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Lucatelli P, Rocco B, De Beare T, Verset G, Fucilli F, Damato E, Paccapelo A, Braccischi L, Taninokuchi Tomassoni M, Bucalau AM, Catalano C, Mosconi C. Long-Term Outcomes of Balloon TACE for HCC: An European Multicentre Single-Arm Retrospective Study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2024; 47:1074-1082. [PMID: 38955814 PMCID: PMC11303462 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-024-03779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report response rates (using mRECIST), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival and local tumour recurrence-free survival (LRFS) of balloon-occluded transarterial chemoembolisation (bTACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients from five European centres treated with conventional or drug-eluting microsphere bTACE for HCC were included, and patients already lost to follow-up before 12 months were excluded. Possible factors contributing to LRFS and OS were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Seventy-three patients were enrolled. The mean number of nodules per patient was 2.07(± 1.68), and the average maximum diameter of the nodules was 37 ± 19.9 mm. The response of the target lesion at 6 months was complete response (CR) in 58.9%, partial response (PR) in 28.8%, stable disease (SD) in 6.8% and progressive disease (PD) in 5.5%. The median follow-up time was 31 months; at the last follow-up, target tumour response was CR in 49.3%, PR in 12.3%, SD in 5.5% and PD 32.9%. Overall response at the last follow-up was CR in 17.8%, PR in 9.6%, SD 2.7% and PD in 69.9% (for new lesions in 37% of patients). Median OS was not reached; mean overall survival was 50.0 months, while median LRFS was 31.0 months. At uni- and multivariable analysis, only tumour maximum diameter was related to LRFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.021; 95% CI 1.004-1.038, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS bTACE demonstrated high efficacy for HCC, with a complete response in 58.9% of patients, a median local recurrence-free survival of 31.0 months and a mean overall survival of 50.0 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierleone Lucatelli
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, University ''La Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Rocco
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, University ''La Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Thierry De Beare
- Department d'Anesthésie, de Chirurgie, et de Radiologie Interventionnelle, Gustave Roussy, 112 rue Edourad Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Gontran Verset
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology C.U.B. Hôpital Erasme, Univerité Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Fucilli
- Radiology Unit, S. De Bellis National Institute of Gastroenterology Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (BARI), Bari, Italy
| | - Elio Damato
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, University ''La Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Paccapelo
- Research and Innovation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Braccischi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Makoto Taninokuchi Tomassoni
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana-Maria Bucalau
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology C.U.B. Hôpital Erasme, Univerité Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Radiology, University ''La Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Lucatelli P, Ciaglia S, Rocco B, De Rubeis G, Bolognesi G, Damato E, Corona M, Nardis PG, Cannavale A, Ricci P, Catalano C. Two-dimensional perfusion angiography permits direct visualization of redistribution of flow in hepatocellular carcinoma during b-TACE. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2024; 129:823-833. [PMID: 38637490 PMCID: PMC11169056 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-024-01816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate in vivo redistribution of the blood flow towards HCC's lesions by utilizing two-dimensional perfusion angiography in b-TACE procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 30 patients with 35 HCC nodules treated in the period between January 2019 and November 2021. For each patient, a post-processing software leading to a two-dimensional perfusion angiography was applied on each angiography performed via balloon microcatheter, before and after inflation. On the colour map obtained, reflecting the evolution of contrast intensity change over time, five regions of interests (ROIs) were assessed: one on the tumour (ROI-t), two in the immediate peritumoural healthy liver parenchyma (ROI-ihl) and two in the peripheral healthy liver parenchyma (ROI-phl). The results have been interpreted with a novel in silico model that simulates the hemodynamics of the hepatic arterial system. RESULTS Among the ROIs drawn inside the same segment of target lesion, the time-to-peak of the ROI-t and of the ROI-ihl have a significantly higher mean value when the balloon was inflated compared with the ROIs obtained with deflated balloon (10.33 ± 3.66 s vs 8.87 ± 2.60 s (p = 0.015) for ROI-t; 10.50 ± 3.65 s vs 9.23 ± 2.70 s (p = 0.047) for ROI-ihl). The in silico model prediction time-to-peak delays when balloon was inflated, match with those observed in vivo. The numerical flow analysis shows how time-to-peak delays are caused by the obstruction of the balloon-occluded artery and the opening of intra-hepatic collateral. CONCLUSION The measurements identify predictively the flow redistribution in the hepatic arteries during b-TACE, supporting a proper positioning of the balloon microcatheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierleone Lucatelli
