy

To compare conventional osteotomy with the piezosurgery medical device, in terms of postoperative edema, ecchymosis, pain, operation time, and mucosal integrity, in rhinoplasty patients. In this prospective study, 49 rhinoplasty patients were randomly divided into two groups according to osteotomy technique used, either conventional osteotomy or piezosurgery. For all patients, the total duration of the operation was recorded, and photographs were taken and scored for ecchymosis and edema on postoperative days 2, 4, and 7. In addition, pain level was evaluated on postoperative day 2, and mucosal integrity was assessed on day 4. All scoring and evaluation was conducted by a physician who was blinded to the osteotomy procedure. In the piezosurgery group, edema scores on postoperative day 2 and ecchymosis scores on postoperative days 2, 4, and 7 were significantly lower than in the conventional osteotomy group (p < 0.05). On postoperative day 2, the pain level was lower in the piezosurgery group than in the conventional osteotomy group (p < 0.05). In an endoscopic examination on postoperative day 4, while 24% of the patients in the conventional osteotomy group had mucosal damage, no such damage was observed in the piezosurgery group. When total operation duration was compared, there was no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Piezosurgery is a safe osteotomy method, with less edema (in the early postoperative period) and ecchymosis compared with conventional osteotomy, as well as less pain, a similar operation duration, and no mucosal damage.

Effect of the Rhinoplasty Technique and Lateral Osteotomy on Periorbital Edema and Ecchymosis

AIM

The present study aimed to compare edema and ecchymosis in the early and late postoperative periods following the application of different surgical techniques (open and endonasal) and different types of lateral osteotomy (internal and external).

METHODS

The files and photographs of a total of 120 patients whose records were regularly maintained/updated and who underwent septorhinoplasty operation with the same surgeon were retrospectively evaluated. Sixty-nine (57.5%) patients were women and 51 (43.5%) were men. The patients were divided into 4 different groups according to the operations they underwent as follows--Group I: open technique septorhinoplasty + internal/continuous lateral osteotomy; Group II: endonasal rhinoplasty + internal/continuous lateral osteotomy; Group III: open technique septorhinoplasty + external/perforating lateral osteotomy; and Group IV: endonasal rhinoplasty + external/perforating lateral osteotomy. Postoperative edema and ecchymosis, and lateral nasal wall mucosal damage because of osteotomy were evaluated.

RESULTS

Postoperative second day edema and ecchymosis scores were statistically significantly better in patients in Group II compared with the patients in Group I (P = 0.010 and P = 0.004, respectively). Postoperative first day edema and postoperative seventh day ecchymosis scores were statistically significantly better in the patients in Group IV compared with the patients in Group III (P = 0.025 and P = 0.011, respectively). Intraoperative bleeding was similar in all groups. The nasal tip was more flexible in patients who underwent closed technique rhinoplasty. Unilateral mucosal damage occurred in 3 patients (4%) with internal lateral osteotomy, whereas no mucosal damage was present in patients with external osteotomy.

CONCLUSIONS

The difference in the rate of edema and ecchymosis in the early postoperative period between the closed technique rhinoplasty and the open surgical approach was statistically significant, whereas osteotomy did not cause a significant difference. According to these results, the authors suggest endonasal surgery to prevent the development of edema and ecchymosis, whereas the choice of lateral osteotomy should be dependent on the experience of the surgeon.

Use of aesthetic rhinoplasty procedures in reconstructive nasal surgery

Resection of cancer often involves the excision of underlying hard tissue, and some procedures in aesthetic rhinoplasty can be used in reconstructive nasal surgery to increase the margin of safety while still achieving an acceptable aesthetic and functional outcome. We have used techniques from aesthetic rhinoplasty to shape the nasal framework. Osteotomy and formation of the tip were used in 17 patients with defects (ranging from 1 to 3.5 cm in size) from the nasal root to the tip of the nose. After the underlying bony or cartilaginous framework, or both, had been removed, the resulting open roof deformity had to be corrected by osteotomy of the bony nasal wall and the tip shaped by excision and suturing, including insertion of the tip graft and columellar strut graft. After this, and narrowing of the nose, the defect was smaller and could be closed with local tissue without tension. There were no deformities in the contour, and patency of the airway was maintained. Patients were satisfied with both the aesthetic and functional results. Although the margin of safety was increased, shaping the nasal framework reduced the size of the defect, which allowed tension-free closure with a local flap. The operation requires a thorough knowledge of procedures used in aesthetic rhinoplasty.

