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Noguera NI, Catalano G, Banella C, Divona M, Faraoni I, Ottone T, Arcese W, Voso MT. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Update on the Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, Resistance and on Innovative Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101591. [PMID: 31635329 PMCID: PMC6826966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights new findings that have deepened our understanding of the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, therapy and resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARa) sets the cellular landscape of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by repressing the transcription of RARa target genes and disrupting PML-NBs. The RAR receptors control the homeostasis of tissue growth, modeling and regeneration, and PML-NBs are involved in self-renewal of normal and cancer stem cells, DNA damage response, senescence and stress response. The additional somatic mutations in APL mainly involve FLT3, WT1, NRAS, KRAS, ARID1B and ARID1A genes. The treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed APL improved dramatically since the advent of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). ATRA activates the transcription of blocked genes and degrades PML-RARα, while ATO degrades PML-RARa by promoting apoptosis and has a pro-oxidant effect. The resistance to ATRA and ATO may derive from the mutations in the RARa ligand binding domain (LBD) and in the PML-B2 domain of PML-RARa, but such mutations cannot explain the majority of resistances experienced in the clinic, globally accounting for 5-10% of cases. Several studies are ongoing to unravel clonal evolution and resistance, suggesting the therapeutic potential of new retinoid molecules and combinatorial treatments of ATRA or ATO with different drugs acting through alternative mechanisms of action, which may lead to synergistic effects on growth control or the induction of apoptosis in APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Noguera
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - G Catalano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - C Banella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - M Divona
- Policlinico Tor vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - I Faraoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - T Ottone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - W Arcese
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - M T Voso
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
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Breccia M, Foà R. Intravenous arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid as front-line therapy for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:81-87. [PMID: 30572725 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1562332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has drastically improved following the identification of the PML-RARA oncogene as a key player in the pathogenesis of APL, and the subsequent introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a therapeutic agent. Areas covered: Randomized trials have recently demonstrated the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in combination with ATRA for the front-line treatment of standard and medium risk APL patients. This chemotherapy-free combination is associated with a decreased cumulative rate of relapse, prolonged overall survival, and reduced early death rate. Expert commentary: The most challenging issue in the management of APL remains the significant rate of early deaths in high-risk patients. The ongoing studies will clarify the possible role of ATO in this setting in combination with ATRA and other agents. The aim of this review is to report data of efficacy and safety of intravenous ATO in newly diagnosed patients and discuss on its potential role as a new standard of care for APL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Breccia
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- a Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology , Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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Zhang T, Lu H, Li W, Hu R, Chen Z. Identification of Arsenic Direct-Binding Proteins in Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26871-9. [PMID: 26569224 PMCID: PMC4661853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of arsenic direct-binding proteins is essential for determining the mechanism by which arsenic trioxide achieves its chemotherapeutic effects. At least two cysteines close together in the amino acid sequence are crucial to the binding of arsenic and essential to the identification of arsenic-binding proteins. In the present study, arsenic binding proteins were pulled down with streptavidin and identified using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). More than 40 arsenic-binding proteins were separated, and redox-related proteins, glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), heat shock 70 kDa protein 9 (HSPA9) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), were further studied using binding assays in vitro. Notably, PKM2 has a high affinity for arsenic. In contrast to PKM2, GSTP1and HSPA9 did not combine with arsenic directly in vitro. These observations suggest that arsenic-mediated acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) suppressive effects involve PKM2. In summary, we identified several arsenic binding proteins in APL cells and investigated the therapeutic mechanisms of arsenic trioxide for APL. Further investigation into specific signal pathways by which PKM2 mediates APL developments may lead to a better understanding of arsenic effects on APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Ronggui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
