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A preliminary analysis of prognostic genes in advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients with postoperative radiotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154229. [PMID: 36509010 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has a high mortality rate, and the prognosis is poor. However, the underlying molecular biological mechanisms bringing about the development and progression of advanced LSCC are not entirely clarified. This study aimed to find out the potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis in advanced LSCC patients who had undergone postoperative radiotherapy alone. The next-generation sequencing of RNA was performed to detect the mRNAs expression profiling in 10 advanced LSCC samples, comprised of 5 samples from LSCC patients with favorable outcome and 5 samples from paired patients with poor outcome. Then bioinformatics analysis including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were used to find out functional core genes that were significantly different between the two groups. 1630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were confirmed to have significant differences between the two groups. 53 GO terms and 19 pathways which were closely related to the DEGs were identified. Finally, 52 intersection DEGs which were both related to the top three GO terms and pathways were identified. The expression of several core genes was confirmed with RT-qPCR in tissues from another 75 patients. RT-qPCR confirmed that the genes of c-JUN, LYN, PIK3R2, and TNFAIP3 were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups, which was in accordance with the RNA sequencing data. The DEGs identified above may be potential prognostic markers for advanced LSCC patients with postoperative radiotherapy, and may provide essential guidance for following-up.
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Mshaik R, Simonet J, Georgievski A, Jamal L, Bechoua S, Ballerini P, Bellaye PS, Mlamla Z, Pais de Barros JP, Geissler A, Francin PJ, Girodon F, Garrido C, Quéré R. HSP90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800 affects stability of SRC kinases and growth of T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 33737511 PMCID: PMC7973815 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL, B-ALL) are aggressive hematological malignancies characterized by an accumulation of immature T- or B-cells. Although patient outcomes have improved, novel targeted therapies are needed to reduce the intensity of chemotherapy and improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. Using cell lines, primary cells and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, we demonstrate that ALL cells viability is sensitive to NVP-BEP800, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Furthermore, we reveal that lymphocyte-specific SRC family kinases (SFK) are important clients of the HSP90 chaperone in ALL. When PDX mice are treated with NVP-BEP800, we found that there is a decrease in ALL progression. Together, these results demonstrate that the chaperoning of SFK by HSP90 is involved in the growth of ALL. These novel findings provide an alternative approach to target SRC kinases and could be used for the development of new treatment strategies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Mshaik
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - John Simonet
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Layla Jamal
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Shaliha Bechoua
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Ferdinand Cabanne, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Zandile Mlamla
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Audrey Geissler
- Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire, CellImaP, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Francin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - François Girodon
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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3
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K. Bhanumathy K, Balagopal A, Vizeacoumar FS, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A, Giambra V. Protein Tyrosine Kinases: Their Roles and Their Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020184. [PMID: 33430292 PMCID: PMC7825731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that controls a wide variety of cellular responses. This process is catalysed by the members of the protein kinase superfamily that are classified into two main families based on their ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues in their substrates. Massive research efforts have been invested in dissecting the functions of tyrosine kinases, revealing their importance in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. Based on these investigations, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been included in clinical protocols and proved to be effective in targeted therapies for various haematological malignancies. In this review, we provide insights into the role of tyrosine kinases in leukaemia and discuss their targeting for therapeutic purposes with the currently available inhibitory compounds. Abstract Protein kinases constitute a large group of enzymes catalysing protein phosphorylation and controlling multiple signalling