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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Current Knowledge on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Impact and Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5592. [PMID: 37685660 PMCID: PMC10488607 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary no-reflow (CNR) is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following reperfusion therapy. CNR is highly dynamic, develops gradually (over hours) and persists for days to weeks after reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) developing as a consequence of myocardial ischemia, distal embolization and reperfusion-related injury is the main pathophysiological mechanism of CNR. The frequency of CNR or MVO after primary PCI differs widely depending on the sensitivity of the tools used for diagnosis and timing of examination. Coronary angiography is readily available and most convenient to diagnose CNR but it is highly conservative and underestimates the true frequency of CNR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive method to diagnose MVO and CNR that provides information on the presence, localization and extent of MVO. CMR imaging detects intramyocardial hemorrhage and accurately estimates the infarct size. MVO and CNR markedly negate the benefits of reperfusion therapy and contribute to poor clinical outcomes including adverse remodeling of left ventricle, worsening or new congestive heart failure and reduced survival. Despite extensive research and the use of therapies that target almost all known pathophysiological mechanisms of CNR, no therapy has been found that prevents or reverses CNR and provides consistent clinical benefit in patients with STEMI undergoing reperfusion. Currently, the prevention or alleviation of MVO and CNR remain unmet goals in the therapy of STEMI that continue to be under intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Xue HM, Hou HT, Sun WT, Wang SF, Guo S, Yang Q, He GW. OUP accepted manuscript. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 61:1368-1378. [PMID: 35080611 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Xue
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Medical College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Tao Hou
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Tao Sun
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Medical College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Fu Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Guo
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Kumar G, Dey SK, Kundu S. Functional implications of vascular endothelium in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis to control blood pressure and cardiac functions. Life Sci 2020; 259:118377. [PMID: 32898526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is the innermost vascular lining performing significant roles all over the human body while maintaining the blood pressure at physiological levels. Malfunction of endothelium is thus recognized as a biomarker linked with many vascular diseases including but not limited to atherosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis. Alternatively, prevention of endothelial malfunctioning or regulating the functions of its associated physiological partners like endothelial nitric oxide synthase can prevent the associated vascular disorders which account for the highest death toll worldwide. While many anti-hypertensive drugs are available commercially, a comprehensive description of the key physiological roles of the endothelium and its regulation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase or vice versa is the need of the hour to understand its contribution in vascular homeostasis. This, in turn, will help in designing new therapeutics targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase or its interacting partners present in the cellular pool. This review describes the central role of vascular endothelium in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase while outlining the emerging drug targets present in the vasculature with potential to treat vascular disorders including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Pisarenko O, Studneva I. Modulating the Bioactivity of Nitric Oxide as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cardiac Surgery. J Surg Res 2020; 257:178-188. [PMID: 32835951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery, including cardioplegic arrest and extracorporeal circulation, causes endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to no-reflow phenomenon and reduction of myocardial pump function. Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is involved in this pathologic process, thereby providing a fundamental basis for the use of NO replacement therapy. Presently used drugs and additives to cardioplegic and heart preservation solutions are not able to reliably protect endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review discusses promising NO-releasing compounds of various chemical classes for cardioplegia and reperfusion, which effectively maintain NO homeostasis under experimental conditions, and presents the mechanisms of their action on the cardiovascular system. Incomplete preclinical studies and a lack of toxicity assessment, however, hinder translation of these drug candidates into the clinic. Perspectives for modulation of endothelial function using NO-mediated mechanisms are discussed. They are based on the cardioprotective potential of targeting vascular gap junctions and endothelial ion channels, intracoronary administration of progenitor cells, and endothelial-specific microRNAs. Some of these strategies may provide important therapeutic benefits for human cardiovascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pisarenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina Studneva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Hou HT, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Chen TN, Zhang JL, Yang Q, He GW. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer AVE3085 reverses endothelial dysfunction induced by homocysteine in human internal mammary arteries. Nitric Oxide 2018; 81:21-27. [PMID: 30300735 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that the eNOS transcription enhancer AVE3085 may protect the endothelial function damaged by Hcy in the human internal mammary artery (IMA). Cumulative concentration-relaxation curves to acetylcholine (-10 to -4.5 log mol/L) or sodium nitroprusside were established in IMA from patients undergoing coronary artery surgery precontracted by U46619 (-8 log mol/L) in the absence/presence of Hcy (100 μmol/L) with/without AVE3085 (30 μmol/L) in vitro in a myograph. RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to quantify the mRNA and protein levels of eNOS. Colorimetric assay method was used to detect the production of nitric oxide (NO). Maximal relaxation was significantly attenuated by Hcy in human IMA. Co-incubation with AVE3085 protected endothelium from the impairment by Hcy and increased the production of NO. Exposure to Hcy for 24 h downregulated eNOS protein expression (P < 0.05) whereas it upregulated the expression of eNOS at mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The presence of AVE3085 in addition to Hcy significantly increased the eNOS protein (P < 0.05) and slightly decreased the mRNA level. The study for the first time revealed that in the human blood vessels (IMA) the clinically-relevant high concentration of Hcy directly causes endothelial dysfunction by downregulating eNOS protein that may be reversed by AVE3085. These findings not only provide new direction for protecting endothelium during coronary artery bypass grafting and improving long-term patency of the grafts, but also provide evidence to the use of eNOS enhancer in the patients with endothelial dysfunction in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University& Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tie-Nan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University& Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Impairment of Coronary Endothelial Function by Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Involves TRPC3 Inhibition-mediated K Ca Channel Dysfunction: Implication in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5895. [PMID: 28724979 PMCID: PMC5517640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge of the significance of calcium-activated potassium (KCa) and canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels in endothelial physiology, no studies so far have investigated the link between these two distinct types of channels in the control of vascular tone in pathological conditions. We previously demonstrated that hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R) inhibits endothelial KCa and TRPC3 channels in porcine coronary arteries (PCAs). The present study further investigated whether modulation of TRPC3 is involved in H-R-induced KCa channel inhibition and associated vasodilatory dysfunction using approaches of wire myography, whole-cell voltage-clamp, and coimmunoprecipitation. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA silencing of TRPC3 significantly suppressed bradykinin-induced intermediate- and small-conductance KCa (IKCa and SKCa) currents in endothelial cells of PCAs (PCAECs). TRPC3 protein exists in physical association with neither IKCa nor SKCa. In H-R-exposed PCAECs, the response of IKCa and SKCa to bradykinin-stimulation and to TRPC3-inhibition was markedly weakened. Activation of TRPC3 channels restored H-R-suppressed KCa currents in association with an improved endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-type vasorelaxation. We conclude that inhibition of TRPC3 channels contributes to H-R-induced suppression of KCa channel activity, which serves as a mechanism underlying coronary endothelial dysfunction in ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury and renders TRPC3 a potential target for endothelial protection in I-R conditions.
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Protection of coronary endothelial function during cardiac surgery: potential of targeting endothelial ion channels in cardioprotection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:324364. [PMID: 25126553 PMCID: PMC4122001 DOI: 10.1155/2014/324364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the control of blood flow by producing vasoactive factors to regulate vascular tone. Ion channels, in particular, K+ channels and Ca2+-permeable channels in endothelial cells, are essential to the production and function of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors. Impairment of coronary endothelial function occurs in open heart surgery that may result in reduction of coronary blood flow and thus in an inadequate myocardial perfusion. Hyperkalemic exposure and concurrent ischemia-reperfusion during cardioplegic intervention compromise NO and EDHF-mediated function and the impairment involves alterations of K+ channels, that is, KATP and KCa, and Ca2+-permeable TRP channels in endothelial cells. Pharmacological modulation of these channels during ischemia-reperfusion and hyperkalemic exposure show promising results on the preservation of NO and EDHF-mediated endothelial function, which suggests the potential of targeting endothelial K+ and TRP channels for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that impairs endothelial function. We investigated whether the impaired endothelial function can be restored by the eNOS transcription enhancer AVE3085 in porcine coronary arteries. The effects of AVE3085 against Hcy on eNOS-NO function were studied and further investigations were conducted to reveal the role of arginase and the signaling pathway of eNOS activation in the effect of AVE3085 on endothelial dysfunction caused by Hcy. METHODS Myograph study of vasorelaxation, electrochemical measurement of NO, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of eNOS, iNOS expression, and eNOS phosphorylation were performed. Arginase activity was determined by urea production and O2 (.-) generation by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminenscence. RESULTS Exposure to Hcy for 24 h attenuated bradykinin-induced relaxation and NO release, downregulated eNOS mRNA expression and protein expressions of eNOS and p-eNOS(Ser1177) whereas it upregulated iNOS expression. AVE3085 restored NO release and relaxation, enhanced eNOS but decreased iNOS expression. Inhibition of protein kinase Akt or PI3 kinase attenuated the effect of AVE3085 on relaxation and eNOS phosphorylation. Arginase activity and O2 (.-) production were inhibited by AVE3085 in Hcy-exposed vessels. CONCLUSIONS AVE3085 prevents Hcy-induced endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries by preservation of NO production and suppression of O2 (.-) generation. Preservation of NO is attributed to upregulation of eNOS expression, activation of eNOS via phosphorylation of Ser1177 through a PI3 kinase/Akt-dependent pathway, and inhibition of arginase. Reduction of O2 (.-) generation results from reversal of eNOS uncoupling and inhibition of arginase and iNOS.
