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Mormando M, Puliani G, Bianchini M, Lauretta R, Appetecchia M. The Role of Inositols in Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1004. [PMID: 39199391 PMCID: PMC11353224 DOI: 10.3390/biom14081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Inositols have demonstrated a role in cancer prevention and treatment in many kinds of neoplasms. Their molecular mechanisms vary from the regulation of survival and proliferative pathways to the modulation of immunity and oxidative stress. The dysregulation of many pathways and mechanisms regulated by inositols has been demonstrated in endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors but the role of inositol supplementation in this context has not been clarified. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular basis of the possible role of inositols in endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors, proposing it as an adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marialuisa Appetecchia
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.P.); (M.B.); (R.L.)
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Cha YJ, Koo JS. Expression of EMP 1, 2, and 3 in Adrenal Cortical Neoplasm and Pheochromocytoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13016. [PMID: 37629198 PMCID: PMC10455306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of the epithelial membrane proteins (EMP) 1, 2, and 3 in adrenal gland neoplasm and to explore the broader implications of this. Tissue microarrays were constructed for 132 cases of adrenal cortical neoplasms (ACN) (adrenal cortical adenoma (115 cases), and carcinoma (17 cases)) and 189 cases of pheochromocytoma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify EMP 1, 2, and 3, and was compared with clinicopathological parameters. The H-score of EMP 3 (p < 0.001) was higher in pheochromocytoma when compared to that of ACN, and the H-score of EMP 1 (p < 0.001) and EMP 3 (p < 0.001) was higher in adrenal cortical carcinomas when compared to that of adrenal cortical adenomas. A higher EMP 1 H-score was observed in pheochromocytomas with a GAPP score ≥3 (p = 0.018). In univariate analysis, high levels of EMP 1 and EMP 3 expression in ACN were associated with shorter overall survival (p = 0.001). Differences were observed in the expression of EMPs between ACN and pheochromocytoma. EMPs are associated with malignant tumor biology in adrenal cortical neoplasm and pheochromocytoma, suggesting the role of a prognostic and/or predictive factor for EMPs in adrenal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea;
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Hsu YHR, Torres-Mora J, Kipp BR, Sukov WR, Jenkins SM, Voss JS, Barr Fritcher EG, Schaff HV, Cassivi SD, Roden AC. Clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and genetic studies of mediastinal paragangliomas†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 56:867-875. [PMID: 31329844 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paragangliomas have unique features in the mediastinum, in part due to their location. Because of their paucity, they have not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of mediastinal paragangliomas. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing mutation panel and the Oncoscan assay were performed. RESULTS Twenty-four patients with mediastinal paraganglioma (7 men, 29.2%) had a median age of 45.5 years (19.8-72.2). Twenty-one (87.5%) paragangliomas were completely resected. Six (of 24, 25.0%) tumours were considered metastatic. Mitotic activity occurred in 11 (of 24, 45.8%) paragangliomas. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (n = 23) was expressed in 6 (26%) patients in 10% (n = 2) and 1% (n = 4) of tumour cells, respectively. SDHB expression was lost in 19 (of 22, 86.4%) cases. ATRX expression was lost in 11 (of 23, 47.8%) cases. Next-generation sequencing revealed a single pathogenic mutation in 10 (of 19) specimens including SDHB (n = 4), SDHD (n = 6), SDHC (n = 1), ATRX (n = 1), and ≥2 mutations in 2 cases [SDHC and TERT (n = 1); SDHB, ATRX and TP53 (n = 1)]. Germline mutation analysis revealed the same succinate dehydrogenase mutation (or lack thereof) as identified in the paraganglioma in 11 (of 12) cases. During a median follow-up (n = 21) of 4.8 years (0.8-14.9), 3 patients developed metastases; 4 patients died, at least 1 of disease. CONCLUSIONS Mediastinal paragangliomas can be associated with morbidity and mortality. Many mediastinal paragangliomas have been reported to be associated with syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, von Hippel-Lindau or succinate dehydrogenase syndrome with mutation profiles dominated by alterations in genes associated with these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Han R Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jorge Torres-Mora
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jesse S Voss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily G Barr Fritcher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hartzell V Schaff
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen D Cassivi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
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Du J, Tong A, Wang F, Cui Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Yan Z. The Roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways in Human Pheochromocytomas. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:5286972. [PMID: 27990160 PMCID: PMC5136400 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5286972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) were demonstrated mostly by in vitro studies with rat or mouse cells and were mainly studied at transcriptional level. This study aimed to investigate the effect of these pathways on the proliferation of human PPGL cells and the activation of these pathways in PPGLs. Methods. Human PPGL cells were treated with sunitinib and inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), MEK1/2 (U0126), and mTORC1/2 (AZD8055). Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Protein phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting. Results. In most PPGLs, AKT, ERK1/2, and mTOR were activated. LY294002 (10 μM), U0126 (10 μM), AZD8055 (1 μM), and sunitinib (1 μM) inhibited PPGL cell proliferation in ten primary cultures of tissues, including four from patients with gene mutations. MEK1/2 inhibitor decreased mTOR phosphorylation. Inhibition of mTOR reduced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. Sunitinib inhibited phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-mTOR. Conclusion. Our study suggested that PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways play vital roles in human PPGL and are activated in most PPGLs. Inhibiting multiple pathways might be a novel therapeutic approach for PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan No. 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Anli Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan No. 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