events. The human protein kinase superfamily consists of 518 members and represents a complicated system with intricate internal and external interactions. Protein kinases are classified into two main families based on the ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues. Among the 90 tyrosine kinase genes, 58 are receptor types classified into 20 groups and 32 are of the nonreceptor types distributed into 10 groups. Tyrosine kinases execute their biological functions by controlling a variety of cellular responses, such as cell division, metabolism, migration, cell–cell and cell matrix adhesion, cell survival and apoptosis. Over the last 30 years, a major focus of research has been directed towards cancer-associated tyrosine kinases owing to their critical contributions to the development and aggressiveness of human malignancies through the pathological effects on cell behaviour. Leukaemia represents a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies, characterised by an uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated hematopoietic cells or leukaemia blasts, mostly derived from bone marrow. They are usually classified as chronic or acute, depending on the rates of their progression, as well as myeloid or lymphoblastic, according to the type of blood cells involved. Overall, these malignancies are relatively common amongst both children and adults. In malignant haematopoiesis, multiple tyrosine kinases of both receptor and nonreceptor types, including AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET), proto-oncogene c-Src (SRC), Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and pro-oncogenic Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 (ABL1) mutants, are implicated in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of practically all types of leukaemia. The role of ABL1 kinase mutants and their therapeutic inhibitors have been extensively analysed in scientific literature, and therefore, in this review, we provide insights into the impact and mechanism of action of other tyrosine kinases involved in the development and progression of human leukaemia and discuss the currently available and emerging treatment options based on targeting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
| | - Amrutha Balagopal
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
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Constitutive activation of Lyn kinase enhances BCR responsiveness, but not the development of CLL in Eµ-TCL1 mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6106-6116. [PMID: 33351104 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been improved dramatically by inhibitors targeting B-cell receptor (BCR)-associated kinases. The tyrosine kinase Lyn is a key modulator of BCR signaling and shows increased expression and activity in CLL. To evaluate the functional relevance of Lyn for CLL, we generated a conditional knockin mouse model harboring a gain-of-function mutation of the Lyn gene (LynY508F), which was specifically expressed in the B-cell lineage (Lynup-B). Kinase activity profiling revealed an enhanced responsiveness to BCR stimulation in Lynup-B B cells. When crossing Lynup-B mice with Eµ-TCL1 mice (TCL1tg/wt), a transgenic mouse model for CLL, the resulting TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B mice showed no significant change of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bone marrow infiltration, or overall survival when compared with TCL1tg/wt mice. Our data also suggested that TCL1 expression has partially masked the effect of the Lynup-B mutation, because the BCR response was only slightly increased in TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B compared with TCL1tg/wt. In contrast, TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B were protected at various degrees against spontaneous apoptosis in vitro and upon treatment with kinase inhibitors targeting the BCR. Collectively, and consistent with our previous data in a Lyn-deficient CLL model, these data lend further suggest that an increased activation of Lyn kinase in B cells does not appear to be a major driver of leukemia progression and the level of increased BCR responsiveness induced by Lynup-B is insufficient to induce clear changes to CLL pathogenesis in vivo.
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Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Why, Who and How? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143429. [PMID: 31336846 PMCID: PMC6679203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a myeloid malignancy carrying a heterogeneous molecular panel of mutations participating in the blockade of differentiation and the increased proliferation of myeloid hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The historical "3 + 7" treatment (cytarabine and daunorubicin) is currently challenged by new therapeutic strategies, including drugs depending on the molecular landscape of AML. This panel of mutations makes it possible to combine some of these new treatments with conventional chemotherapy. For example, the FLT3 receptor is overexpressed or mutated in 80% or 30% of AML, respectively. Such anomalies have led to the development of targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this review, we document the history of TKI targeting, FLT3 and several other tyrosine kinases involved in dysregulated signaling pathways.