- Cancer Research Center, SIBS-Xuhui Central Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Chen J, Solomides C, Simpkins H. Sensitization of mesothelioma cells to platinum-based chemotherapy by GSTπ knockdown. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:77-82. [PMID: 24690178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is predicted that the incidence of mesothelioma will increase and thus it is important to find new ways to treat this chemoresistant tumor. Glutathione-S-Transferase π (GSTπ) is found at significant levels in mesotheliomas and thus attenuating its intracellular levels may provide a means of sensitizing mesothelioma cells to chemotherapy. GSTπ knockdowns were therefore prepared with shRNA (less off-target effects) employing two cell lines (211H, H2452) that were typed by immunohistochemistry to be of mesothelial origin. The knockdowns exhibited a decrease in both total GST enzyme activity and GSTπ protein levels as well as an increase in both glutathione levels and sensitivity to cis and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin treatment of the knockdowns increased ROS levels significantly (as compared to the parental cells) and produced activation of the JNK/p38 pathways and activating transcription factor (ATF2). The degree of activation and increase in ROS appeared to correlate with the cell line's sensitivity to cisplatin. Treatment with N-Acetyl Cysteine decreased ROS production and JNK/p38 phosphorylation but had minimal affect on ATF2 suggesting a direct interaction of GTPπ with this transcription factor. Oxaliplatin treatment produced only minimal changes in ROS levels and activation of the JNK/p38 pathway. Recently, new methods of siRNA delivery (nanoparticles) have been shown to be effective in decreasing the levels of target proteins in humans including candidate genes involved in drug resistance - thus this approach may have promise in sensitizing cisplatin-resistant tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, NS-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA.
| | - Charalambos Solomides
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, 132 S. 10th Street, 260E Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Henry Simpkins
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, NS-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA.
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Dos Santos GA, Kats L, Pandolfi PP. Synergy against PML-RARa: targeting transcription, proteolysis, differentiation, and self-renewal in acute promyelocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 210:2793-802. [PMID: 24344243 PMCID: PMC3865469 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pandolfi et al. provide an in-depth discussion on the synergism between all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide treatment and their mechanisms of action on acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a hematological malignancy driven by a chimeric oncoprotein containing the C terminus of the retinoic acid receptor-a (RARa) fused to an N-terminal partner, most commonly promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). Mechanistically, PML-RARa acts as a transcriptional repressor of RARa and non-RARa target genes and antagonizes the formation and function of PML nuclear bodies that regulate numerous signaling pathways. The empirical discoveries that PML-RARa–associated APL is sensitive to both all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), and the subsequent understanding of the mechanisms of action of these drugs, have led to efforts to understand the contribution of molecular events to APL cell differentiation, leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) clearance, and disease eradication in vitro and in vivo. Critically, the mechanistic insights gleaned from these studies have resulted not only in a better understanding of APL itself, but also carry valuable lessons for other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Augusto Dos Santos
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center; and 2 Department of Medicine and 3 Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Khan AJ, Sharma A, Dinesh K, Parmar D. Similarities in lindane induced alteration in cytochrome P450s and associated signaling events in peripheral blood lymphocytes and brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:318-27. [PMID: 23927878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies were initiated to investigate the similarities in alterations in cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and associated signaling events in brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by lindane, an organochlorine pesticide. Adult male albino wistar rats were treated orally with different doses (2.5- or 5.0- or 10- or 15 mg/kg/body weight) of lindane daily for 4 days. In another experiment, the treatment of low dose (2.5mg/kg) of lindane was continued for 15- and 21 days. A dose- and time-dependent increase was observed in the activity of CYP dependent enzymes in brain microsomes and PBL isolated from the treated rats. However, the magnitude of induction was several folds less in PBL. As observed in brain, RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting demonstrated that increase in CYP enzymes in PBL is due to the increase in the mRNA expression of specific CYP isoenzymes. Similarities were also observed in activation of ERK and JNK MAP kinases and c-jun in PBL or brain isolated from rats treated with lindane. Similarities in the induction of CYPs and activation of MAP kinases in PBL and brain suggest that CYP expression profiles in PBL could be used for monitoring the exposure and toxicity of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Jamal Khan
