1
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Castillo‐Mandujano J, Smith‐Ramírez C. The need for holistic approach in the identification of priority areas to restore: A review. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Castillo‐Mandujano
- Instituto de Turismo, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n Valdivia Chile 5090000
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n Valdivia Chile 5090000
| | - Cecilia Smith‐Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Fuchslocher 1305 Osorno Chile 5290000
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad‐Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile 7800024
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n Valdivia Chile 5090000
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2
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Djenontin INS, Zulu LC, Etongo D. Ultimately, What is Forest Landscape Restoration in Practice? Embodiments in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implications for Future Design. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 68:619-641. [PMID: 32948908 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is gaining ground as a novel, holistic approach to sustainable environmental management across developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, 30 countries have joined the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative to advance FLR goals. Although conceptually compelling, and despite efforts articulating initial implementation guidelines, divergent discourses and interpretations confound FLR translation into practice. We propose a characterization of FLR in practice using insights from political ecology; principles of ecological restoration and landscape sustainability science; and the philosophy, principles, and objectives of the FLR paradigm. Our qualitative analysis further draws on secondary data and insights from participant observation during FLR-related workshops. We build and organize the FLR characterization around answers to ten questions: why restoration; what purpose; for what desired outcomes; where (location and land uses); what spatial extent and scale(s); who; which techniques; how (approach/strategy); when and how long; and how much to achieve. We then assess early FLR strategic priorities for interventions across nine African countries and analyze five selected actual projects to illustrate use of the proposed FLR characterization framework. The illustrative characterization of both planned interventions and actual projects does not reflect all the proposed characteristics of FLR in practice. Missing features include the initial biophysical condition, the desired target ecosystem state, and evaluation dimensions, and ill-articulated aspects include cross-sectoral integrations. We contend that any significant differences between FLR conceptualization, including its principles, and the practical manifestations can undermine coherence, the value that the FLR approach adds, and its wider adoption. The proposed characterization of FLR in practice contributes to scholarly attempts to realign FLR conceptual philosophy, principles, and rhetoric to its practical manifestations in different contexts, and can inform future design of FLR undertakings for more inclusive landscape governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida N S Djenontin
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Environmental Science and Policy Program (ESPP), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Leo C Zulu
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Etongo
- James Michel Blue Economy Research Institute, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles
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3
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Gutierrez V, Hallett JG, Ota L, Sterling E, Wilson SJ, Bodin B, Chazdon RL. Forest and landscape restoration monitoring frameworks: how principled are they? Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James G. Hallett
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 U.S.A
| | - Liz Ota
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Eleanor Sterling
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation American Museum of Natural History New York NY 10024 U.S.A
| | - Sarah J. Wilson
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Blaise Bodin
- Forestry Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome Italy
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 U.S.A
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4
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Mansourian S, Berrahmouni N, Blaser J, Dudley N, Maginnis S, Mumba M, Vallauri D. Reflecting on twenty years of forest landscape restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mansourian
- Mansourian.org Gingins 1276 Switzerland
- Department of Geography and Environment University of Geneva Geneva 1211 Switzerland
- International Union of Forest Research Organizations Vienna 1030 Austria
| | - Nora Berrahmouni
- FAO Regional Office for Africa Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Accra Ghana
| | - Jürgen Blaser
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL Bern University of Applied Sciences Zollikofen 3052 Switzerland
| | | | - Stewart Maginnis
- Nature‐based Solutions Group International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland 1196 Switzerland
| | - Musonda Mumba
- Rome Centre for Sustainable Development Nature, Climate and Energy United Nations Development Programme Rome 00153 Italy
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5
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Mendes LM, César RG, Uezu A, Beltrame TP, Rodriguez LCE, Gomes HB, Cullen L. Large canopy and animal‐dispersed species facilitate natural regeneration in tropical forest restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Mendes
- Ecological Research Institute (IPE) Dom Pedro I Highway, km 47, 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. César
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo, ESALQ Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre Uezu
- Ecological Research Institute (IPE) Dom Pedro I Highway, km 47, 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
| | - Tiago P. Beltrame
- Ecological Research Institute (IPE) Dom Pedro I Highway, km 47, 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
| | - Luiz C. E. Rodriguez
- Department of Forestry Sciences University of São Paulo, ESALQ Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418‐900 Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Haroldo B. Gomes
- Ecological Research Institute (IPE) Dom Pedro I Highway, km 47, 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
| | - Laury Cullen
- Ecological Research Institute (IPE) Dom Pedro I Highway, km 47, 12960‐000 Nazaré Paulista SP Brazil
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6
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Challenges during the execution, results, and monitoring phases of ecological restoration: Learning from a country-wide assessment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249573. [PMID: 33822816 PMCID: PMC8023452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes from restoration projects are often difficult for policymakers and stakeholders to assess, but this information is fundamental for scaling up ecological restoration actions. We evaluated technical aspects of the interventions, results (ecological and socio-economic) and monitoring practices in 75 restoration projects in Mexico using a digital survey composed of 137 questions. We found that restoration projects in terrestrial ecosystems generally relied on actions included in minimal (97%) and maximal (86%) intervention, while in wetlands, the preferred restoration strategies were intermediate (75%) and minimal intervention (63%). Only a third of the projects (38%) relied on collective learning as a source of knowledge to generate techniques (traditional management). In most of the projects (73%), multiple criteria (>2) were considered when selecting plant species for plantings; the most frequently used criterion was that plant species were found within the restoration area, native or naturalized (i.e., a circa situm criterion; 88%). In 48% of the projects, the biological material required for restoration (e.g., seeds and seedlings) were gathered or propagated by project implementers rather than purchased commercially. Only a few projects (between 33 and 34%) reached a high level of biodiversity recovery (>75%). Most of the projects (between 69 to71%) recovered less than 50% of the ecological services. Most of the projects (82%) led to improved individual relationships. The analysis revealed a need to implement strategies that are cost-effective, the application of traditional ecological knowledge and the inclusion of indigenous people and local communities in restoration programs at all stages—from planning to implementation, through monitoring. We also identified the need to expand research to develop effective tools to assess ecosystems’ regeneration potential and develop theoretical frameworks to move beyond short-term markers to set and achieve medium- and long-term goals. Cautious and comprehensive planning of national strategies must consider the abovementioned identified gaps.
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7
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Nerfa L, Wilson SJ, Reid JL, Rhemtulla JM. Practitioner views on the determinants of tropical forest restoration longevity. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Nerfa
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah Jane Wilson
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, B243 Victoria, B.C. Canada
| | - J. Leighton Reid
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd St Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
| | - Jeanine M. Rhemtulla
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada
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8
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Harvey CA, Guariguata MR. Raising the profile of woodfuels in the forest landscape restoration agenda. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celia A. Harvey
- Monteverde Institute Puntarenas Costa Rica
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Lima Peru
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9
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Caughlin TT, Barber C, Asner GP, Glenn NF, Bohlman SA, Wilson CH. Monitoring tropical forest succession at landscape scales despite uncertainty in Landsat time series. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02208. [PMID: 32627902 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forecasting rates of forest succession at landscape scales will aid global efforts to restore tree cover to millions of hectares of degraded land. While optical satellite remote sensing can detect regional land cover change, quantifying forest structural change is challenging. We developed a state-space modeling framework that applies Landsat satellite data to estimate variability in rates of natural regeneration between sites in a tropical landscape. Our models work by disentangling measurement error in Landsat-derived spectral reflectance from process error related to successional variability. We applied our modeling framework to rank rates of forest succession between 10 naturally regenerating sites in Southwestern Panama from about 2001 to 2015 and tested how different models for measurement error impacted forecast accuracy, ecological inference, and rankings of successional rates between sites. We achieved the greatest increase in forecasting accuracy by adding intra-annual phenological variation to a model based on Landsat-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The best-performing model accounted for inter- and intra-annual noise in spectral reflectance and translated NDVI to canopy height via Landsat-lidar fusion. Modeling forest succession as a function of canopy height rather than NDVI also resulted in more realistic estimates of forest state during early succession, including greater confidence in rank order of successional rates between sites. These results establish the viability of state-space models to quantify ecological dynamics from time series of space-borne imagery. State-space models also provide a statistical approach well-suited to fusing high-resolution data, such as airborne lidar, with lower-resolution data that provides better temporal and spatial coverage, such as the Landsat satellite record. Monitoring forest succession using satellite imagery could play a key role in achieving global restoration targets, including identifying sites that will regain tree cover with minimal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Trevor Caughlin
- Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 83725, USA
| | - Cristina Barber
- Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 83725, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, USA
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
| | - Nancy F Glenn
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 83725, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Bohlman
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Chris H Wilson
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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10
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Forest and Landscape Restoration: A Review Emphasizing Principles, Concepts, and Practices. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land10010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is considered worldwide as a powerful approach to recover ecological functionality and to improve human well-being in degraded and deforested landscapes. The literature produced by FLR programs could be a valuable tool to understand how they align with the existing principles of FLR. We conducted a systematic qualitative review to identify the main FLR concepts and definitions adopted in the literature from 1980 to 2017 and the underlying actions commonly suggested to enable FLR implementation. We identified three domains and 12 main associated principles—(i) Project management and governance domain contains five principles: (a) Landscape scale, (b) Prioritization, (c) Legal and normative compliance, (d) Participation, (e) Adaptive management; (ii) Human aspect domain with four principles: (a) Enhance livelihoods, (b) Inclusiveness and equity, (c) Economic diversification, (d) Capacity building; (iii) Ecological Aspects domain with three principles: (a) Biodiversity conservation, (b) Landscape heterogeneity and connectivity, (c) Provision of ecosystem goods and services. Our results showcase variations in FLR principles and how they are linked with practice, especially regarding the lack of social aspects in FLR projects. Finally, we provide a starting point for future tools aiming to improve guidance frameworks for FLR.
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11
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Castillo JA, Smith‐Ramírez C, Claramunt V. Differences in stakeholder perceptions about native forest: implications for developing a restoration program. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Castillo
- Instituto de Turismo, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas Universidad Austral de Chile Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia 5090000 Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales Universidad Austral de Chile Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Cecilia Smith‐Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad Universidad de Los Lagos Av. Fuchslocher 1305, Osorno 5290000 Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad‐Chile (IEB) Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800024 Chile
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales Universidad Austral de Chile Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia 5090000 Chile
| | - Vivianne Claramunt
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de Chile Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808 Chile
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12
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Mogilski M, Fensham RJ, Firn J. Effects of local environmental heterogeneity and provenance selection on two direct seeded eucalypt forest species. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mogilski
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Roderick J Fensham
- Department of Environment and Science Queensland Herbarium Mt Coot‐tha Road, Toowong Queensland 4066 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
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13
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Mugwedi L, Moyo HP. Reforestation potential of 15 native tree species under a severe drought. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutendo Mugwedi
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville South Africa
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management School of Environmental Sciences University of Venda Thohoyandou South Africa
| | - Hloniphani P. Moyo
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville South Africa
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Karen D. Holl
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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Holl KD, Reid JL, Cole RJ, Oviedo‐Brenes F, Rosales JA, Zahawi RA. Applied nucleation facilitates tropical forest recovery: Lessons learned from a 15‐year study. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Holl
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - J. Leighton Reid
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
- Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis MO USA
| | | | | | - Juan A. Rosales
- Las Cruces Biological Station Organization for Tropical Studies San Vito Costa Rica
| | - Rakan A. Zahawi
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
