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Meyer MR, Jung JP, Spear JK, Araiza IF, Galway-Witham J, Williams SA. Knuckle-walking in Sahelanthropus? Locomotor inferences from the ulnae of fossil hominins and other hominoids. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103355. [PMID: 37003245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Because the ulna supports and transmits forces during movement, its morphology can signal aspects of functional adaptation. To test whether, like extant apes, some hominins habitually recruit the forelimb in locomotion, we separate the ulna shaft and ulna proximal complex for independent shape analyses via elliptical Fourier methods to identify functional signals. We examine the relative influence of locomotion, taxonomy, and body mass on ulna contours in Homo sapiens (n = 22), five species of extant apes (n = 33), two Miocene apes (Hispanopithecus and Danuvius), and 17 fossil hominin specimens including Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo. Ulna proximal complex contours correlate with body mass but not locomotor patterns, while ulna shafts significantly correlate with locomotion. African apes' ulna shafts are more robust and curved than Asian apes and are unlike other terrestrial mammals (including other primates), curving ventrally rather than dorsally. Because this distinctive curvature is absent in orangutans and hylobatids, it is likely a function of powerful flexors engaged in wrist and hand stabilization during knuckle-walking, and not an adaptation to climbing or suspensory behavior. The OH 36 (purported Paranthropus boisei) and TM 266 (assigned to Sahelanthropus tchadensis) fossils differ from other hominins by falling within the knuckle-walking morphospace, and thus appear to show forelimb morphology consistent with terrestrial locomotion. Discriminant function analysis classifies both OH 36 and TM 266 with Pan and Gorilla with high posterior probability. Along with its associated femur, the TM 266 ulna shaft contours and its deep, keeled trochlear notch comprise a suite of traits signaling African ape-like quadrupedalism. While implications for the phylogenetic position and hominin status of S. tchadensis remain equivocal, this study supports the growing body of evidence indicating that S. tchadensis was not an obligate biped, but instead represents a late Miocene hominid with knuckle-walking adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Meyer
- Department of Anthropology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91737, USA.
| | - Jason P Jung
- Department of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Spear
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Isabella Fx Araiza
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Julia Galway-Witham
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Scott A Williams
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
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Sachinis NP, Vasiadis I, Yiannakopoulos CK, Givissis P. Modified Graft Loop Technique Augmented With Nonabsorbable Suture Tape for Chronic Elbow Dislocation. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2022; 26:202-207. [PMID: 35696618 DOI: 10.1097/bth.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The task of achieving a good clinical outcome on patients with chronic elbow dislocation is arduous. Any stabilization method used should be robust enough in order to allow for early elbow motion. Immobilization of the elbow for a prolonged time period may lead to stiffness and heterotopic ossification. Several methods of ligament reconstruction have tried to address the global instability that is present in such scenarios. We describe a technique of reconstructing both bands of the medial ligament, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow, by using a looped tendon graft and reinforcing the lateral side with nonabsorbable tape and anchors. The graft is passed as a loop once through the humerus and ulna, recreating the anterior portion of the medial collateral ligament and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament. Then the lateral side is augmented with the tape and anchors and the loop is fixed. Lastly, the medial tail of the graft is used in order to recreate the posterior part of the medial ligament. This technique uses a single graft along with nonabsorbable tape and anchors to make a robust construct that will withstand early range of motion, without jeopardizing elbow stability. Potential complications include damage to the ulnar nerve, infection, elbow stiffness, or persistent instability in complex cases with bone involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P Sachinis
- Department of First Orthopaedic, Georgios Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki
| | - Ioannis Vasiadis
- Department of First Orthopaedic, Georgios Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki
| | | | - Panagiotis Givissis
- Department of First Orthopaedic, Georgios Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki
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The contact area of the radiocapitellar joint under pronation and supination with axial load using a 3-dimensional computed tomography: an in vivo study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:1238-1244. [PMID: 32950672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the contact area of the radiocapitellar joint with forearm pronation and supination under axial loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six healthy volunteers (2 males and 4 females, mean age: 44.6 years) were included in the study. A computed tomography scan of the extended elbow joints was obtained at 4 positions of forearm: full pronation with or without load and full supination with or without load. Mimics, 3-matic Medical, Geomagic, and Photoshop were used to reconstruct 3-dimensional models. The contact area of the radiocapitellar joint was measured. Shifting of the center of the contact area of the radiocapitellar joint was measured. RESULTS The axial load added 8.6% and 10.5% contact area to pronation and supination without load, respectively. From pronation without load, the center of contact area significantly shifted 2.4 ± 1.1 mm anteromedially to supination without load and shifted by 1.0 ± 0.5 mm to the center of the radial head compared with the pronation with load. The center of the contact area significantly shifted 2.4 ± 1.5 mm anteromedially from the pronation to the supination under loading. The contact area of the tuberosity anterior in the radial head significantly increased by 14% (without load) and 8% (with load) from pronation to supination. CONCLUSION Axial loading increases the contact area of the radiocapitellar joint. The center of the contact area of the radiocapitellar joint changed according to loading and shifted to the anterior tuberosity of the radial head from forearm pronation to supination.
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Arrigoni P, Cucchi D, Luceri F, Zagarella A, Catapano M, Menon A, Bruno V, Gallazzi M, Randelli PS. Ultrasound evaluation shows increase in laxity after partial common extensor origin detachment but not after additional lesion of the radial band of the lateral collateral ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:4067-4074. [PMID: 34455451 PMCID: PMC8595151 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lateral elbow musculature conveys a dynamic valgus moment to the elbow, increasing joint stability. Muscular or tendinous lesions to the anterior half of the common extensor origin (CEO) may provoke a deficiency in the elbow dynamic stabilizers, regardless of their traumatic, degenerative, or iatrogenic aetiology. Furthermore, a role for the radial band of the lateral collateral ligament (R-LCL) has been postulated in the aetiology of lateral elbow pain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sequential lateral releases with dynamic ultrasound, evaluating its capability to detect lesions of the CEO and of the R-LCL. METHODS Ultrasound investigation of the lateral compartment of the elbow was performed on nine cadaveric specimens with a 10 MHz linear probe in basal conditions, after the release of the anterior half of the CEO and after complete R-LCL release. The lateral joint line widening (λ) was the primary outcome parameter, measured as the linear distance between the humeral and radial articular surfaces. RESULTS The release of the anterior half of the CEO significantly increased λ by 200% compared to the starting position (p = 0.0008) and the previously loaded position (p = 0.0015). Conversely, further release of the R-LCL caused only a marginal, non-significant increase in λ. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound evaluation can detect changes related to tendon tears or muscular avulsions of the CEO and can depict lateral elbow compartmental patholaxity by assessing articular space widening while scanning under dynamic stress. However, it cannot reliably define if the R-LCL is injured. Iatrogenic damage to the CEO should be carefully avoided, since it causes a massive increase in compartmental laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Arrigoni
- U.O.C. 1° Clinica Ortopedica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy ,Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cucchi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Francesco Luceri
- U.O.C. 1° Clinica Ortopedica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Zagarella
- U.O.C. Radiodiagnostica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Catapano
- U.O.C. Radiodiagnostica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Menon
- U.O.C. 1° Clinica Ortopedica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy ,Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bruno
- Istituto Clinico San Siro, Via Monreale, 18, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Gallazzi
- U.O.C. Radiodiagnostica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Simone Randelli
- U.O.C. 1° Clinica Ortopedica, ASST Centro Specialistico Ortopedico Traumatologico Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy ,Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy ,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases (RECAP-RD), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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