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India
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Wang R, Liu C, Xia L, Zhao G, Gabrilove J, Waxman S, Jing Y. Ethacrynic acid and a derivative enhance apoptosis in arsenic trioxide-treated myeloid leukemia and lymphoma cells: the role of glutathione S-transferase p1-1. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6690-701. [PMID: 23082001 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Arsenic trioxide (ATO) as a single agent is used for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with minimal toxicity, but therapeutic effect of ATO in other types of malignancies has not been achieved. We tested whether a combination with ethacrynic acid (EA), a glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) inhibitor, and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer will extend the therapeutic effect of ATO beyond APL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The combined apoptotic effects of ATO plus ethacrynic acid were tested in non-APL leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. The role of ROS, GSTP1-1, glutathione (GSH), and Mcl-1 in apoptosis was determined. The selective response to this combination of cells with and without GSTP1-1 expression was compared. RESULTS ATO/EA combination synergistically induced apoptosis in myeloid leukemia and lymphoma cells. This treatment produced high ROS levels, activated c-jun-NH(2)-kinase (JNK), and reduced Mcl-1 protein. This led to the decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and subsequently, to activation of caspase-3 and -9. Induction of apoptosis in leukemia and lymphoma cells expressing GSTP1-1 required high ethacrynic acid concentrations to be combined with ATO. Silencing of GSTP1 in leukemia cells sensitized them to ATO/EA-induced apoptosis. In a subgroup of B-cell lymphoma, which does not express GSTP1-1, lower concentrations of ethacrynic acid and its more potent derivative, ethacrynic acid butyl-ester (EABE), decreased intracellular GSH levels and synergistically induced apoptosis when combined with ATO. CONCLUSION B-cell lymphoma cells lacking GSTP1-1 are more sensitive than myeloid leukemia cells to ATO/EA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Wang R, Xia L, Gabrilove J, Waxman S, Jing Y. Downregulation of Mcl-1 through GSK-3β activation contributes to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2012; 27:315-24. [PMID: 22751450 PMCID: PMC3478411 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) induces disease remission in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients, but not in non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. ATO at therapeutic concentrations (1-2 μM) induce APL NB4, but not non-APL HL-60, cells to undergo apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. The role of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 in ATO-induced apoptosis was determined. The levels of Mcl-1 were decreased in NB4, but not in HL-60, cells after ATO treatment through proteasomal degradation. Both GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 and siRNA blocked ATO-induced Mcl-1 reduction as well as attenuated ATO-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. Silencing Mcl-1 sensitized HL-60 cells to ATO-induced apoptosis. Both ERK and AKT inhibitors decreased Mcl-1 levels and enhanced ATO-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Sorafenib, a Raf inhibitor, activated GSK3β by inhibiting its phosphorylation, decreased Mcl-1 levels, and decreased intracellular glutathione levels in HL-60 cells. Sorafenib plus ATO augmented ROS production and apoptosis induction in HL-60 cells and in primary AML cells. These results indicate that ATO induces Mcl-1 degradation through activation of GSK3β in APL cells and provide a rationale for utilizing ATO in combination with sorafenib for the treatment of non-APL AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Breccia M, Lo-Coco F. Arsenic trioxide for management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: current evidence on its role in front-line therapy and recurrent disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:1031-43. [PMID: 22468778 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.677436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the most rapidly fatal leukemia only two decades ago, has been converted into the most frequently curable leukemia by the advent of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its combination with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. More recently, arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to be the most effective single agent in this disease and has been approved for the treatment of relapsed patients both in the United States and Europe. Moreover, ATO has been included in the design of several front-line studies, with the aim to reduce therapy-related toxicity while maintaining the potential of cure. AREAS COVERED First, this review briefly discusses the mechanisms of action and the toxicity profile of ATO. Furthermore, the reported experience on the use of ATO as single agent or in combinatorial schemes both in relapsed and in newly diagnosed patients with APL is critically reviewed. Finally, the use of this agent in special subsets of patients unfit to receive conventional chemotherapy is discussed, along with its potential role in maintenance therapy. EXPERT OPINION While the role of ATO as single agent or in combination with ATRA is well established and recommended by the European LeukemiaNet guidelines as a first option for relapsed patients, the role of the drug in newly diagnosed patients is still uncertain and based only on evidence levels mostly originating from non-randomized trials. The results of ongoing randomized studies should better define the role of ATO in front-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Breccia