- Las Cruces Biological Station Organization for Tropical Studies San Vito Costa Rica
- Lyon Arboretum University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu HI USA
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16
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Staples TL, Mayfield MM, England JR, Dwyer JM. Comparing the recovery of richness, structure, and biomass in naturally regrowing and planted reforestation. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Staples
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
- EcoSciences PrecinctCSIRO Land and Water, Dutton Park Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Margaret M. Mayfield
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | | | - John M. Dwyer
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
- EcoSciences PrecinctCSIRO Land and Water, Dutton Park Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
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17
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Narratives Across Scales on Barriers and Strategies for Upscaling Forest Restoration: A Brazilian Case Study. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several countries worldwide have committed to forest and landscape restoration (FLR) through ambitious pledges in numbers of hectares to be restored. As the implementation of these commitments happens within countries, different actors from global to local scales must negotiate the “what, where and how” of specific forest restoration projects. We interviewed actors at national, state and local scales to gather their narratives regarding barriers and strategies for upscaling forest restoration and compared the narratives among them and with those that prevail in the global literature on FLR. We based the local scale in four Atlantic Forest landscapes. We classified the narratives gathered according to three discourses commonly used in environmental policy arenas: (1) ecological modernization, advocating market solutions; (2) green governmentality, with its emphasis on technocratic solutions; and (3) civic environmentalism promoting governance. Brazilian legislation with its mandate of forest restoration in private lands appeared as the main restoration driver in the interviews. However, when political will for enforcement weakens, other strategies are needed. An ecological modernization narrative, around increasing funding, incentives, market and investments, prevailed in the narratives on barriers and strategies for all actors from the global to the local scales. Similarities nevertheless diminished from the global to the local scale. The narratives of national actors resembled those found in the global literature, which emphasize strategies based on increased capacity building, within a green governmentality narrative, and governance arrangements, a civic environmentalist narrative. These narratives appeared less at state scales, and were almost absent at local scales where forest restoration was perceived mostly as a costly legal mandate. Similar narratives across all actors and scales indicate that a focus on improving the economics of restoration can aid in upscaling forest restoration in Brazilian Atlantic Forest landscapes. However, discrepant narratives also show that inclusive governance spaces where the negotiation of FLR interventions can take place is key to increase trust and aid implementation.
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18
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Land Restoration in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of Recent, Ongoing and Planned Restoration Initiatives and Their Potential for Climate Change Mitigation. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Land degradation is a globally recognized problem and restoration of degraded land is currently high on the international agenda. Forest landscape restoration and other restorative ecosystem management activities are important measures that contribute towards reaching the objectives of the Bonn Challenge, which aims to restore 350 million hectares by 2030. In this context, many restoration projects are being planned and implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We present an overview of the location, goals and activities, and an estimated climate change mitigation potential of 154 recent, ongoing and planned restoration projects in LAC. Our analysis suggests that most projects are located in the humid tropics and less attention is paid to drylands. Increasing vegetation cover, biodiversity recovery and recovery of ecological processes are the most common goals. Restorative activities to fulfil these goals were diverse and were related to the type and source of funding that projects receive. For example, projects implemented through the Forest Investment Program (FIP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) generally rely on natural or assisted regeneration over large areas (>20,000 ha), whereas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects establish forest plantations, often including exotic monocultures, in smaller project areas (<5000 ha). Projects that are specifically implemented within the scope of Initiative 20 × 20 and other local initiatives that target the local environmental problems, are more varied and rely on a wider portfolio of restorative activities, such as erosion control, exclusion of grazing and mixed plantations. These projects are usually implemented in smaller project areas (<5000 ha). All projects had the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by storing additional forest aboveground biomass through natural regeneration, assisted regeneration or establishing a plantation. Further analysis of the implemented activities is an important next step to investigate their effectiveness in terms of goals achieved under Initiative 20 × 20 and the Bonn Challenge. This would provide information for future restoration projects and upscaling of restorative activities in a wider area.
