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Bürgler S, Nadal D. Pediatric precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: are T helper cells the missing link in the infectious etiology theory? Mol Cell Pediatr 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28508352 PMCID: PMC5432458 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-017-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), the most common childhood malignancy, arises from an expansion of malignant B cell precursors in the bone marrow. Epidemiological studies suggest that infections or immune responses to infections may promote such an expansion and thus BCP-ALL development. Nevertheless, a specific pathogen responsible for this process has not been identified. BCP-ALL cells critically depend on interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment. The bone marrow is also home to memory T helper (Th) cells that have previously expanded during an immune response in the periphery. In secondary lymphoid organs, Th cells can interact with malignant cells of mature B cell origin, while such interactions between Th cells and malignant immature B cell in the bone marrow have not been described yet. Nevertheless, literature supports a model where Th cells—expanded during an infection in early childhood—migrate to the bone marrow and support BCP-ALL cells as they support normal B cells. Further research is required to mechanistically confirm this model and to elucidate the interaction pathways between leukemia cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. As benefit, targeting these interactions could be included in current treatment regimens to increase therapeutic efficiency and to reduce relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bürgler
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - David Nadal
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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de Charette M, Marabelle A, Houot R. Turning tumour cells into antigen presenting cells: The next step to improve cancer immunotherapy? Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:134-147. [PMID: 27755997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation/loss of the antigen presentation is a major immune escape mechanism in cancer. It allows tumour cells to become 'invisible' and avoid immune attack by antitumour T cells. In tumour harbouring properties of professional antigen presenting cells (i.e. tumour B cells in lymphoma), downregulation/loss of the antigen presentation may also prevent direct priming of naïve T cells by tumour cells. Here, we review treatments that may induce/restore antigen presentation by the tumour cells. These treatments may increase the generation of antitumour T cells and/or their capacity to recognise and eliminate tumour cells. By forcing tumour cells to present their antigens, these treatments may sensitise patients to T cell-based immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Villejuif, F-94805, France; INSERM U1015, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique, F-35033, Rennes, France; INSERM, U917, F-35043, Rennes, France.
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Zhou Y, He J, Gou LT, Mu B, Liao WC, Ma C, Tang P, Zhou SJ, Zhou YJ, Yang JL. Expression of CD40 and growth-inhibitory activity of CD40 agonist in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1735-43. [PMID: 22406982 PMCID: PMC11029153 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family and is widely expressed on various cell types. The antitumour activity of CD40 agonist antibody has been observed in B-cell-derived malignancies, but its activity on ovarian cancer remains unclear. However, in this paper, we first confirmed that the anti-CD40 agonist antibody could inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells and induce apoptosis. This study investigated the expression of CD40 by ovarian carcinoma tissues and cell lines, at the same time, we evaluated the effect of a recombinant soluble human CD40L (rshCD40L) and an anti-CD40 agonist antibody on cell growth and apoptosis. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that CD40 was expressed on ovarian carcinoma cell lines and primary ovarian carcinoma cells derived from ascites, as well as on ovarian carcinoma tissues. The growth inhibition of rshCD40L and the anti-CD40 agonist antibody on ovarian carcinoma cells was examined by MTT assay, and the proportion of apoptotic tumour cells was analysed by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. Our study showed that CD40 was expressed on all ovarian carcinoma cell lines and was examined in 86.2% (162/188) of ovarian cancer tissue samples, but not in normal ovarian tissues (n = 20). Treatment with rshCD40L or anti-CD40 agonist antibody significantly inhibited ovarian carcinoma cell growth and induced apoptosis. Theses results suggest that CD40 is expressed on ovarian carcinoma cells, moreover, that rshCD40L and anti-CD40 agonist antibody have therapeutic potential to inhibit human ovarian cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lan-tu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Wei-chan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Shi-jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yong-jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jin-liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Rydström K, Joost P, Ehinger M, Edén P, Jerkeman M, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Linderoth J. Gene expression profiling indicates that immunohistochemical expression of CD40 is a marker of an inflammatory reaction in the tumor stroma of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1764-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.666541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fabricius D, Breckerbohm L, Vollmer A, Queudeville M, Eckhoff SM, Fulda S, Strauss G, Debatin KM, Jahrsdörfer B, Meyer LH. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells treated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, IL-4 and CD40 ligand facilitate enhanced anti-leukemic CTL responses. Leukemia 2011; 25:1111-21. [PMID: 21527935 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. Although the majority of patients initially respond to upfront chemotherapy, relapses with poor prognosis occur in approximately 20% of cases. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are required to improve long-term survival. B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL cells express low levels of immunogenic molecules and, therefore, are poorly recognized by the immune system. In the present study, we investigated the effect of various combinations of potent B-cell stimulators including CpG, Interleukin (IL)-2 family cytokines and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on the immunogenicity of primary BCP-ALL cells and a series of BCP-ALL cell lines. The combination of CpG, IL-4 and CD40L was identified as most effective to enhance expression of immunogenic molecules on BCP-ALL cells, resulting in an increased capacity to induce both allogeneic and autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Importantly, such CTL exhibited significant anti-leukemic cytotoxicity not only towards treated, but also towards untreated BCP-ALL cells. Our results demonstrate that the combination of CpG with other B-cell stimulators is more efficient than CpG alone in generating immunogenic BCP-ALL cells and anti-leukemic CTL. Our results may stimulate the development of novel adoptive T cell transfer approaches for the management of BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fabricius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
There is a need for novel treatment for acute leukaemia as relapse rates remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the patient's immune responses to recognize and destroy leukaemia cells whilst activating immune memory. The qualities of the most potent professional antigen-presenting cell, the dendritic cell (DC), can be used to stimulate leukaemia-specific cytotoxic T cells. DCs can be loaded with leukaemia antigens, or leukaemia blasts can be modified to express DC-like properties for use in vaccine therapy. This chapter will review the rationale for DC vaccine therapy, the preclinical and clinical trials to date, the barriers to successful DC vaccine therapies and the role of immune adjuncts to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duncan
- Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Duus K, Pagh RT, Holmskov U, Højrup P, Skov S, Houen G. Interaction of Calreticulin with CD40 Ligand, TRAIL and Fas Ligand. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:501-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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