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Suxiao jiuxin pill induces potent relaxation and inhibition on contraction in human artery and the mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:956924. [PMID: 24808920 PMCID: PMC3997901 DOI: 10.1155/2014/956924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suxiao Jiuxin Pill, a compound Chinese traditional medicine with main components of tetramethylpyrazine and borneol, is widely used for antiangina treatment in China but its pharmacological effect on human blood vessels is unknown. We investigated the effect and possible mechanism of SJP in the human internal mammary artery (IMA, n = 78) taken from patients undergoing coronary surgery. SJP caused full relaxation in KCl- (99.4 ± 10.5%, n = 6) and U46619- (99.9 ± 5.6%, n = 6) contracted IMA. Pretreatment of IMA with plasma concentrations of SJP (1 mg/mL), calculated from the plasma concentration of its major component borneol, significantly depressed the maximal contraction to KCl (from 35.8 ± 6.0 mN to 12.6 ± 5.6 mN, P = 0.03) and U46619 (from 19.4 ± 2.9 mN to 5.7 ± 2.4 mN, P = 0.007) while SJP at 10 mg/mL abolished the subsequent contraction. Endothelium denudation and inhibition of eNOS significantly altered the SJP-induced relaxation without changes of eNOS expression. We conclude that SJP has a potent inhibitory effect on the vasoconstriction mediated by a variety of vasoconstrictors in human arteries. The vasorelaxation involves both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Thus, the effect of SJP on human arteries demonstrated in this study may prove to be particularly important in vasorelaxing therapy in cardiovascular disease.
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AVE3085 protects coronary endothelium from the impairment of asymmetric dimethylarginine by activation and recoupling of eNOS. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 26:383-92. [PMID: 22890813 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of eNOS and it is recognized as a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the effect of AVE3085, a newly developed transcription enhancer of eNOS, on ADMA-induced endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries with underlying mechanisms explored. METHODS Porcine coronary small arteries (diameter 600-800 μm) were studied in a myograph for endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin and endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside. Protein expressions of eNOS and phosphorylated-eNOS (p-eNOS(Ser1177) and p-eNOS(Thr495)), and nitrotyrosine formation were determined by Western blot. NO release was directly measured with a NO microsensor. Productions of O(2) (.-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) were determined by lucigenin- and luminol- enhanced chemiluminescence respectively. RESULTS Exposure to ADMA significantly decreased the bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation and reduced the protein expression of p-eNOS(Ser1177) whereas increased the expression of p-eNOS(Thr495) and nitrotyrosine. Pre-incubation with AVE3085 restored the bradykinin-induced relaxation, reversed the decrease of p-eNOS(Ser1177), and lowered the level of p-eNOS(Thr495) and nitrotyrosine. NO release in response to bradykinin was significantly reduced by ADMA and such reduction was restored by AVE3085. AVE3085 also prevented the elevation of O (2) (.-) and ONOO(-) levels in coronary arteries exposed to ADMA. CONCLUSIONS AVE3085 prevents ADMA-induced endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries. The protective effect of AVE3085 may be attributed to increased NO production resulting from enhanced eNOS activation, and decreased oxidative stress that involves inhibition of O (2) (.-) generation by eNOS recoupling. The present study suggested the therapeutic potential of AVE3085 in endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders.