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Floress K, Connolly S, Halvorsen KE, Egan A, Schuler T, Hill A, DeSenze P, Fenimore S, Karriker K. Implementing Landscape Scale Conservation across Organizational Boundaries: Lessons from the Central Appalachian Region, United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:845-857. [PMID: 30046845 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural resources across the United States are increasingly managed at the landscape scale through cooperation among multiple organizations and landowners. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) agency leaders have widely promoted this approach since 2009 when Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack called for "all lands" management. Landscape scale projects have been undertaken to address multiple goals such as single species conservation, resilience to fire, invasive species eradication, and others. The West Virginia Restoration Venture (WVRV)-one of five landscape scale conservation projects funded 2014-2016 across the Northeast and Midwest and known as "Joint Chiefs'" projects-was evaluated by an interdisciplinary team of USFS employees to gain insight into how cross-boundary landscape scale conservation projects are implemented in the region. In this paper, the team used qualitative interview data from project participants to explore processes related to developing a shared vision for the landscape, implementation priorities, and methods to work across institutional and property ownership boundaries. Grounded in the landscape and collaborative resource management literatures, the report shows how established inter-organizational networks, flexible approaches to management, and a "shelf-stock" of ready-to-implement projects led to on-the-ground success. The authors provide insight about factors that constrain and facilitate the implementation of landscape scale conservation projects that have multiple goals, landowners, and organizational partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Floress
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1033 University Place, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
| | - Stephanie Connolly
- USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National Forest, 200 Sycamore Street, Elkins, WV, 26241, USA
| | - Kathleen E Halvorsen
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Amanda Egan
- USDA Forest Service, Northern & Intermountain Regions, 324 25th Street, Ogden, UT, 84403, USA
| | - Thomas Schuler
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, P.O. Box 404, Parsons, WV, 26287, USA
| | - Amy Hill
- USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry, 180 Cranfield St, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Philip DeSenze
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 11380 Kernville Road, Kernville, CA, 93238, USA
| | - Scott Fenimore
- Independent Consultant (Formerly with USDA Forest Service), Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kent Karriker
- USDA Forest Service, Monongahela National Forest, 200 Sycamore Street, Elkins, WV, 26241, USA
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20
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Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring wildlife responses is essential to assess restoration projects. Birds are widely used as bioindicators of ecosystem restoration, but most studies use only taxonomic descriptors to compare categories of reference and restoring sites. Here, we used forest structure as a continuous predictor variable to evaluate avifaunal taxonomic and functional indicators in riparian forest reference and restoration sites on southeastern Brazil. Reference sites were riparian forest remnants, and restoration sites were pasture before seedling reintroduction. Forest structure variables (mean tree height, canopy depth, mean diameter at breast height, basal area, tree layering, tree density, and grass cover) were reduced into two axes using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Forest Axis 1 (tree biomass vs. grass cover) and Forest Axis 2 (canopy depth vs. tree density). Bird species were classified in relation to five functional categories (i.e., diet, foraging stratum, nest height, cavity dependence for nesting, and forest dependence). Forest Axis 1 influenced the functional diversity of bird assemblages and the relative abundance within levels of each functional category (except for nest height). The relative abundance of all functional categories combined was also affected by Forest Axis 2. Therefore, forest structure affected the predominant functional traits of bird species in riparian sites under restoration. Sites with higher tree biomass were the richest, with canopy birds that were insectivores and frugivores of high forest dependence, whereas more open sites were associated with birds of low forest dependence and ground-foraging insectivores. Forest structures of similar-aged sites were strongly variable, due to natural and anthropic disturbances, so restoration age was a poor indicator of forest development. These unpredictable disturbances can change the development of sites under restoration, so that forest structure can be a better descriptor of the trajectory of these ecosystems.