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Liu W, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Koya Y, Senga T, Kikkawa F. Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 immunoreactivity indicates an increased risk of poor overall survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9406-9412. [PMID: 29805664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1) is a 75-kDa intracellular protein that is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. Several previous studies have demonstrated the association between HS1 expression and a poor prognosis in hematopoietic malignancies; however, in solid tumors, no studies not been reported. The present study examined the distribution and expression of HS1 in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) to determine its clinical significance. Paraffin sections were obtained from EOC tissues and immunostained with HS1 antibody, and then the staining intensities were evaluated. Overall survival (OS) was determined using the Kaplan-Meier estimator method, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards analysis. In total, 195 patients with EOC (median age, 56 years) were enrolled into the present study. HS1 immunoreactivity was categorized based on expression levels: Low (89/195; 45.6%) and high (106/195; 54.4%). Results demonstrated no association between expression level(s) and any clinicopathological parameter including age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, type of chemotherapy or type of surgery received. The 5-year OS rates of patients who demonstrated low (n=89) and high (n=106) HS1 expression were 90.4 and 66.7%, respectively. The OS times for patients with high HS1 expression were significantly shorter compared with those for patients exhibiting low HS1 expression (P=0.0065). Results obtained from the multivariate analysis demonstrated that the FIGO stage and the amount of HS1 expressed were significant independent prognostic markers for poorer OS (hazard ratio, 3.539; 95% confidence interval, 1.221-12.811; P=0.0187). High HS1 expression levels may serve as a useful biomarker in patients with EOC who are likely to exhibit an unfavorable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liu
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
| | - Kiyosumi Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Koya
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Senga
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 4668550, Japan
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7
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Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Shyam S, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Dermime S, Uddin S. Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29455667 PMCID: PMC5817858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases belong to a family of enzymes that mediate the movement of the phosphate group to tyrosine residues of target protein, thus transmitting signals from the cell surface to cytoplasmic proteins and the nucleus to regulate physiological processes. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) are a sub-group of tyrosine kinases, which can relay intracellular signals originating from extracellular receptor. NRTKs can regulate a huge array of cellular functions such as cell survival, division/propagation and adhesion, gene expression, immune response, etc. NRTKs exhibit considerable variability in their structural make up, having a shared kinase domain and commonly possessing many other domains such as SH2, SH3 which are protein-protein interacting domains. Recent studies show that NRTKs are mutated in several hematological malignancies, including lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas, leading to aberrant activation. It can be due to point mutations which are intragenic changes or by fusion of genes leading to chromosome translocation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activity result in the formation of oncogenes, such as Abl, Fes, Src, etc. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors have been sought after to target mutated kinases. A number of compounds have since been discovered, which have shown to inhibit the activity of NRTKs, which are remarkably well tolerated. This review covers the role of various NRTKs in the development of hematological cancers, including their deregulation, genetic alterations, aberrant activation and associated mutations. In addition, it also looks at the recent advances in the development of novel natural compounds that can target NRTKs and perhaps in combination with other forms of therapy can show great promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Sunitha Shyam
- Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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8
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Nguyen PH, Fedorchenko O, Rosen N, Koch M, Barthel R, Winarski T, Florin A, Wunderlich FT, Reinart N, Hallek M. LYN Kinase in the Tumor Microenvironment Is Essential for the Progression of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:610-622. [PMID: 27728807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells strictly depends on the support of an appropriate tumor microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that LYN kinase is essential for CLL progression. Lyn deficiency results in a significantly reduced CLL burden in vivo. Loss of Lyn within leukemic cells reduces B cell receptor (BCR) signaling including BTK phosphorylation, but surprisingly does not affect leukemic cell expansion. Instead, syngeneic CLL transplantation of CLL cells into Lyn- or Btk-deficient recipients results in a strongly delayed leukemic progression and prolonged survival. Moreover, Lyn deficiency in macrophages hinders nursing functions for CLL cells, which is mediated by direct contact rather than secretion of soluble factors. Taken together, LYN and BTK seem essential for the formation of a microenvironment supporting leukemic growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oleg Fedorchenko
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Natascha Rosen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koch
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Romy Barthel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomasz Winarski
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research; Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Reinart
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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9