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ciaglia
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Rocco
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca De Rubeis
- Department of Diagnostic, UOC of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Bolognesi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Elio Damato
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Corona
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Nardis
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cannavale
- Unit of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Unit of Emergency Radiology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, SapienzaRome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, SapienzaRome, Italy
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Curcio A, Rocca R, Alcaro S, Artese A. The Histone Deacetylase Family: Structural Features and Application of Combined Computational Methods. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:620. [PMID: 38794190 PMCID: PMC11124352 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial in gene transcription, removing acetyl groups from histones. They also influence the deacetylation of non-histone proteins, contributing to the regulation of various biological processes. Thus, HDACs play pivotal roles in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. This paper reviews the structure and function of the four classes of human HDACs. While four HDAC inhibitors are currently available for treating hematological malignancies, numerous others are undergoing clinical trials. However, their non-selective toxicity necessitates ongoing research into safer and more efficient class-selective or isoform-selective inhibitors. Computational methods have aided the discovery of HDAC inhibitors with the desired potency and/or selectivity. These methods include ligand-based approaches, such as scaffold hopping, pharmacophore modeling, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships, and structure-based virtual screening (molecular docking). Moreover, recent developments in the field of molecular dynamics simulations, combined with Poisson-Boltzmann/molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area techniques, have improved the prediction of ligand binding affinity. In this review, we delve into the ways in which these methods have contributed to designing and identifying HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Jipa AM, Makary MS. Locoregional Therapies for Hepatobiliary Tumors: Contemporary Strategies and Novel Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1271. [PMID: 38610949 PMCID: PMC11010828 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of primary hepatobiliary tumors are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), with the remainer being cholangiocarcinoma. While surgical resection remains the gold standard treatment for hepatobiliary tumors, relatively few patients are operative candidates, and systemic treatments have limited effectiveness. Locoregional therapies offer significant promise in the management of HCC. Ablation and radioembolization may offer similar outcomes to surgery for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma while radioembolization and chemoembolization are valuable in the management of advanced disease. There is significantly less evidence for the role of locoregional therapy in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, although it appears to be well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina S. Makary
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Han H, Feng X, He T, Wu Y, He T, Yue Z, Zhou W. Discussion on structure classification and regulation function of histone deacetylase and their inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14366. [PMID: 37776270 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of genes through posttranslational regulation of proteins is a well-explored approach for disease treatment, particularly in cancer chemotherapy. Histone deacetylases have shown significant potential as effective drug targets in therapeutic studies aiming to restore epigenetic normality in oncology. Besides their role in modifying histones, histone deacetylases can also catalyze the deacetylation of various nonhistone proteins and participate in the regulation of multiple biological processes. This paper provides a review of the classification, structure, and functional characteristics of the four classes of human histone deacetylases. The increasing abundance of structural information on HDACs has led to the gradual elucidation of structural differences among subgroups and subtypes. This has provided a reasonable explanation for the selectivity of certain HDAC inhibitors. Currently, the US FDA has approved a total of six HDAC inhibitors for marketing, primarily for the treatment of various hematological tumors and a few solid tumors. These inhibitors all have a common pharmacodynamic moiety consisting of three parts: CAP, ZBG, and Linker. In this paper, the structure-effect relationship of HDAC inhibitors is explored by classifying the six HDAC inhibitors into three main groups: isohydroxamic acids, benzamides, and cyclic peptides, based on the type of inhibitor ZBG. However, there are still many questions that need to be answered in this field. In this paper, the structure-functional characteristics of HDACs and the structural information of the pharmacophore model and enzyme active region of HDAC is are considered, which can help to understand the inhibition mechanism of the compounds as well as the rational design of HDACs. This paper integrates the structural-functional characteristics of HDACs as well as the pharmacophore model of HDAC is and the structural information of the enzymatic active region, which not only contributes to the understanding of the inhibition mechanism of the compounds, but also provides a basis for the rational design of HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Yingfan Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Tianmei He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Yue
