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Swanson E. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Plastic Surgery: A Systematic Review. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 92:353-366. [PMID: 38527336 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of publications on the subject of diversity, equity, and inclusion has surged in the last 5 years. However, a systematic review of this topic has not been published. METHOD Six top plastic surgery journals were queried from 2018 to 2023 using the search term "diversity." Methods, conclusions, and recommendations were tabulated. RESULTS A total of 138 publications were identified; 68 studies presented data suitable for analysis. All studies were retrospective. Currently, over 40% of plastic surgery residency applicants are women. The proportion of women in integrated plastic surgery residents is now 43%. In 2021 and 2022, the percentage of female first-year residents exceeded men. The percentage of female presenters at meetings (34%) is double the number in the workforce (17%). Twenty-five percent of academic faculty positions and 22% of program director positions are now held by women. Underrepresented minorities account for fewer than 10% of applicants to integrated plastic surgery residencies. DISCUSSION The proportion of Black and Hispanic applicants to integrated plastic surgery residencies (6% and 8%, respectively) mirrors the proportion of Black and Hispanic medical students (7% and 6%, respectively). Numerous recommendations have been made to increase the proportion of underrepresented minorities in plastic surgery programs. CONCLUSIONS The representation of women in plastic surgery has increased dramatically. A lack of Hispanics and Blacks reflects a small pool of applicants, as opposed to a "leaky pipeline."
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Xu AL, Humbyrd CJ, De Mattos CBR, LaPorte D. The Importance of Perceived Barriers to Women Entering and Advancing in Orthopaedic Surgery in the US and Beyond. World J Surg 2023; 47:3051-3059. [PMID: 37735223 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-023-07165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global perceptions of barriers to women in orthopaedics have not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of international barriers to women entering and advancing within orthopaedic surgery. METHODS An anonymous, online survey was distributed to women medical students, trainees, and practicing surgeons via Women in Orthopaedics Worldwide, the "Women in Ortho" Facebook page, and individual programmes. Participants were asked to rate perceived barriers to (1) pursuing training and (2) career advancement on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being the most important and relative to other barriers. Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were employed. RESULTS The survey yielded 237 US (84.0%) and 45 international (16.0%) respondents. Per entering orthopaedic surgery, the most important barriers were male-dominated culture, lack of a strong women mentor, and lack of female representation at home institution. Compared with the US surgeons/trainees, international respondents cited greater societal disapproval (2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 3.4 ± 1.3, P = 0.01). Medical students assigned less importance to lack of exposure, more to lack of resources for creating competitive applications (P < 0.05). Regarding career advancement, lack of women leadership, family responsibilities, and gender-biased selection for promotion were the most important. International surgeons/trainees noted greater concern for societal disapproval (3.5 ± 1.5 vs. 2.6 ± 1.3, P = 0.003) and were more likely to rank sexual harassment in their top three (17.6 vs. 4.2%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION While notable differences exist, there is striking similarity across countries and position levels in perceived barriers to women entering and advancing in orthopaedic surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Casey J Humbyrd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dawn LaPorte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Gajic E, Aleksa E, Dzioba A, Strychowsky JE, Hu A, Chan Y, Graham ME. Understanding Gender Differences in Research Productivity of Canadian Otolaryngologists-A Comprehensive National Audit. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023:1455613231190272. [PMID: 37534754 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231190272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To understand the factors contributing to gender disparities in the research productivity of Canadian academic otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons. Methods: Publicly available sources including departmental websites, SCOPUS, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada were accessed between February and April 2022 to analyze gender differences in the academic productivity of otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons across Canada. Gender differences in research productivity metrics, including h-index, i10-index, publication number, and number of first and senior authorships were assessed. Demographic data, including gender, institution, years in practice, and leadership roles were assessed for correlation with increased research productivity. Subgroup analyses were used to evaluate gender differences in productivity metrics, and univariable and multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate predictors of research productivity. Results: Data were collected for 316 academic otolaryngologists (252 men, 64 women, P < .001). Men had significantly more years of publishing [mean (standard deviation, SD), 15.64 (9.45) vs 12.44 (8.28), P = .014], higher h-indices [12.22 (11.47) vs 7.33 (5.36), P < .001], i10-indices [22.61 (37.88) vs 8.17 (9.14), P > .001], publication numbers [46.63 (65.18) vs 19.59 (23.40), P < .001], and first [8.18 (9.95) vs 4.89 (6.18), P = .001] and senior authorships [12.98 (22.72) vs 3.83 (6.89), P < .001]. Gender differences were most pronounced in head and neck oncology, pediatrics, and the late career stage. Gender disparities in productivity were absent in the early career stage. Multivariate analysis identified only the number publications and number of senior author publications as being significantly influenced by gender. Conclusion: Canadian female otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons appear to have equivalent research productivity to their male counterparts in the early career stage. This mirrors the recent findings in the United States, and demonstrates progress compared to earlier studies that found women to have lower research productivity in the early career stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gajic
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Aleksa
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Dzioba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie E Strychowsky
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Hu
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Elise Graham
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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