- *Anli Tong:
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan No. 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yunying Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan No. 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan No. 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhaoli Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
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Robbins HL, Hague A. The PI3K/Akt Pathway in Tumors of Endocrine Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:188. [PMID: 26793165 PMCID: PMC4707207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key driver in carcinogenesis. Defects in this pathway in human cancer syndromes such as Cowden's disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia result in tumors of endocrine tissues, highlighting its importance in these cancer types. This review explores the growing evidence from multiple animal and in vitro models and from analysis of human tumors for the involvement of this pathway in the following: thyroid carcinoma subtypes, parathyroid carcinoma, pituitary tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While data are not always consistent, immunohistochemistry performed on human tumor tissue has been used alongside other techniques to demonstrate Akt overactivation. We review active Akt as a potential prognostic marker and the PI3K pathway as a therapeutic target in endocrine neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Louise Robbins
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Angela Hague
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Angela Hague,
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Burke JF, Schlosser L, Harrison AD, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. MK-2206 causes growth suppression and reduces neuroendocrine tumor marker production in medullary thyroid cancer through Akt inhibition. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3862-8. [PMID: 23900743 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of targeted therapies for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has focused on inhibition of the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Akt has been demonstrated to be a downstream target of RET via the key mediator phosphoinositide-3-kinase. MK-2206 is an orally administered allosteric Akt inhibitor that has exhibited minimal toxicity in phase I trials. We explored the antitumor effects of this compound in MTC. METHODS Human MTC-TT cells were treated with MK-2206 (0-20 μM) for 8 days. Assays for cell viability were performed at multiple time points with MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The mechanism of action, mechanism of growth inhibition, and production of neuroendocrine tumor markers were assessed with Western blot analysis. RESULTS MK-2206 suppressed MTC cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (p ≤ 0.001). Levels of Akt phosphorylated at serine 473 declined with increasing doses of MK-2206, indicating successful Akt inhibition. The apoptotic proteins cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 increased in a dose-dependent manner with MK-2206, while the apoptosis inhibitor survivin was markedly reduced. Importantly, the antitumor effects of MK-2206 were independent of RET inhibition, as the levels of RET protein were not blocked. CONCLUSIONS MK-2206 significantly suppresses MTC proliferation without RET inhibition. Given its high oral bioavailability and low toxicity profile, phase II studies with this drug alone or in combination with RET inhibitors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn F Burke
- Department of Surgery, K3/705 Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Lee M, Waser B, Reubi JC, Pellegata NS. Secretin receptor promotes the proliferation of endocrine tumor cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1394-405. [PMID: 22692904 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretin receptor (SR), a G protein-coupled receptor, mediates the effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin on digestion and water homeostasis. Recently, high SR expression has been observed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, cholangiocellular carcinomas, gastrinomas, and bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. Receptor overexpression associates with enhanced secretin-mediated signaling, but whether this molecule plays an independent role in tumorigenesis is currently unknown. We recently discovered that pheochromocytomas developing in rats affected by the MENX (multiple endocrine neoplasia-like) syndrome express at very high-level Sctr, encoding SR. We here report that SR are also highly abundant on the membranes of rat adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytoma, starting from early stages of tumor development, and are functional. PC12 cells, the best characterized in vitro pheochromocytoma model, also express Sctr at high level. Thus, we used them as model to study the role of SR in neoplastic transformation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Sctr decreases PC12 cells proliferation and increases p27 levels. The proproliferative effect of SR in PC12 cells is mediated, in part, by the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) pathway. Transfection of Sctr in Y1 adrenocortical carcinoma cells, expressing low endogenous levels of Sctr, stimulates cell proliferation also, in part, via the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. Because of the link between SR and PI3K/AKT signaling, tumor cells expressing high levels of the receptor (MENX-associated primary pheochromocytoma and NCI-H727 human bronchopulmonary carcinoid cells) respond well and in a SR-dependent manner to PI3K inhibitors, such as NVP-BEZ235. The association between SR levels and response to PI3K inhibition might open new avenues for the treatment of tumors overexpressing this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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