- Sapienza University, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Via Benevento 6, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Chen SJ, Zhou GB, Zhang XW, Mao JH, de Thé H, Chen Z. From an old remedy to a magic bullet: molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of arsenic in fighting leukemia. Blood 2011; 117:6425-37. [PMID: 21422471 PMCID: PMC3123014 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-283598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic had been used in treating malignancies from the 18th to mid-20th century. In the past 3 decades, arsenic was revived and shown to be able to induce complete remission and to achieve, when combined with all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy, a 5-year overall survival of 90% in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia driven by the t(15;17) translocation-generated promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARα) fusion. Molecularly, arsenic binds thiol residues and induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, thus affecting numerous signaling pathways. Interestingly, arsenic directly binds the C3HC4 zinc finger motif in the RBCC domain of PML and PML-RARα, induces their homodimerization and multimerization, and enhances their interaction with the SUMO E2 conjugase Ubc9, facilitating subsequent sumoylation/ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Arsenic-caused intermolecular disulfide formation in PML also contributes to PML-multimerization. All-trans retinoic acid, which targets PML-RARα for degradation through its RARα moiety, synergizes with arsenic in eliminating leukemia-initiating cells. Arsenic perturbs a number of proteins involved in other hematologic malignancies, including chronic myeloid leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, whereby it may bring new therapeutic benefits. The successful revival of arsenic in acute promyelocytic leukemia, together with modern mechanistic studies, has thus allowed a new paradigm to emerge in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Juan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology and State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai, China
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Kashyap MP, Singh AK, Kumar V, Tripathi VK, Srivastava RK, Agrawal M, Khanna VK, Yadav S, Jain SK, Pant AB. Monocrotophos induced apoptosis in PC12 cells: role of xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450s. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17757. [PMID: 21445290 PMCID: PMC3061860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) is a widely used organophosphate (OP) pesticide. We studied apoptotic changes and their correlation with expression of selected cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in PC12 cells exposed to MCP. A significant induction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in cells exposed to MCP. Following the exposure of PC12 cells to MCP (10−5 M), the levels of protein and mRNA expressions of caspase-3/9, Bax, Bcl2, P53, P21, GSTP1-1 were significantly upregulated, whereas the levels of Bclw, Mcl1 were downregulated. A significant induction in the expression of CYP1A1/1A2, 2B1/2B2, 2E1 was also observed in PC12 cells exposed to MCP (10−5 M), whereas induction of CYPs was insignificant in cells exposed to 10−6 M concentration of MCP. We believe that this is the first report showing altered expressions of selected CYPs in MCP-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. These apoptotic changes were mitochondria mediated and regulated by caspase cascade. Our data confirm the involvement of specific CYPs in MCP-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and also identifies possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of organophosphate pesticide-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pratap Kashyap
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tripathi
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Agrawal
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Khanna
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aditya Bhushan Pant
