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Nerini A, Di Gesto C, Lo Bartolo M, Innocenti A, Stefanile C, Matera C. Self-awareness and Social Influences as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery for Social Reasons Among Men. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:1016-1026. [PMID: 37640817 PMCID: PMC10980630 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dissatisfaction and the use of surgery for purely aesthetic reasons among men is steadily increasing. Nevertheless, compared to women, few studies have focused on specific sociocultural and individual factors predicting men's body dissatisfaction and interest in cosmetic surgery procedures. The present study investigated the role of media, significant others, public and private self-awareness in predicting men's body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons. METHODS Participants were 203 men (mean-age 24 years), who completed a questionnaire containing the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-4R, the Situational Self-Awareness Scale, the Muscular internalization subscale, the Male Body Attitudes Scale, and the Social subscale of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. A path analysis was performed. RESULTS The influence of significant others and public self-awareness predicted men's body dissatisfaction directly and indirectly, via muscularity internalization, while media was only directly associated with body dissatisfaction. A significant link between private self-awareness and body dissatisfaction was found. Moreover, media was not associated with cosmetic surgery either directly or indirectly and public self-awareness showed only a significant association with internalization. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide information about the role that self-awareness and sociocultural factor play on body dissatisfaction and acceptance of surgery for social reasons among men. The study highlighted the importance of designing preventive programs aimed at enhancing men's ability to resist various forms of pressure regarding body image and its management. Moreover, the advantages of focusing one's attention on internal states and feelings can limit body dissatisfaction and can discourage consideration of cosmetic surgery for social benefits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12-Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristian Di Gesto
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12-Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandro Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Stefanile
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12-Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
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Rebaque Pistoni T, de la Cruz Pérez J, Nieto Sánchez I. Influence of social media on the esthetic perception of the lip profile of orthodontic patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15870. [PMID: 37251874 PMCID: PMC10209334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the use of social media as an influencing factor of the orthodontic patient's preferences regarding the lip profile protrusion. Methods A two-part cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed to orthodontic patients in Spain and The Netherlands. The first part collected general data and frequency of use of different social media. The second part consisted of a series of modified female and male silhouettes presenting different lip profile positions. Each participant was required to choose both the (male and female) most attractive silhouette and the least attractive one.Student t-test, one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test were performed. Effect sizes were calculated to express the magnitude of differences between samples. Results The Spanish sample resulted in a moderate higher tendency (R2 = 0.060) to choose protrusive lips as the most attractive lip profile for females, on subjects with more frequent use of social media. A medium tendency (R2=0,26) was observed as result of low users of social media choosing and ideal lip profile for men.The Dutch sample showed that high users of social media tended to choose as attractive a more protrusive female lip profile versus low users (p < .01). This was also observed (p < .05) on male attractive lip profiles. Conclusions Results suggest that frequent users of social media platforms tend to prefer more protruded lips than their less frequent counterparts. This information is valuable to be considered when formulating a treatment plan to satisfy the patient's expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rebaque Pistoni
- UAX Centre for Innovation and Advanced Specialities in Dentistry, Dentistry Faculty, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Master Universitario de Ortodoncia UAX, Spain
| | - Javier de la Cruz Pérez
- UAX Centre for Innovation and Advanced Specialities in Dentistry, Dentistry Faculty, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Master Universitario de Ortodoncia UAX, Spain
| | - Iván Nieto Sánchez
- UAX Centre for Innovation and Advanced Specialities in Dentistry, Dentistry Faculty, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Master Universitario de Ortodoncia UAX, Spain
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Cardelli A, Matera C, Policardo GR, Di Gesto C, Nerini A. Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Attractive Partners Provide Joys and Sorrows. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13526. [PMID: 36294106 PMCID: PMC9602849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Through a 2 × 2 experimental vignette design, we tested if partner perceived attractiveness in interaction with appearance-related comments from one's partner might affect women and men's body dissatisfaction, body shame, acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and perceived relationship quality. Participants were 154 women and 157 men living in Italy (mean age = 30.97; all of them were in a couple relationship), who read a vignette describing the purchase of a swimsuit, through which partner attractiveness (poor versus high) and partner commentary (negative versus positive) were manipulated. Some ANCOVAs were performed on women and men separately. For men, partner commentary affected body dissatisfaction with low body fat. Moreover, the main effect of partner attractiveness was found in their consideration of undergoing cosmetic procedures. Among women, a significant partner attractiveness X partner commentary interaction effect emerged on acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons. As regards relationship quality, for women, there was a main effect of partner attractiveness on relational communication, while a marginally significant interaction effect between partner attractiveness and partner commentary emerged for men's self-disclosure. Our findings suggest that partner attractiveness is generally beneficial, but when combined with negative feedback concerning the appearance, it might lose its advantages. These findings should be considered for planning interventions aimed at both preventing body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgical procedures for not medical reasons and promoting relationship satisfaction among women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cardelli