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Xuan C, Chang FJ, Liu XC, Bai XY, Liao XL, He GW, Ou JS. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer for protection of endothelial function from asymmetric dimethylarginine-induced injury in human internal thoracic artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:697-703. [PMID: 22336756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine is a cardiovascular risk factor that is elevated in patients with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that novel endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer AVE3085 might improve the endothelial function altered by asymmetric dimethylarginine in the human internal thoracic artery. METHODS Cumulative concentration-relaxation curves to acetylcholine (-11 to -5 log mol/L) were established in left internal thoracic artery rings (n = 65) from 27 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in precontraction induced by U46619 (-8 log mol/L) in the absence or presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (100 μmol/L) or AVE3085 (30 μmol/L). Protein expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and levels of superoxide anion production were detected. RESULTS Maximal relaxation induced by acetylcholine was significantly attenuated by asymmetric dimethylarginine (12.7% ± 2.3% vs 35.3% ± 5.0% in control; P < .05) and significantly restored by AVE3085 (23.4% ± 2.8%; P < .05). AVE3085 also markedly restored endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression (0.29 ± 0.008; P = .012) reduced by asymmetric dimethylarginine (0.05 ± 0.04 vs 0.36 ± 0.03 in control; P = .014). Increased superoxide anion production by asymmetric dimethylarginine (2.97 ± 0.25 vs 0.51 ± 0.10 relative light units/[s/mg] in control; P < .05) was inhibited by AVE3805 (0.62 ± 0.104 relative light units/[s/mg]; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AVE3085 may restore endothelium-dependent relaxation reduced by asymmetric dimethylarginine through upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and inhibition of production of superoxide anion in human internal thoracic artery. These findings provide new insights into endothelial protection of coronary bypass grafting vessels to improve long-term patency of grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xuan
- TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Medical College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Yang Q, Xue HM, Wong WT, Tian XY, Huang Y, Tsui SKW, Ng PK, Wohlfart P, Li H, Xia N, Tobias S, Underwood MJ, He GW. AVE3085, an enhancer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, restores endothelial function and reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1078-85. [PMID: 21385179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in endothelial function, and impaired NO production is involved in hypertension. Therefore, compounds that regulate endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) may be of therapeutic benefit. A novel, low molecular weight compound AVE3085 is a recently developed compound with the ability to enhance eNOS transcription. The present study investigated the effects of AVE3085 in endothelial dysfunction associated with hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with AVE 3085 (10 mg·kg·day(-1) , orally) for 4 weeks. Isometric force measurement was performed on rings of isolated aortae in organ baths. Protein expression of eNOS, phosphorylated-eNOS and nitrotyrosine in the aortae were examined by Western blotting. mRNA for eNOS in rat aortae were examined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). KEY RESULTS AVE3085 greatly improved endothelium-dependent relaxations in the aortae of SHRs. This functional change was accompanied by up-regulated expression of eNOS protein and mRNA, enhanced eNOS phosphorylation and decreased formation of nitrotyrosine. Furthermore, AVE3085 treatment reduced the blood pressure in SHR without affecting that of hypertensive eNOS(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The eNOS-transcription enhancer AVE3085 restored impaired endothelial function in a hypertensive model. The present study provides a solid basis for the potential development of eNOS-targeting drugs to restore down-regulated eNOS, as a new strategy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang Y, Janssens SP, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW, Moens AL. Modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a new cardiovascular therapeutic strategy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H634-46. [PMID: 21622818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01315.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases is associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and/or increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent superoxide formation. These findings support that restoring and conserving adequate NO signaling in the heart and blood vessels is a promising therapeutic intervention. In particular, modulating eNOS, e.g., through increasing the bioavailability of its substrate and cofactors, enhancing its transcription, and interfering with other modulators of eNOS pathway, such as netrin-1, has a high potential for effective treatments of cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the possibilities for modulating eNOS and how this may be translated to the clinic in addition to describing the genetic models used to study eNOS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Huang JH, He GW, Xue HM, Yao XQ, Liu XC, Underwood MJ, Yang Q. TRPC3 channel contributes to nitric oxide release: significance during normoxia and hypoxia–reoxygenation. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:472-82. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Anderwald C, Ankersmit HJ, Badaoui A, Beneduce L, Buko VU, Calo LA, Carrero JJ, Chang CY, Chang KC, Chen YJ, Cnotliwy M, Costelli P, Crujeiras AB, Cuocolo A, Davis PA, De Boer OJ, Ebenbichler CF, Erridge C, Fassina G, Felix SB, García-Gómez MC, Guerrero-Romero F, Haider DG, Heinemann A, Herda LR, Hoogeveen EK, Hörl WH, Iglseder B, Huang KC, Kaser S, Kastrati A, Kuzniatsova N, Latella G, Lichtenauer M, Lin YK, Lip GYH, Lu NH, Lukivskaya O, Luschnig P, Maniscalco M, Martinez JA, Müller-Krebs S, Ndrepepa G, Nicolaou G, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Penna F, Pintó X, Reiberger T, Rodriguez-Moran M, Schmidt A, Schwenger V, Spinelli L, Starkel P, Stehouwer CDA, Stenvinkel P, Strasser P, Suzuki H, Tschoner A, Van Der Wal AC, Vesely DL, Wen CJ, Wiernicki I, Zanninelli G, Zhu Y. Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2008. Eur J Clin Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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