Lateral nasal osteotomy: a comparative study between the use of osteotome and a diamond surgical burr - a cadaver study

BACKGROUND

The ultimate goal of rhinoplasty is to achieve a controllable, reliable and an aesthetically pleasing result. Various approaches and instruments have been introduced for the correction of the bony walls of the nose to improve predictability of the procedure and to minimize the associated trauma. We conducted a cadaveric study comparing the results of osteotomy of the nasal wall using a diamond surgical burr with those using a 2-mm osteotome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Bilateral osteotomy of the nasal wall was performed on 10 cadavers. The 20 lateral nasal osteotomies were carried out on 7 females and 3 males of an age range between 61-91 years. A 2-mm osteotome was used percutaneously to perforate the lateral nasal wall of the right side. On the left side a 2-mm diamond surgical burr was introduced via an intraoral approach to thin out the lateral nasal wall. The in-fracture of the nasal bone was accomplished by controlled finger pressure. The nasal mucosa was inspected endoscopically and also dissected to identify any perforations or lacerations. The pattern of nasal fracture and the presence of any fragmentation of the bony segments were assessed clinically.

RESULTS

The in-fracturing of the nasal bone was accomplished by gentle pressure on the left side, but required more force on the contra lateral side. On the left side the in-fractured lateral nasal wall remained as one piece and no irregularities were seen. On the right side 3-5 bony fragments of irregular sizes and shapes were detected. There were 3-4 tears of the nasal mucosa, where the osteotome was applied. However, no mucosal tears were detected at the side, where the surgical burr was used.

CONCLUSION

Osteotomy of the lateral nasal wall with a diamond burr via intraoral approach is more precise and associated with fewer complications in comparison with the use of the osteotome.

Osteotomy of the nasal wall using a newly designed piezo scalpel--a cadaver study

PURPOSE

Achieving the desired outcome in rhinoplasty depends on many factors. Osteotomy and adjustment of the lateral nasal wall are important steps that necessitate careful planning and execution. A cadaver study was performed to evaluate the osteotomy result obtained with a newly designed piezoelectric-based scalpel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty lateral osteotomies of the nasal wall were performed in 10 human cadaver noses. The osteotomies were conducted in 6 female and 4 male cadavers (age range, 65 to 83 yr; mean age, 74.8 yr). A specially designed Piezosurgery-based scalpel was used endonasally to perform the lateral osteotomy. Cutting of the bony nasal wall was performed subperiostally along the planned osteotomy route under tactile control. Digital infracturing was accomplished by applying gentle pressure. After completing the osteotomy, the osteotomy line and nasal mucosa were examined endoscopically. The skin cover was removed to examine the lateral bony nasal wall for the shape and amount of bone fragments, the osteotomy path, and mucosa involvement.

RESULTS

Using the Piezosurgery-based scalpel required a learning curve, but the handling was easy. It allowed an exact performance of the osteotomy and caused no mucosal tearing. If excessive force was used, the piezo tip stopped working. There was no comminuted fracture pattern and the lateral nasal wall remained in 1 piece. The duration of the osteotomy was 5 to 10 minutes on each side.

CONCLUSION

The piezoelectric-based scalpel is a useful tool, which can be used to perform osteotomy of the nasal wall. In addition, this specifically designed tool tip allows an endonasal approach, is easy to handle, and allows effective irrigation of the osteotomy region.

The intraoral approach to lateral osteotomy: the role of a diamond burr

Lateral osteotomy is one of the most traumatic but critical steps in rhinoplasty and can dictate the aesthetic and functional outcomes. Many techniques and instruments to perform it have been suggested, with the objectives of increasing predictability, reliability, and easiness of this invasive approach. We used a 1.5-mm diamond burr via an intraoral approach to thin out the base of the nasal wall along the nasofacial crease in 24 patients. This technique was performed in patients seeking primary rhinoplasty (n = 6), correction of cleft nose deformities (n = 4), deformities due to trauma (n = 9), and secondary nose correction (n = 5). A high mucosal incision paranasally allowed easy access to the osteotomy line. The digital in-fracturing could be performed with light pressure and without extensive manipulation at any time during the rhinoplasty. The osteotomy took on average of 14.5 min (range = 11.00-19.80) and endoscopic examination showed no mucosal tearing. Postoperative swelling and hematoma were comparable to those of other techniques. Using a diamond burr via an intraoral approach is an easy, safe, and reliable method leading to predictable outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .