1
|
Moody TW, Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Bombesin Receptor Family Activation and CNS/Neural Tumors: Review of Evidence Supporting Possible Role for Novel Targeted Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:728088. [PMID: 34539578 PMCID: PMC8441013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.728088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are increasingly being considered as possible therapeutic targets in cancers. Activation of GPCR on tumors can have prominent growth effects, and GPCRs are frequently over-/ectopically expressed on tumors and thus can be used for targeted therapy. CNS/neural tumors are receiving increasing attention using this approach. Gliomas are the most frequent primary malignant brain/CNS tumor with glioblastoma having a 10-year survival <1%; neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumor in children with long-term survival<40%, and medulloblastomas are less common, but one subgroup has a 5-year survival <60%. Thus, there is an increased need for more effective treatments of these tumors. The Bombesin-receptor family (BnRs) is one of the GPCRs that are most frequently over/ectopically expressed by common tumors and is receiving particular attention as a possible therapeutic target in several tumors, particularly in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. We review in this paper evidence suggesting why a similar approach in some CNS/neural tumors (gliomas, neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas) should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samuel A. Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert T. Jensen,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong Z, Lei Q, Yang R, Zhu S, Ke XX, Yang L, Cui H, Yi L. Inhibition of neurotensin receptor 1 induces intrinsic apoptosis via let-7a-3p/Bcl-w axis in glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1572-1584. [PMID: 28494471 PMCID: PMC5518855 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Glioblastoma is a kind of highly malignant and aggressive tumours in the central nervous system. Previously, we found that neurotensin (NTS) and its high-affinity receptor 1 (NTSR1) had essential roles in cell proliferation and invasiveness of glioblastoma. Unexpectedly, cell death also appeared by inhibition of NTSR1 except for cell cycle arrest. However, the mechanisms were remained to be further explored. Methods: Cells treated with SR48692, a selective antagonist of NTSR1, or NTSR1 shRNA were stained with Annexin V-FITC/PI and the apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Cytochrome c release was detected by using immunofluorescence. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) loss was stained by JC-1 and detected by immunofluorescence or flow cytometry. Apoptosis antibody array and microRNA microarray were performed to seek the potential regulators of NTSR1 inhibition-induced apoptosis. Interaction between let-7a-3p and Bcl-w 3′UTR was evaluated by using luciferase assay. Results: SR48692 induced massive apoptosis, which was related to mitochondrial cytochrome c release and MMP loss. Knockdown of NTSR1 induced slight apoptosis and significant MMP loss. In addition, NTSR1 inhibition sensitised glioblastoma cells to actinomycin D or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Consistently, NTSR1 inhibition-induced mitochondrial apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-w and Bcl-2. Restoration of Bcl-w partly rescued NTSR1 deficiency-induced apoptosis. In addition, NTSR1 deficiency promoted higher let-7a-3p expression and inhibition let-7a-3p partly rescued NTSR1 inhibition-induced apoptosis. In addition, let-7a-3p inhibition promoted 3′UTR activities of Bcl-w and the expression of c-Myc and LIN28, which were the upstream of let-7a-3p, decreased after NTSR1 inhibition. Conclusions: NTSR1 had an important role in protecting glioblastoma from intrinsic apoptosis via c-Myc/LIN28/let-7a-3p/Bcl-w axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou XJ, Wu FL, Jiang LL, Huang LF, Li GH. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Promotes Immune Escape of MKN45 Cells by Inhibiting Antigen-Presenting Molecules of Dendritic Cells In Vitro. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
4
|
Lee S, Qiao J, Paul P, Chung DH. Integrin β1 is critical for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. Surgery 2013; 154:369-75. [PMID: 23889963 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor, GRP-R, are critically involved in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are responsible for GRP/GRP-R-induced cell migration and invasion remain unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the cell signals involved in GRP/GRP-R-mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. METHODS Human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH, LAN-1, and IMR-32 were used for our study. Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed after GRP (10(-7) M) stimulation. The cDNA GEArray Microarray kit was used to determine GRP-R-induced gene expression changes. Protein and membrane expression of integrin subunits were confirmed by Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis. siRNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000. For scratch assay, a confluent monolayer of cells in 6-well plates were wounded with micropipette tip and observed microscopically at 24 to 72 h. RESULTS GRP increased neuroblastoma cell migration and expressions of MMP-2 whereas the TIMP-1 level decreased. GRP-R overexpression stimulated SK-N-SH cell migration and upregulated integrin α2, α3, and β1 protein as well as mRNA expression. Targeted silencing of integrin β1 inhibited cell migration. CONCLUSION GRP/GRP-R signaling contributes to neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. Moreover, the integrin ß1 subunit critically regulates GRP-R-mediated neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Lee
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide suppresses neuroblastoma progression via upregulation of PTEN signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72570. [PMID: 24039782 PMCID: PMC3767701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) as an autocrine growth factor for neuroblastoma. Here, we report that GRP silencing regulates cell signaling involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. Using a doxycycline inducible system, we demonstrate that GRP silencing decreased anchorage-independent growth, inhibited migration and neuroblastoma cell-mediated angiogenesis in vitro, and suppressed metastasis in vivo. Targeted inhibition of GRP decreased the mRNA levels of oncogenes responsible for neuroblastoma progression. We also identified PTEN/AKT signaling as a key mediator of the tumorigenic properties of GRP in neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, PTEN overexpression decreased GRP-mediated migration and angiogenesis; a novel role for this, otherwise, understated tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, activation of AKT (pAKT) positively correlated with neuroblastoma progression in an in vivo tumor-metastasis model. PTEN expression was slightly decreased in metastatic lesions. A similar phenomenon was observed in human neuroblastoma sections, where, early-stage localized tumors had a higher PTEN expression relative to pAKT; however, an inverse expression pattern was observed in liver lesions. Taken together, our results argue for a dual purpose of targeting GRP in neuroblastoma –1) decreasing expression of critical oncogenes involved in tumor progression, and 2) enhancing activation of tumor suppressor genes to treat aggressive, advanced-stage disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Activation of PI3K/AKT pathway correlates with poor prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma. Our previous studies have demonstrated that PI3K/AKT signaling is critical for the oncogenic transformations induced by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor, GRP-R, in neuroblastoma. Moreover, PI3K/AKT-dependent oncogenic transformations require N-myc, an extensively studied oncogene in neuroblastoma. Whether AKT directly regulates the expression of N-myc oncogene is yet to be determined. Here, we report a novel finding that of the three AKT isoforms, AKT2 specifically regulated N-myc expression in neuroblastoma cells. We also confirmed that GRP-R is upstream of AKT2 and in turn, regulated N-myc expression via AKT2 in neuroblastoma cells. Functional assays demonstrated that attenuation of AKT2 impaired cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth, and decreased the secretion of angiogenic factor VEGF in vitro. Furthermore, silencing AKT2 inhibited migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Xenografts established by injecting AKT2 silenced human neuroblastoma cells into murine spleen expressed decreased levels of AKT2 and resulted in fewer liver metastases compared to controls in vivo. Hence, our study highlights the potential molecular mechanism(s) mediating the oncogenic role of GRP/GRP-R and demonstrates a novel role for AKT2 in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, indicating that targeting the GRP/GRP-R/AKT2 axis may be important for developing novel therapeutics in the treatment of clinically aggressive neuroblastoma.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. It accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Children with high-risk disease have a 3-year event-free survival rate of only 20%. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in children with advanced neuroblastoma. The aim of this article was to review and critically evaluate the pharmacotherapy of neuroblastoma, using peer reviewed and review literature from 2000-11. All peer reviewed, published human subject studies of therapy for neuroblastoma in children were included. Animal model and in vitro studies were included only if they added to the understanding of the mechanism of a proposed or existing human neuroblastoma therapy. Current therapeutic options for neuroblastoma involve insufficient differentiation of normal from neoplastic tissue. Critically needed new approaches will increasingly exploit targeting of therapy for unique characteristics of the neuroblastoma cell. Pharmacotherapy for neuroblastoma still suffers from an inadequate therapeutic window. Enhancement of toxicity for tumor and safety for normal tissues will entail innovation in targeting neuroblastoma cells and rescuing or protecting normal tissue elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veena R Ganeshan
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tumor-associated macrophages in clear cell renal cell carcinoma express both gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor: a possible modulatory role of immune effectors cells. World J Urol 2009; 28:335-41. [PMID: 20012906 PMCID: PMC2874056 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) frequently express the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates tumor cell proliferation and neoangiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) comprise an important cellular component of these tumors. We analyzed the GRP/GRP-R network in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) with special regard to its expression by macrophages, tumor cells and microvessels. Methods Gastrin-releasing peptide and GRP-R expression in 17 ccRCC and 9 non-ccRCC were analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining. Results Tumor-associated macrophages expressed GRP and GRP receptor in ccRCC. Tumor cells and microvessels showed low to intermediate GRP-R expression in nearly all cases. In 12 ccRCC tumor epithelia also expressed low levels of GRP. Microvascular GRP expression was found in nine cases of ccRCC. For non-RCC, the expression of GRP and GRP receptor expression pattern was similar. Conclusions Tumor-associated macrophages are the main source of GRP in RCC. GRP receptor on TAM, tumor epithelia and microvessels might be a molecular base of a GRP/GRP receptor network, potentially acting as a paracrine/autocrine modulator of TAM recruitment, tumor growth and neoangiogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although there have been recent advances with multimodal therapy, treatment of neuroblastoma remains a clinical challenge. Despite the identification of several genetic features, there has not been a significant increase in 5-year survival in the last decade. This review will highlight the current operative strategies along with new research developments aimed at improving survival. RECENT FINDINGS The goal of surgical intervention in the early stages of neuroblastoma is complete curative resection. In advanced-stage disease, tissue biopsy for staging is the initial goal. In recent years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is considered in carefully selected patients. Recent advances in neuroblastoma research have focused on tyrosine kinase inhibition, differentiation, pathway inhibition, and immunotherapy. Several of these targets have shown promising results in vivo and are currently under investigation for potential clinical trials. SUMMARY New information on the importance of cell signaling and the targeting of specific genes of interest are providing key insights into neuroblastoma. Only through the discovery of novel treatment strategies made available through the advancement of research will neuroblastoma be survivable for patients with advanced-stage disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a novel 99mTc(CO)3 pyrazolyl conjugate of a peptide nucleic acid sequence. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 13:1335-44. [PMID: 18777182 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The 16-mer peptide nucleic acid sequence H-A GAT CAT GCC CGG CAT-Lys-NH2 (1), which is complementary to the translation start region of the N-myc oncogene messenger RNA, was synthesized and conjugated to a pyrazolyl diamine bifunctional chelator (pz). The novel conjugate pz-A GAT CAT GCC CGG CAT-Lys-NH2 (2) was labeled with technetium tricarbonyl, yielding quantitatively the complex fac-[99mTc(CO)3(kappa3-pz-A GAT CAT GCC CGG CAT-Lys-NH2)]2+ (4). Complex 4 was obtained with high radiochemical purity and high specific activity, revealing high stability in human serum and in cell culture medium. The identity of 4 was confirmed by comparing its reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography profile with that of the rhenium analog fac-[Re(CO)3(kappa3-pz-A GAT CAT GCC CGG CAT-Lys-NH2)]2+ (3), prepared by conjugation of fac-[Re(CO)3(3,5-Me2pz(CH2)2N((CH2)3COOH)(CH2)2NH2)]+ to 1, using solid-phase techniques. UV melting experiments of 1 and 3 with the complementary DNA sequence led to the formation of stable duplexes, indicating that the conjugation of 1 to the pyrazolyl chelator and to the metal fragment fac-[M(CO)3]+ did not affect the recognition of the complementary sequence as well as the duplex stability. For a first screening, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, which express N-myc, were treated with 4. The results show that 4 internalizes (7% of the activity goes into the cells, after 4 h at 37 degrees C), presenting also a relatively high cellular retention (only 40% of internalized activity is released from the cells after 5 h).
Collapse
|
11
|
Qiao J, Kang J, Ishola TA, Rychahou PG, Evers BM, Chung DH. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor silencing suppresses the tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12891-6. [PMID: 18753628 PMCID: PMC2529092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711861105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma accounts for nearly 15% of all pediatric cancer-related deaths. We have previously shown that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates neuroblastoma growth, and that its cell surface receptor, GRP-R, is overexpressed in advanced-stage human neuroblastomas; however, the effects of GRP/GRP-R on tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo are not clearly elucidated. In the present study, we found that GRP-R knockdown in the aggressive cell line BE(2)-C induced cell morphology changes, reduced cell size, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibited DNA synthesis, corresponding to cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase. Activated Akt, a crucial regulator of cell survival and metastasis, was down-regulated by GRP-R silencing. In addition, expression of p-p70S6K and its downstream target molecule S6, key regulators of protein synthesis and cell metabolism, were also significantly decreased by GRP-R silencing. GRP-R knockdown also up-regulated the expression of tumor suppressor PTEN, the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, silencing GRP-R as well as GRP in BE(2)-C cells suppressed anchorage-independent growth in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of GRP-R in less aggressive SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells resulted in soft agar colony formation, which was inhibited by a GRP-blocking antibody. Moreover, GRP-R deficiency significantly delayed tumor growth and diminished liver metastases in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that GRP and GRP-R have important oncogenic properties beyond their established mitogenic functions. Therefore, GRP-R may be an ideal therapeutic target for the treatment of aggressive neuroblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - B. Mark Evers
- *Department of Surgery and
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,TX 77555-0353
| | - Dai H. Chung
- *Department of Surgery and
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,TX 77555-0353
