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Mégier C, Dumery G, Luton D. Iodine and Thyroid Maternal and Fetal Metabolism during Pregnancy. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050633. [PMID: 37233673 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and iodine are required to increase basal metabolic rate and to regulate protein synthesis, long bone growth and neuronal maturation. They are also essential for protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism regulation. Imbalances in thyroid and iodine metabolism can negatively affect these vital functions. Pregnant women are at risk of hypo or hyperthyroidism, in relation to or regardless of their medical history, with potential dramatic outcomes. Fetal development highly relies on thyroid and iodine metabolism and can be compromised if they malfunction. As the interface between the fetus and the mother, the placenta plays a crucial role in thyroid and iodine metabolism during pregnancy. This narrative review aims to provide an update on current knowledge of thyroid and iodine metabolism in normal and pathological pregnancies. After a brief description of general thyroid and iodine metabolism, their main modifications during normal pregnancies and the placental molecular actors are described. We then discuss the most frequent pathologies to illustrate the upmost importance of iodine and thyroid for both the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mégier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Grégoire Dumery
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Dominique Luton
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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Chen S, Lu X, Yang B, Wu J, Huang H, Zou Y, Tang W, Xu P, Yang Y. Developmental Trends in Postnatal Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid Dysfunction in Preterm Infants Born at less than 34 weeks Gestation. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37053007 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2195520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the trends in thyroid function tests (TFT) in preterm infants, evaluate the frequency of thyroid dysfunction, and identify the factors that influence thyroid function. METHODS The TFT results and risk factors for thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants with gestational ages (GA) between 25 and 34 weeks were analysed. RESULTS In total, 535 infants were enrolled in this study. Thyroid hormone levels vary with gestational and postnatal age, and the total frequency of thyroid dysfunction is 50.3%. Thirty-one infants (5.8%) had delayed TSH elevation. Transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity remained significantly associated with both lower birth weight and GA. Congenital hypothyroidism was significantly associated with lower birth weight, 5 min Apgar score, and dopamine use. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid hormone levels in preterm infants are related to gestation and postnatal age, the frequency of thyroid dysfunction in premature infants is high, and is negatively correlated with GA and birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Chen
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bicheng Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jieru Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenyan Tang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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New thyroid models for ICRP pediatric mesh-type reference computational phantoms. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models: Systems Information on the Growth and Composition of Fetal Organs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:235-262. [PMID: 29987449 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of fetal organs is a dynamic process involving considerable changes in the anatomical and physiological parameters that can alter fetal exposure to xenobiotics in utero. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models can be used to predict the fetal exposure as time-varying parameters can easily be incorporated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to collate, analyse and integrate the available time-varying parameters needed for the physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of xenobiotic kinetics in a fetal population. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search on the physiological development of fetal organs. Data were carefully assessed, integrated and a meta-analysis was performed to establish growth trends with fetal age and weight. Algorithms and models were generated to describe the growth of these parameter values as functions of age and/or weight. RESULTS Fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic parameters, including the size of the heart, liver, brain, kidneys, lungs, spleen, muscles, pancreas, skin, bones, adrenal and thyroid glands, thymus, gut and gonads were quantified as a function of fetal age and weight. Variability around the means of these parameters at different fetal ages was also reported. The growth of the investigated parameters was not consistent (with respect to direction and monotonicity). CONCLUSION Despite the limitations identified in the availability of some values, the data presented in this article provide a unique resource for age-dependent organ size and composition parameters needed for fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. This will facilitate the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models during drug development and in the risk assessment of environmental chemicals and following maternally administered drugs or unintended exposure to environmental toxicants in this population.
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Ultrasound Measurements of Fetal Thyroid: Reference Ranges from a Cohort of Low-Risk Pregnant Women. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9524378. [PMID: 31930141 PMCID: PMC6942710 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9524378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Adequate thyroid function is essential for normal growth and development of the fetus. Sonographic recognition of alterations in fetal thyroid dimensions may be the first sign of thyroid dysfunction, permitting early diagnosis and intervention. The main goal of this study was to build curves with reference values for ultrasound measurements of the fetal thyroid from 14 to 40 weeks of gestation. Methods This is a prospective longitudinal study of 90 Brazilian pregnant women, complementary to a cohort multicentre study named “WHO multicentre study for the development of growth standards from fetal life to childhood: the fetal component.” Pregnant women without any pre-existing conditions that might affect fetal growth received antenatal care from the first trimester until childbirth, undergoing serial ultrasound evaluations of the fetus, including the thyroid. Longitudinal, anteroposterior, and transverse diameters of both thyroid lobes were measured in the fetus. Fetal thyroid lobe volume was also estimated. By quantile regression analysis, reference curves of measurements were fitted according to the gestational age. Results A reference standard of thyroid growth was defined during pregnancy by fitting curves of its measurements. Reference values for the 10th, 50th, and 90th centiles of fetal thyroid measurements (longitudinal, anteroposterior, transverse diameters, and lobe volume) were defined, from 14 to 40 weeks of gestation. Conclusion We provided a reference curve of optimal thyroid development in a low-risk population that can be used as a standard of comparison to diagnose deviations from the norm. In addition, we demonstrated an alternative and simplified method for early recognition of thyroid morphological alterations by an individualized technique to evaluate the thyroid lobes.