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Heo SK, Noh EK, Yoon DJ, Jo JC, Choi Y, Koh S, Baek JH, Park JH, Min YJ, Kim H. Radotinib Induces Apoptosis of CD11b+ Cells Differentiated from Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129853. [PMID: 26065685 PMCID: PMC4466365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radotinib, developed as a BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for the second-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in South Korea. However, therapeutic effects of radotinib in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that radotinib significantly decreases the viability of AML cells in a dose-dependent manner. Kasumi-1 cells were more sensitive to radotinib than NB4, HL60, or THP-1 cell lines. Furthermore, radotinib induced CD11b expression in NB4, THP-1, and Kasumi-1 cells either in presence or absence of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). We found that radotinib promoted differentiation and induced CD11b expression in AML cells by downregulating LYN. However, CD11b expression induced by ATRA in HL60 cells was decreased by radotinib through upregulation of LYN. Furthermore, radotinib mainly induced apoptosis of CD11b+ cells in the total population of AML cells. Radotinib also increased apoptosis of CD11b+ HL60 cells when they were differentiated by ATRA/dasatinib treatment. We show that radotinib induced apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in CD11b+ cells differentiated from AML cells. Our results suggest that radotinib may be used as a candidate drug in AML or a chemosensitizer for treatment of AML by other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Kyoung Heo
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Kyu Noh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Yoon
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsuk Choi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - SuJin Koh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Baek
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoo Park
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Myongji Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 412-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Min
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hawk Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-060, Republic of Korea
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 682-714, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ku M, Wall M, MacKinnon RN, Walkley CR, Purton LE, Tam C, Izon D, Campbell L, Cheng HC, Nandurkar H. Src family kinases and their role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:577-86. [PMID: 24898666 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.907897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor intracellular kinases that have important roles in both hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. The derangement of their expression or activation has been demonstrated to contribute to hematological malignancies. This review first examines the mechanisms of SFK overexpression and hyperactivation, emphasizing the dysregulation of the upstream modulators. Subsequently, the role of SFK up-regulation in the initiation, progression and therapy resistance of many hematological malignancies is also analyzed. The presented evidence endeavors to highlight the influence of SFK up-regulation on an extensive number of hematological malignancies and the need to consider them as candidates in targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ku
- Haematology Department and Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy , Australia
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11
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Benetatos L, Hatzimichael E, Londin E, Vartholomatos G, Loher P, Rigoutsos I, Briasoulis E. The microRNAs within the DLK1-DIO3 genomic region: involvement in disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:795-814. [PMID: 22825660 PMCID: PMC11114045 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian genome is transcribed in a developmentally regulated manner, generating RNA strands ranging from long to short non-coding RNA (ncRNAs). NcRNAs generated by intergenic sequences and protein-coding loci, represent up to 98 % of the human transcriptome. Non-coding transcripts comprise short ncRNAs such as microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs and long intergenic RNAs, most of which exercise a strictly controlled negative regulation of expression of protein-coding genes. In humans, the DLK1-DIO3 genomic region, located on human chromosome 14 (14q32) contains the paternally expressed imprinted genes DLK1, RTL1, and DIO3 and the maternally expressed imprinted genes MEG3 (Gtl2), MEG8 (RIAN), and antisense RTL1 (asRTL1). This region hosts, in addition to two long intergenic RNAs, the MEG3 and MEG8, one of the largest microRNA clusters in the genome, with 53 miRNAs in the forward strand and one (mir-1247) in the reverse strand. Many of these miRNAs are differentially expressed in several pathologic processes and various cancers. A better understanding of the pathophysiologic importance of the DLK1-DIO3 domain-containing microRNA cluster may contribute to innovative therapeutic strategies in a range of diseases. Here we present an in-depth review of this vital genomic region, and examine the role the microRNAs of this region may play in controlling tissue homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of some human diseases, mostly cancer, when aberrantly expressed. The potential clinical implications of this data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Benetatos
- Transfusion Unit, General Hospital of Preveza, Selefkias 2, 48100, Preveza, Greece.
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12
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Wang YH, Fan L, Wang L, Zhang R, Zou ZJ, Fang C, Zhang LN, Li JY, Xu W. Expression levels of Lyn, Syk, PLCγ2 and ERK in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and higher levels of Lyn are associated with a shorter treatment-free survival. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:1165-70. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.736983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Cheng CK, Kwan TK, Cheung CY, Ng K, Liang P, Cheng SH, Chan NPH, Ip RKL, Wong RSM, Lee V, Li CK, Yip SF, Ng MHL. A polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the NPM1 gene causes illegitimate regulation by microRNA-337-5p and correlates with adverse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2012; 98:913-7. [PMID: 23065518 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.073015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin, encoded by NPM1, is a haploinsufficient suppressor in hematologic malignancies. NPM1 mutations are mostly found in acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal karyotype and associated with favorable prognosis. A polymorphic nucleotide T deletion with unknown significance is present in the NPM1 3'-untranslated region. Here, we showed that the homozygous nucleotide T deletion was associated with adverse outcomes and could independently predict shortened survival in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the nucleotide T deletion created an illegitimate binding NPM1 for miR-337-5p, which was widely expressed in different acute myeloid leukemia subtypes and inhibited NPM1 expression. Accordingly, NPM1 levels were found to be significantly reduced and correlated with miR-337-5p levels in patients carrying a homozygous nucleotide T-deletion genotype. Together, our findings uncover a microRNA-mediated control of NPM1 expression that contributes to disease heterogeneity and suggest additional prognostic values of NPM1 in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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14