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Díez-Dacal B, Pajares MA, Llorca O, Pérez-Sala D. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins with Dienone Structure Promote Cross-Linking of the Chemoresistance-Inducing Enzyme Glutathione Transferase P1-1. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:723-33. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Canestraro M, Galimberti S, Savli H, Palumbo GA, Tibullo D, Nagy B, Guerrini F, Piaggi S, Cine N, Metelli MR, Petrini M. Synergistic antiproliferative effect of arsenic trioxide combined with bortezomib in HL60 cell line and primary blasts from patients affected by myeloproliferative disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 199:110-20. [PMID: 20471514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both arsenic trioxide (ATO) and bortezomib show separate antileukemic activity. With the purpose of evaluating whether the combination of ATO and bortezomib would be an option for patients with acute leukemia, we incubated HL60 leukemic cells with ATO alone and in combination with bortezomib. ATO and bortezomib cooperated to induce cell death and to inhibit proliferation and apoptosis in a synergistic way. The combined treatment resulted in a stronger activation of caspase 8 and 9, moderate activation of caspase 3, and increased expression of Fas and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-DR5 receptors. When bortezomib was added, some proapoptotic genes (CARD9, TRAIL) were upregulated, and some antiapoptotic genes (BCL2, BCL3, FLICE) were downregulated. When coincubated, approximately 80% of cells showed altered mitochondrial membrane permeability. Moreover, ATO alone and in combination with bortezomib abrogated DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappaB). Gene expression assays showed that more deregulated genes were related to proliferation of leukocytes, tumorigenesis, control of cell cycle, hypoxia and oxidative stress, cytokines, PI3K-AKT, ERK-MAPK, EGF pathways, and ubiquitination. Finally, in three cases of acute myeloid leukemia, the addition of bortezomib to ATO significantly increased cytotoxicity. We conclude that the combination of bortezomib and ATO may be efficacious in the treatment of myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Canestraro
- Department of Oncology, Transplant and Advances in Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Pisa, Ospedale S. Chiara, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Yang Z, Yang M, Peng J. Evaluation of Arsenic Trioxide-Loaded Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers: Preparation and Antitumor Efficacy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:834-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040801926733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hernández A, Marcos R. Genetic variations associated with interindividual sensitivity in the response to arsenic exposure. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:1113-32. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.8.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People are exposed to arsenic compounds environmentally, occupationally or therapeutically. In some areas, where arsenic is present in high proportions in the drinking water, this exposure represents an important health concern. Chronic exposure to arsenic leads to hyperkeratosis and loss of skin pigmentation, as well as to significant increases of different types of cancer in skin, lung, bladder and liver; in addition, other pathologies, such as vascular diseases, hepatotoxicity and diabetes, have also been related to arsenic exposure. Since high interindividual variability is observed among people exposed to equivalent doses, genetic susceptibility factors have been postulated to be involved. When inorganic arsenic enters into the body it undergoes metabolic conversion, in a process where methylation plays a crucial role. Trivalent forms, both inorganic and organic, are the most toxic and genotoxic and, for this reason, metabolic variations owing to variant alleles in genes involved in such a process have been the aim of several studies. Genes involved in other mechanisms, such as antioxidant defense and DNA-repair lesions, among others, have also been the subject of association studies. A survey of those studies related to individual susceptibility is summarized here. Results with genes involved in folate one-carbon metabolism and in arsenic transport across the cell membrane provide promising data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hernández
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
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Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. Morphologically, it is identified as the M3 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia by the French-American-British classification and cytogenetically is characterized by a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17, which results in the fusion between promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha). It seems that the disease is the most malignant form of acute leukemia with a severe bleeding tendency and a fatal course of only weeks. Chemotherapy (CT; daunorubicin, idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside) was the front-line treatment of APL with a complete remission (CR) rate of 75% to 80% in newly diagnosed patients. Despite all these progresses, the median duration of remission ranged from 11 to 25 months and only 35% to 45% of the patients could be cured by CT. Since the introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in the treatment and optimization of the ATRA-based regimens, the CR rate was raised up to 90% to 95% and 5-year disease free survival (DFS) to 74%. The use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) since early 1990s further improved the clinical outcome of refractory or relapsed as well as newly diagnosed APL. In this article, we review the history of introduction of ATRA and ATO into clinical use and the mechanistic studies in understanding this model of cancer targeted therapy.
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