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Banditsaowapak P, Cheng JHC, Chen DDS, Chou MY. Three-dimensional analysis of posed smile in adults: A scoping review. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:773-786. [PMID: 38618097 PMCID: PMC11010680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharamas Banditsaowapak
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Orthodontic Division, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johnson Hsin-Chung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Orthodontic Division, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel De-Shing Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Orthodontic Division, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Yuching Chou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Mai HN, Win TT, Tong MS, Lee CH, Lee KB, Kim SY, Lee HW, Lee DH. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of facial units in virtual smiling facial images with different smile expressions. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:1-10. [PMID: 36908751 PMCID: PMC9992697 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accuracy of image matching between resting and smiling facial models is affected by the stability of the reference surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the morphometric variations in subdivided facial units during resting, posed and spontaneous smiling. MATERIALS AND METHODS The posed and spontaneous smiling faces of 33 adults were digitized and registered to the resting faces. The morphological changes of subdivided facial units at the forehead (upper and lower central, upper and lower lateral, and temple), nasal (dorsum, tip, lateral wall, and alar lobules), and chin (central and lateral) regions were assessed by measuring the 3D mesh deviations between the smiling and resting facial models. The one-way analysis of variance, Duncan post hoc tests, and Student's t-test were used to determine the differences among the groups (α = .05). RESULTS The smallest morphometric changes were observed at the upper and central forehead and nasal dorsum; meanwhile, the largest deviation was found at the nasal alar lobules in both the posed and spontaneous smiles (P < .001). The spontaneous smile generally resulted in larger facial unit changes than the posed smile, and significant difference was observed at the alar lobules, central chin, and lateral chin units (P < .001). CONCLUSION The upper and central forehead and nasal dorsum are reliable areas for image matching between resting and smiling 3D facial images. The central chin area can be considered an additional reference area for posed smiles; however, special cautions should be taken when selecting this area as references for spontaneous smiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Dental School of Hanoi University of business and technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thaw Thaw Win
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Son Tong
- School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cheong-Hee Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bok Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Dentistry, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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The Average Facial Expressions: A Range of Motion Analysis for Different Sex and Age Groups. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2023; 11:e4762. [PMID: 36776597 PMCID: PMC9911205 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Facial expressions are ubiquitous in communication. Therefore, assessment of mimic function is essential in facial surgery, but no reference standards are currently available. This prospective study aims to create reference values of three-dimensional landmark displacement for different sex and age groups. Methods Three-dimensional photographs were taken from healthy subjects in rest, maximum closed smile, and pouting. Displacement for both exercises of perioral landmarks was analyzed with MATLAB as absolute displacement and as the ratio of mouth width. Additionally, displacement in three planes was analyzed for each landmark. Averages were calculated for both genders in four age groups: 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, and >16 years. Results In total, 328 subjects were included. Oral landmarks predominantly moved forward and backward for both exercises. Nasal landmarks predominantly moved vertically. Growing up, oral landmark displacement decreased for smiling, whereas nasal landmark displacement increased. For pouting, oral landmark displacement increased while growing up, whereas nasal landmark displacement decreased. Conclusions The present study creates reference values for movement of perioral structures for different sex and age groups, for two facial expressions. These data are of great value for the assessment of mimic function and give insight into the development of facial animation over time.
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Zhong Y, Cao D, Zhou S, Duan H, Wei M, Yu Z. A Single-Blinded Prospective Study on Using Botulinum Toxin Type A for Reducing Alar Mobility. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:460-469. [PMID: 34533193 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With widespread utilization of instant social media, people desire a minimally invasive treatment to improve alar dynamic aesthetic, but few practical procedures on reducing alar mobility have been conducted. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify the effects of botulinum toxin on reducing nasal alar mobility and provide a supplemental treatment of rhinoplasty. METHODS This single-blind prospective study included a cohort of 20 participants with the desire to improve their alar dynamic aesthetic. The experimental group was injected with 3U botulinum toxin type A at dilator naris anterior, dilator naris vestibularis, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and dilator naris, and the control group received the equivalent of saline. Standardized facial movement (from rest to maximum smile without revealing teeth) was recorded with a 3-dimensional imaging system. The changes between rest and maximum smile statuses represented alar mobility and were generated by MOBILITY=WIDTHsmile-WIDTHrestWIDTHrest×100 % . Alar mobility and root mean square analysis were employed for postoperative evaluations. RESULTS In the experimental group, alar flaring mobility decreased from 10.05% ± 6.40% to 4.91% ± 3.48%(P < 0.05), and alar base mobility decreased from 16.83% ± 5.69% to 12.50% ± 4.89% (P < 0.05), whereas no significant changes in alar mobility were found in the control group. In root mean square analysis, changes in the experimental group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Botulinum toxin type A can effectively restrain alar mobility without any significant adverse events and improve alar dynamic esthetic, which can serve as a minimally invasive method or supplemental treatment for rhinoplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Zhong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dejun Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sizheng Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huichuan Duan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyuan Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sun W, Xu M, Song T. Landmark movement trajectory: A simple reference to understand the dominant muscle contraction in a dynamic smile expression. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:2310-2316. [PMID: 35321815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the roles of perioral muscles play in smiling is essential to the relevant esthetic and reconstructive treatment. This study analyzed specific landmarks' movement trajectories to understand the dominant muscle activity in smiling. Sixty volunteers (aged 18-45 years) were included, and standardized frontal view images were obtained by three-dimensional photogrammetry. Each image sequence frame was referenced and superimposed onto the neutral image. Six surface landmarks were digitized on each frame to form the entire movement trajectories from resting to maximal smile. The perioral muscles were divided into different groups according to the inserting position of muscular fibers and the contracting direction. The movement paths of landmarks were analyzed to find the major muscle groups involved. The dominant muscle groups throughout smiling were successfully identified by landmark trajectory analysis in all 60 volunteers. Zygomaticus major was the dominant force for the beginning of most smiles. Apart from the zygomaticus major, other perioral muscles played a dominant role throughout smile expression, including levator anguli oris, buccinator and risorius, depressor anguli oris, and the upward muscle group of the upper lip were all identified. Besides, a notable high percentage of smiles presented a mixed pattern, indicating the cooperation of several muscle groups during smiling. Landmark movement trajectory provides a simple reference to understand the dominant perioral muscles in smiling. It can help surgeons get more information for the dynamic treatment of smiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Sun
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Song
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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A Novel Study on Alar Mobility of HAN Female by 3dMD Dynamic Surface Imaging System. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:364-372. [PMID: 34117514 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to conduct a quantitative analysis on alar mobility of HAN females and provided referenced materials for alar dynamic aesthetic. METHODS One hundred and fifty healthy HAN females without rhinoplasty, nasal injury, nasal deformity and craniofacial deformity were included in this study. 3dMD surface imaging system was used for anthropometric analysis. All participants were instructed to perform the desired dynamic facial expression from rest to maximum smile without reveling teeth and recorded by 3dMD dynamic surface imaging system simultaneously. Two frames of rest status and alar maximum enlargement were selected for measuring alar width, alar base width and inner-canthal distance. The difference between two status represented alar mobility, which was generated through equation: [Formula: see text]. RESULTS Alar mobility consisted of alar flaring mobility and alar base mobility. The alar flaring mobility was (9.49 ± 4.90)%, reference range was(1.45, 17.53)% and regression equation between rest and maximum smile was Y = 7.953 + 0.886X (R2 = 0.641, p = 0.000); the alar base mobility was (17.94 ± 10.44)%, reference range was (0.88, 35.00)% and regression equation between rest and maximum smile was Y = 4.481 + 0.966X (R2 = 0.528, p = 0.000. CONCLUSION Asian alar anatomy has great distinction from Caucasian, processing conspicuous alar movement and damaging alar aesthetic dynamically. This study novelly defined alar mobility by three-dimensional anthropometric analysis, providing objective references for alar dynamic aesthetic and arousing plastic surgeons' attention on keeping balance of static and dynamic aesthetic in rhinoplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Toyoshima GHDL, Pucciarelli MGR, Neppelenbroek KH, Sforza C, Menezes MD, Oliveira TM, Soares S. Evaluation by 3D stereophotogrammetry of facial changes in edentulous patients after rehabilitation. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 30:e20210462. [PMID: 34932690 PMCID: PMC8687652 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess facial changes after oral rehabilitation with complete dentures (CDs) by 3D technology allows understanding the results of a treatment that changes facial proportions. Precise outcome parameters can improve decision making. This descriptive observational research aimed to assess facial changes in completely edentulous patients after oral rehabilitation with a CD by a 3D stereophotogrammetry system. METHODOLOGY 30 edentulous patients (7 men and 23 women), aged 50 to 75, were analyzed with stereophotogrammetry at 28 previously determined anthropometric landmarks, at 2 different times: T1, before treatment, and T2, after inserting the CDs. Images were analyzed with a specific software for linear and angular measurements. The paired t-test was used to compare timestamps (α=0.05). RESULTS Major changes were observed in 7 of the 13 linear measures and 7 of the 9 angular measures. The following linear measurements had an increase: Sn-Gn (lower third of the face), Ls-Li (height of the vermilion lip), and ChL-ChR (mouth width). Sn-Ls (nasal philtrum height) decreased. For angular measurements, Sn-St-Pg (lower facial convexity) angles increased, and the Prn-Sn-Ls (nasolabial angle) and GoR-Pg-GoL (mandible convexity) angles decreased. CONCLUSIONS Major facial changes in newly rehabilitated edentulous patients with CDs included an increase of the lower third of the face, of the vermilion lip, of mouth width, and of the lower facial convexity, and a decrease of the nasolabial angle and mandible convexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Prótese e Periodontia, São Paulo, Bauru, Brasil
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thaís Marchini Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Saúde Coletiva, Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Simone Soares
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Prótese e Periodontia, São Paulo, Bauru, Brasil
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Özsoy U, Sekerci R, Hizay A, Yildirim Y, Uysal H. Assessment of reproducibility and reliability of facial expressions using 3D handheld scanner. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:895-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gibelli D, Pucciarelli V, Caplova Z, Cappella A, Dolci C, Cattaneo C, Sforza C. Validation of a low-cost laser scanner device for the assessment of three-dimensional facial anatomy in living subjects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1493-1499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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