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Frezzato F, Gattazzo C, Martini V, Trimarco V, Teramo A, Carraro S, Cabrelle A, Ave E, Facco M, Zambello R, Tibaldi E, Brunati AM, Semenzato G, Trentin L. HS1, a Lyn kinase substrate, is abnormally expressed in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlates with response to fludarabine-based regimen. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39902. [PMID: 22768161 PMCID: PMC3387232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) kinase Lyn is overexpressed, active, abnormally distributed, and part of a cytosolic complex involving hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1). These aberrant properties of Lyn could partially explain leukemic cells' defective apoptosis, directly or through its substrates, for example, HS1 that has been associated to apoptosis in different cell types. To verify the hypothesis of HS1 involvement in Lyn-mediated leukemic cell survival, we investigated HS1 protein in 71 untreated B-CLL patients and 26 healthy controls. We found HS1 overexpressed in leukemic as compared to normal B lymphocytes (1.38±0.54 vs 0.86±0.29, p<0.01), and when HS1 levels were correlated to clinical parameters we found a higher expression of HS1 in poor-prognosis patients. Moreover, HS1 levels significantly decreased in ex vivo leukemic cells of patients responding to a fludarabine-containing regimen. We also observed that HS1 is partially localized in the nucleus of neoplastic B cells. All these data add new information on HS1 study, hypothesizing a pivotal role of HS1 in Lyn-mediated modulation of leukemic cells' survival and focusing, one more time, the attention on the BCR-Lyn axis as a putative target for new therapeutic strategies in this disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/drug effects
- Subcellular Fractions/enzymology
- Substrate Specificity/drug effects
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
- Vidarabine/therapeutic use
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frezzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Gattazzo
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Martini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Teramo
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Samuela Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Cabrelle
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Ave
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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15
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Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Protein kinases: emerging therapeutic targets in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:409-23. [PMID: 22409342 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.668526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although protein kinases are primary targets for inhibition in hematological malignancies, until recently their contribution to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was poorly understood. Insights into B-cell receptor signaling and its role in regulating key cellular functions have shed light on candidate protein kinases that are aberrantly activated in CLL. In this regard, protein kinases are now considered as potential drug targets in CLL. AREA COVERED This review has covered signaling pathways and associated protein kinases in CLL and the kinase inhibitors currently available in preclinical and clinical investigations. Individual protein kinases that are abnormally active in CLL and the functional consequences of their inhibition are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A growing body of evidence suggests that protein kinases are druggable targets for patients with CLL. The emergence of novel and bio-available kinase inhibitors and their promising clinical activity in CLL underscore the oncogenic role of kinases in leukemogenesis. Further investigations directed towards their role as single agents or in combinations may provide insight into understanding the substantial role of kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways and their inhibition in B- CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Zhao H, Yao R, Cao X, Wu G. Neuroimmune modulation following traumatic stress in rats: evidence for an immunoregulatory cascade mediated by c-Src, miRNA222 and PAK1. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:159. [PMID: 22078298 PMCID: PMC3256122 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroimmune modulation following traumatic stress is accompanied by cortical upregulation of c-Src expression, but the mechanistic details of the potential regulatory link between c-Src expression and immunosuppression have not been established. Methods We used a combination of techniques to measure temporal changes in: (i) the parallel expression of c-Src and microRNA222; (ii) levels of PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1); and (iii) the association between PAK1 and interleukin 1β signaling, both in cortex of rats following traumatic stress and in primary cortical neurons. Techniques included real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, western blotting and subcellular fractionation by discontinuous centrifugation. We also measured lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Results We confirm robust upregulation of c-Src expression following traumatic stress. c-Src upregulation was accompanied by marked increases in levels of miRNA222; other studied miRNAs were not affected by stress. We also established that PAK1 is a primary target for miRNA222, and that increased levels of miRNA222 following traumatic stress are accompanied by downregulation of PAK1 expression. PAK1 was shown to mediate the association of IL-1RI with lipid rafts and thereby enhance IL-1 signaling. Detailed analyses in cultured neurons and glial cells revealed that PAK1-mediated enhancement of IL-1RI activation is governed to a large extent by c-Src/miRNA222 signaling; this signaling played a central role in the modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and NK cell activity. Conclusions Our results suggest that neuroimmune modulation following traumatic stress is mediated by a cascade that involves c-Src-mediated enhancement of miRNA222 expression and downregulation of PAK1, which in turn impairs signaling via IL-1β/IL1-RI, leading to immunosuppression. The regulatory networks involving c-Src/miRNA222 and PAK1/IL-1RI signaling have significant potential for the development of therapeutic approaches designed to promote recovery following traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Brain Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P R China.