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Hardley MT, Chon AH, Mestman J, Nguyen CT, Geffner ME, Chmait RH. Iodine-Induced Fetal Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment with Intra-Amniotic Levothyroxine. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 90:419-423. [PMID: 29791909 DOI: 10.1159/000488776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine is necessary for fetal thyroid development. Excess maternal intake of iodine can cause fetal hypothyroidism due to the inability to escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect in utero. CASE REPORT We report a case of fetal hypothyroid goiter secondary to inadvertent excess maternal iodine ingestion from infertility supplements. The fetus was successfully treated with intra-amniotic levothyroxine injections. Serial fetal blood sampling confirmed fetal escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect in the mid third trimester. Early hearing test and neurodevelopmental milestones were normal. CONCLUSION Intra-amniotic treatment of fetal hypothyroidism may decrease the rate of impaired neurodevelopment and sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy T Hardley
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew H Chon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Mestman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Caroline T Nguyen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramen H Chmait
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,
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Yan YZ, Huang CA, Jiang Q, Yang Y, Lin J, Wang K, Li XB, Zheng HH, Wang XY. Normal radiological anatomy of thyroid cartilage in 600 Chinese individuals: implications for anterior cervical spine surgery. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:31. [PMID: 29422105 PMCID: PMC5806376 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cartilage is an important barrier in anterior cervical approach surgery. The objective of this study is to establish normative values for thyroid cartilage at three planes and to determine their significance on preoperative positioning and intraoperative traction in surgery via the anterior cervical approach. Methods Neck CT scans were collected from 600 healthy adults who did not meet any of the exclusion criteria. Transverse diameters (D1, D2, and D3) of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage (SBTC), inferior border of the thyroid cartilage (IBTC), and the trachea transverse diameters of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (IBCC) were measured on a horizontal plane. Results All measured variables had intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) of ≥ 0.7. The differences in transverse diameters on the same plane between males and females were significantly different (all p < 0.001). The SBTC is most often at C4 in women (59.5%) and C4/5 in men (36.4%), the IBTC is most often at C5 in women (48.1%) and men (46.2%), and the IBCC is primarily located at C6 in women (45.2%) and C6 or C6/7 in men (34.4%) (all p < 0.001). Conclusion We present normative values for thyroid cartilage at three planes of SBTC, IBTC, and IBCC in Chinese individuals. The individual and gender differences in the location of the thyroid cartilage and the size of the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage provide an anatomical basis to localize the skin incision, to predict the difficulty of intraoperative exposure and retractor pulling, and to identify that the thyroid cartilage protected the pharyngoesophageal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhao Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Chong-An Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Hai-Hua Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Spine Surgery Centre, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Sasaki Y, Kikuchi A, Murai M, Kanasugi T, Isurugi C, Oyama R, Sugiyama T. Fetal goiter associated with preconception hysterosalpingography using an oil-soluble iodinated contrast medium. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 49:275-276. [PMID: 26935488 DOI: 10.1002/uog.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - A Kikuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - M Murai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - T Kanasugi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - C Isurugi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - R Oyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - T Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
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Activation of the Nrf2-Keap 1 Pathway in Short-Term Iodide Excess in Thyroid in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4383652. [PMID: 28133506 PMCID: PMC5241484 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4383652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups of varying iodide intake: normal iodide; 10 times high iodide; and 100 times high iodide on Days 7, 14, and 28. Insignificant changes were observed in thyroid hormone levels (p > 0.05). Urinary iodine concentration and iodine content in the thyroid glands increased after high consumption of iodide from NI to 100 HI (p < 0.05). The urinary iodine concentration of the 100 HI group on Days 7, 14, and 28 was 60–80 times that of the NI group. The mitochondrial superoxide production and expressions of Nrf2, Srx, and Prx 3 all significantly increased, while Keap 1 significantly decreased in the 100 HI group when compared to the NI or 10 HI group on Days 7, 14, and 28 (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining results showed that Nrf2 was localized in the cytoplasm in NI group. Although Nrf2 was detected in both cytoplasm and nucleus in 10 HI and 100 HI groups, a stronger positive staining was found in the nucleus. We conclude that the activation of the Nrf2-Keap 1 antioxidative defense mechanism may play a crucial role in protecting thyroid function from short-term iodide excess in rats.
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Beynon ME, Pinneri K. An Overview of the Thyroid Gland and Thyroid-Related Deaths for the Forensic Pathologist. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:217-236. [PMID: 31239894 DOI: 10.23907/2016.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ situated in the anterior neck whose functions have system-wide effects. Thyroid diseases represent some of the most commonly encountered endocrine disorders and therefore are commonly encountered at the time of autopsy. Knowing how the gland functions and the effects it may have on vital organs is important when determining the cause of death and significant contributory conditions. Endocrine-related deaths may be anatomically subtle, therefore histologic examination, review of medical records, and selected postmortem testing must be performed to correctly identify and document their presence. For this reason, it is recommended that pathologists consider regularly examining the thyroid gland histologically, particularly on decedents where no apparent anatomic cause of death is identified after the autopsy. This article provides an in-depth review of the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones, and thyroid diseases, including potential thyroid-related deaths and incidental autopsy findings.
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