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Long H, Liu J, Tu C, Fu Y. From State-controlled to Polycentric Governance in Forest Landscape Restoration: The Case of the Ecological Forest Purchase Program in Yong'an Municipality of China. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:58-69. [PMID: 29297091 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forest landscape restoration is emerging as an effective approach to restore degraded forests for the provision of ecosystem services and to minimize trade-offs between conservation and rural livelihoods. Policy and institutional innovations in China illustrate the governance transformation of forest landscape restoration from state-controlled to polycentric governance. Based on a case study of the Ecological Forest Purchase Program in Yong'an municipality, China's Fujian Province, this paper explores how such forest governance transformation has evolved and how it has shaped the outcomes of forest landscape restoration in terms of multi-dimensionality and actor configurations. Our analysis indicates that accommodating the participation of multiple actors and market-based instruments facilitate a smoother transition from state-centered to polycentric governance in forest landscape restoration. Governance transitions for forest landscape restoration must overcome a number of challenges including ensurance of a formal participation forum, fair participation, and a sustainable legislative and financial system to enhance long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexing Long
- National Academy of Development and Strategy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengyue Tu
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Fu
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Dudley N, Bhagwat SA, Harris J, Maginnis S, Moreno JG, Mueller GM, Oldfield S, Walters G. Measuring progress in status of land under forest landscape restoration using abiotic and biotic indicators. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Dudley
- Equilibrium Research; 47 The Quays, Cumberland Road Bristol BS1 6UQ U.K
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Shonil A. Bhagwat
- Department of Geography and Open Space Research Centre; The Open University; Milton Keynes MK7 6AA U.K
| | - Jim Harris
- School of Water, Energy and the Environment; Cranfield University; College Road Cranfield MK43 0AL U.K
| | - Stewart Maginnis
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 Gland 1196 Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gretchen Walters
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 Gland 1196 Switzerland
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; Taviton Street London WC1H 0BW U.K
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24
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25
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Mansourian S, Stanturf JA, Derkyi MAA, Engel VL. Forest Landscape Restoration: increasing the positive impacts of forest restoration or simply the area under tree cover? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mansourian
- Mansourian.org and University of Geneva; Geography and Environment Department; Mont d'Eau du Milieu 1276 Gingins Switzerland
| | - John A. Stanturf
- Center for Forest Disturbance Science; US Forest Service Southern Research Station; 320 Green Street Athens GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Mercy Afua Adutwumwaa Derkyi
- Department of Forest Science, School of Natural Resources; University of Energy and Natural Resources; PO Box 214 Sunyani Ghana
| | - Vera Lex Engel
- São Paulo State University/Unesp/FCA-Forest Science Department; PO Box 237 18.610-970 Botucatu SP Brazil
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Adams C, Rodrigues ST, Calmon M, Kumar C. Impacts of large-scale forest restoration on socioeconomic status and local livelihoods: what we know and do not know. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Adams
- School of Arts Sciences and Humanities (EACH) and Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1.000 03828-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Department of Anthropology and The Ostrom Workshop; University of Indiana; Student Building 130, 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN, 47405-7100 USA
| | - Sidney T. Rodrigues
- STR Consultancy; Rua Prof. Pirajá da Silva, 183, ap. 151 05451-090 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Miguel Calmon
- Global Forest and Climate Change Programme; International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington DC 20009 USA
| | - Chetan Kumar
- Global Forest and Climate Change Programme; International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington DC 20009 USA
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de Souza SEXF, Vidal E, Chagas GDF, Elgar AT, Brancalion PHS. Ecological outcomes and livelihood benefits of community-managed agroforests and second growth forests in Southeast Brazil. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saulo E. X. Franco de Souza
- Department of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba, SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Edson Vidal
- Department of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba, SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Germano de Freitas Chagas
- Department of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba, SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Amelia T. Elgar
- Department of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba, SP 13418-260 Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences; ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Av. Pádua Dias 11 Piracicaba, SP 13418-260 Brazil
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