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Traeder J, Jonigk D, Feist H, Bröcker V, Länger F, Kreipe H, Hussein K. Pathological characteristics of a series of rare chronic histiocytic intervillositis of the placenta. Placenta 2010; 31:1116-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Aberrant microRNA expression pattern in myelodysplastic bone marrow cells. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1169-74. [PMID: 20627384 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA/miR system might contribute to deregulation of cell homeostasis/disease phenotype. This is the first approach to generate an expression profile of 365 microRNAs in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with normal karyotype (n=12) and distinct cytogenetic aberrations (n=12). In MDS-del(5q), a series of microRNAs not in the 5q-region was increased. MicroRNAs encoded on chromosomes 5, 7 and 8 were not differentially expressed in MDS with del(5q), -7 or +8. Evaluation in a larger cohort could confirm the up-regulation of the miR-1 in MDS. These findings provide evidence that MDS-haematopoiesis is distinct in its microRNA-expression pattern from non-neoplastic cells.
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Jukic DM, Rao UNM, Kelly L, Skaf JS, Drogowski LM, Kirkwood JM, Panelli MC. Microrna profiling analysis of differences between the melanoma of young adults and older adults. J Transl Med 2010; 8:27. [PMID: 20302635 PMCID: PMC2855523 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study represents the first attempt to perform a profiling analysis of the intergenerational differences in the microRNAs (miRNAs) of primary cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms in young adult and older age groups. The data emphasize the importance of these master regulators in the transcriptional machinery of melanocytic neoplasms and suggest that differential levels of expressions of these miRs may contribute to differences in phenotypic and pathologic presentation of melanocytic neoplasms at different ages. METHODS An exploratory miRNA analysis of 666 miRs by low density microRNA arrays was conducted on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues (FFPE) from 10 older adults and 10 young adults including conventional melanoma and melanocytic neoplasms of uncertain biological significance. Age-matched benign melanocytic nevi were used as controls. RESULTS Primary melanoma in patients greater than 60 years old was characterized by the increased expression of miRs regulating TLR-MyD88-NF-kappaB pathway (hsa-miR-199a), RAS/RAB22A pathway (hsa-miR-204); growth differentiation and migration (hsa-miR337), epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) (let-7b, hsa-miR-10b/10b*), invasion and metastasis (hsa-miR-10b/10b*), hsa-miR-30a/e*, hsa-miR-29c*; cellular matrix components (hsa-miR-29c*); invasion-cytokinesis (hsa-miR-99b*) compared to melanoma of younger patients. MiR-211 was dramatically downregulated compared to nevi controls, decreased with increasing age and was among the miRs linked to metastatic processes. Melanoma in young adult patients had increased expression of hsa-miR-449a and decreased expression of hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-214*. MiR-30a* in clinical stages I-II adult and pediatric melanoma could predict classification of melanoma tissue in the two extremes of age groups. Although the number of cases is small, positive lymph node status in the two age groups was characterized by the statistically significant expression of hsa-miR-30a* and hsa-miR-204 (F-test, p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings, although preliminary, support the notion that the differential biology of melanoma at the extremes of age is driven, in part, by deregulation of microRNA expression and by fine tuning of miRs that are already known to regulate cell cycle, inflammation, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)/stroma and more specifically genes known to be altered in melanoma. Our analysis reveals that miR expression differences create unique patterns of frequently affected biological processes that clearly distinguish old age from young age melanomas. This is a novel characterization of the miRnomes of melanocytic neoplasms at two extremes of age and identifies potential diagnostic and clinico-pathologic biomarkers that may serve as novel miR-based targeted modalities in melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen M Jukic
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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