- School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50137 Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Di Gesto
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
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Di Gesto C, Matera C, Policardo GR, Nerini A. Instagram As A Digital Mirror: The Effects of Instagram Likes and Disclaimer Labels on Self-awareness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Social Physique Anxiety Among Young Italian Women. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The new dilemma of plastic surgery and social media: a systematic review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-021-01891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang W, Zheng X, Yue X, Zhong N. The role of beauty as currency belief in acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations among Chinese young women. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:351-362. [PMID: 33158393 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1842314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study tested the "beauty as currency" hypothesis in the framework of Objectification theory with a sample of Chinese young women. Four hundred and four college women completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. We hypothesized that beauty as currency would be associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations through the serial meditation of self-objectification and body surveillance. The results indicated that self-objectification and body surveillance mediated the relation between women's belief in beauty as currency and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Body surveillance mediated the relationship between beauty as currency and career aspirations. These findings provide further evidence for the "beauty as currency" hypothesis, suggesting the feminine beauty ideology may lead to women's higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lower career aspirations via the self-objectifying process. Our study provides some implications for understanding the effect of women's ideologies on gender system change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Yue
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nian Zhong
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
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Nerini A, Matera C, Di Gesto C, Policardo GR, Stefanile C. Exploring the Links Between Self-Compassion, Body Dissatisfaction, and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery in Young Italian Women. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2698. [PMID: 31849791 PMCID: PMC6901627 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between positive (self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) and negative (isolation, self-judgment, and over-identification) components of self-compassion, and both body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery among women, through the mediation (for the negative components) of internalization and physical appearance comparison. The participants were 220 young Italian women aged 19–31 (M = 21) years, who completed a questionnaire assessing the variables of interest. Path analysis indicated that higher mindfulness was directly linked to lower acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Mindfulness presented the strongest link with cosmetic surgery, as it was directly associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery for both social and interpersonal motivations and with consideration of undergoing some cosmetic procedures. Common humanity and self-kindness were related to acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons. Over-identification seemed to be associated with body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery both directly and indirectly through internalization and physical appearance comparison. Self-judgment and isolation did not present a significant association with either body dissatisfaction or acceptance of cosmetic surgery. These findings confirm that psychological assessment of women who are interested in cosmetic surgery is highly recommended. Interventions should not consider self-compassion as a whole, but they should rather focus on some of its components. The role of over-identification seems to be especially pivotal, as higher scores on this dimension are linked to higher levels of body dissatisfaction and greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristian Di Gesto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Matera C, Nerini A, Stefanile C. Why are men interested in cosmetic surgery procedures? Examining the role of different forms of peer influence, social comparison, internalization, and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2018; 26:74-77. [PMID: 29920426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present research examined the roles of different forms of peer influence, internalization, social comparison, and body dissatisfaction in men's interest in cosmetic surgery. Participants were 204 Italian men (Mage = 34.02, SD = 11.21). Regression analyses showed that appearance conversations with friends and peer attribution were associated with consideration of cosmetic surgery for social reasons, while teasing on muscularity (but not teasing on general body and shape) was linked to interest in cosmetic surgery for intrapersonal motives. Social comparison was significantly and positively associated with men's interest in cosmetic surgery, while internalization was not. Dissatisfaction with body fat was linked to men's consideration of cosmetic surgery for social motivations, while muscularity and height dissatisfaction did not emerge as significant correlates of cosmetic surgery attitudes. These findings highlight the importance of psychosocial factors, such as peer influence, body fat dissatisfaction, and social comparison in men's interest in cosmetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matera
- Department of Education and Psychology, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Florence, Italy.
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Florence, Italy.
| | - Cristina Stefanile
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Florence, Italy.
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Siblings’ appearance-related commentary, body dissatisfaction, and risky eating behaviors in young women. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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