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, P. R. China
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Lucatelli P, Rocco B, Ciaglia S, Damato E, Mosconi C, Argirò R, Catalano C. Microballoon Interventions for Liver Tumors: Review of Literature and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185334. [PMID: 36142980 PMCID: PMC9505296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microballoon interventions (MBIs) have been proposed as useful tools to improve the efficacy of locoregional liver treatments. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the existing evidence on procedural characteristics, safety, and efficacy of MBIs. Methods: PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were queried for original research articles evaluating MBIs in patients with liver malignancies from 2012 to August 2022. Search terms employed were liver malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, liver metastases, microballoon transarterial chemoembolization, balloon-occluded trans-arterial chemoembolization, balloon-occluded selective internal radiation therapies, balloon-occluded TACE and ablation, and safety or oncological results or efficacy. Merely technical studies and animal studies were excluded. Results: Thirty-four original research studies and one abstract involving 744 patients treated with MBIs were included; 76% of the studies were retrospective, with low risk of bias and moderate-to-poor levels of evidence. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. All studies proved MBI safety, which was not inferior to non-occlusive procedures. Balloon employment ameliorates oncological results, improving time to recurrence, objective response rate, and lowers need for retreatment. Conclusions: MBIs appear to be potential game changers in the treatment of liver malignancies. Multicentric, prospective and randomized studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierleone Lucatelli
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Bianca Rocco
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Ciaglia
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Elio Damato
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Argirò
- Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Shirono T, Iwamoto H, Niizeki T, Shimose S, Kajiwara A, Suzuki H, Kamachi N, Noda Y, Okamura S, Nakano M, Kuromatsu R, Murotani K, Koga H, Torimura T. Durable complete response is achieved by balloon-occluded transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2594-2604. [PMID: 35656864 PMCID: PMC9426391 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013 and 2014, the development of microcatheters with balloons for the 4-Fr system and new embolization materials provided various options for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), expanding the range of treatment strategies. At our hospital, balloon-occluded TACE (B-TACE), conventional TACE (C-TACE), and drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE) have been actively performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study compared the local recurrence-free (LRF) periods of nodules with complete necrosis (TE4) obtained using each treatment method by extracting the nodules evaluated as complete response by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. We performed 580 TACE procedures between June 2013 and April 2019. Among them, 58 HCC nodules in 43 patients, 33 nodules in 30 patients, and 45 nodules in 25 patients were evaluated as having complete necrosis after C-TACE, DEB-TACE, and B-TACE, respectively. The time to local recurrence for each nodule was defined as the LRF period, and the quality of TE4 for each TACE was examined. Factors related to overall survival and the LRF period were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses, and overall survival and the LRF period were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis of the LRF period showed that B-TACE was an independent factor. The median LRF periods were 39.3, 13, and 9.1 months for B-TACE, C-TACE, and DEB-TACE, respectively. Moreover, B-TACE had a significantly longer LRF period than C-TACE and DEB-TACE. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between C-TACE and DEB-TACE. The LRF period of nodules with TE4 was the longest with B-TACE, suggesting that B-TACE should be used to achieve a radical cure in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotake Shirono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Niizeki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shigeo Shimose
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akira Kajiwara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamachi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yu Noda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shusuke Okamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masahito Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kuromatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kenta Murotani
- Kurume University Graduate School of Medicine School of Medicine Biostatistics Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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