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Neuroblastomas continue to remain a clinical challenge, despite advances in multimodal therapy. Currently, studies are aimed at novel targets for neuroblastoma directed toward poor prognostic indicators such as the MYCN oncogene and marked angiogenesis. There have also been recent discoveries in neuroblastoma pathogenesis involving epigenetic regulation and retinoic acid therapy. Understanding the intricate complexities of this tumor may lead to innovative agents for more effective combinational therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kang JH, Ishola TA, Baregamian N, Mourot JM, Rychahou PG, Evers BM, Chung DH. Bombesin induces angiogenesis and neuroblastoma growth. Cancer Lett 2007; 253:273-81. [PMID: 17383815 PMCID: PMC2709810 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), the mammalian equivalent of bombesin (BBS), is a trophic factor for highly vascular neuroblastomas; its mechanisms of action in vivo are unknown. We sought to determine the effects of BBS on the growth of neuroblastoma xenografts and on angiogenesis. BBS significantly increased the growth of SK-N-SH and BE(2)-C human neuroblastomas; tumors demonstrated increased expression of angiogenic markers, PECAM-1 and VEGF, as well as phosphorylated (p)-Akt levels. RC-3095, a BBS/GRP antagonist, attenuated BBS-stimulated tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. GRP or GRPR silencing significantly inhibited VEGF as well as p-Akt and p-mTOR expression in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that BBS stimulates neuroblastoma growth and the expression of angiogenic markers. Importantly, these findings suggest that novel therapeutic agents, targeting BBS-mediated angiogenesis, may be useful adjuncts in patients with advanced-stage neuroblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Titilope A. Ishola
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Naira Baregamian
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Joshua M. Mourot
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Piotr G. Rychahou
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishola TA, Kang JH, Qiao J, Evers BM, Chung DH. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulation of gastrin-releasing peptide-induced cell cycle progression in neuroblastoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:927-32. [PMID: 17379415 PMCID: PMC2708969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), the mammalian equivalent of bombesin (BBS), is an autocrine growth factor for neuroblastoma; its receptor is up-regulated in undifferentiated neuroblastomas. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a critical cell survival pathway; it is negatively regulated by the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. We have recently found that poorly differentiated neuroblastomas express decreased PTEN protein levels. Moreover, overexpression of the GRP receptor, a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family, down-regulates PTEN expression, resulting in increased neuroblastoma cell growth. Therefore, we sought to determine whether GRP or BBS activates PI3K in neuroblastoma cells (BE(2)-C, LAN-1, SK-N-SH). GRP or BBS treatment rapidly increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta in neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of GRP receptor, with antagonist GRP-H2756 or siRNA, attenuated BBS-induced phosphorylation of Akt. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, also abrogated BBS-stimulated phospho-Akt as well as its cell cycle targets. GRP increased G1/S phase progression in SK-N-SH cells. BBS-mediated BrdU incorporation was blocked by LY294002. Our findings identify PI3K as an important signaling pathway for GRP-mediated neuroblastoma cell growth. A novel therapy targeted at GRP/GRP receptor may prove to be an effective treatment option to inhibit PI3K in neuroblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titilope A. Ishola
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Jung-Hee Kang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Jingbo Qiao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Muller JM, Philippe M, Chevrier L, Héraud C, Alleaume C, Chadéneau C. The VIP-receptor system in neuroblastoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Patel O, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Gastrin-releasing peptide and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:23-41. [PMID: 16490321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, abundant evidence has been collected to suggest that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptors play an important role in the development of a variety of cancers. In fact, the detection of GRP and the GRP receptor in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and the demonstration that anti-GRP antibodies inhibited proliferation in SCLC cell lines, established GRP as the prototypical autocrine growth factor. All forms of GRP are generated by processing of a 125-amino acid prohormone; recent studies indicate that C-terminal amidation of GRP18-27 is not essential for bioactivity, and that peptides derived from residues 31 to 125 of the prohormone are present in normal tissue and in tumors. GRP receptors can be divided into four classes, all of which belong to the 7 transmembrane domain family and bind GRP and/or GRP analogues with affinities in the nM range. Over-expression of GRP and its receptors has been demonstrated at both the mRNA and protein level in many types of tumors including lung, prostate, breast, stomach, pancreas and colon. GRP has also been shown to act as a potent mitogen for cancer cells of diverse origin both in vitro and in animal models of carcinogenesis. Other actions of GRP relevant to carcinogenesis include effects on morphogenesis, angiogenesis, cell migration and cell adhesion. Future prospects for the use of radiolabelled and cytotoxic GRP analogues and antagonists for cancer diagnosis and therapy appear promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oneel Patel
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|