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Kargar M, Torabizadeh M, Purrahman D, Zayeri ZD, Saki N. Regulatory factors involved in Th17/Treg cell balance of immune thrombocytopenia. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103389. [PMID: 37062251 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is a common heterogeneous autoimmune disease that is characterized by decreasing peripheral blood platelet counts and increasing risk of bleeding. Studies have shown that an imbalance between T helper 17 (Th17) and Regulatory T (Treg) cells differentiated from CD4+T-cells is a key factor influencing the development and pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Th17 cells promote the development of chronic inflammatory disorders and induce autoimmune diseases, whereas Treg cells regulate immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmune diseases. Several regulators affecting the production and maintenance of these cells are also essential for proper regulation of Th17/Treg balance; these regulatory factors include cell surface proteins, miRNAs, and cytokine signaling. In this review, we focus on the function and role of balance between Th17 and Treg cells in immune thrombocytopenia, the regulatory factors, and therapeutic goals of this balance in immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Kargar
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Torabizadeh
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Tan JH, Ahmad Azahari AHS, Ali A, Ismail NAS. Scoping Review on Epigenetic Mechanisms in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:555. [PMID: 36980827 PMCID: PMC10048672 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune blood disorder that involves multiple pathways responsible for the homeostasis of the immune system. Numerous pieces of literature have proposed the potential of immune-related genes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, which mostly implicate the role of B cells and T cells in the pathogenesis of ITP. However, a more in-depth understanding is required of how these immune-related genes are regulated. Thus, this scoping review aims to collate evidence and further elucidate each possible epigenetics mechanism in the regulation of immunological pathways pertinent to the pathogenesis of ITP. This encompasses DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. A total of 41 studies were scrutinized to further clarify how each of the epigenetics mechanisms is related to the pathogenesis of ITP. Identifying epigenetics mechanisms will provide a new paradigm that may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong Tan
- Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hazim Syakir Ahmad Azahari
- Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Research Centre, Hospital Tunku Ampuan Besar Tuanku Aishah Rohani, UKM Specialist Children’s Hospital, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Research Centre, Hospital Tunku Ampuan Besar Tuanku Aishah Rohani, UKM Specialist Children’s Hospital, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Zhao Y, Li J. A new NOTCH3 damaging variant in a thrombocytopenia family of Miao ethnic group. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3130. [PMID: 31729093 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric inherited thrombocytopenia, also known as a deficiency of platelets in children, is caused by genetic factors and it is hard to obtain an effective treatment. Thus, it is necessary to identify the possible genetic variants that are responsible for thrombocytopenia. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was used to detect genetic variants in two members of a thrombocytopenia family of Miao ethnic group. Multiple in silico analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of the novel missense variants. RESULTS Finally, a novel variant (chr19: g.15170364G>A) in the NOTCH3 gene was found, as confirmed with Sanger sequencing, which could result in a R1694Q substitution in the protein. This variant was consistently suggested to be damaging by sift (Sorting Tolerant From Intolerant; http://sift.jcvi.org), polyphen (Polymorphism Phenotyping, version 2.0; http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2) and mutationtaster (http://www.mutationtaster.org) software. By building the 3D model of the key region of NOTCH3 protein and performing the structure simulation, we found that (i) this variant affected the 3D structure model with a root-mean-square deviation = 0.46 between wild-type and mutant type; (ii) this variant caused the protein to reduce the solvent accessible surface area by 421 Å2 ; and (iii) compared to the wild-type protein, the mutant protein had two less amino acids to maintain protein stability. CONCLUSIONS A novel damaging variant in the NOTCH3 gene was identified in a thrombocytopenia family with respect to decreasing the stability of NOTCH3, which may help with the prognosis and therapy of inherited thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juheng Li
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Longgang District of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Gawdat RM, Hammam AA, Ezzat DA. Correlation of Notch1/Hes1 Genes Expression Levels in Egyptian Paediatric Patients with Newly Diagnosed and Persistent Primary Immune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:362-7. [PMID: 27429531 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signalling is involved in the development of several autoimmune diseases, one of such diseases is ITP. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the expression levels of Notch1 receptor and its target Hes1 gene in Egyptian paediatric ITP patients. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 in 42 children with primary ITP (22 newly diagnosed and 20 persistent) cases. Twenty age and sex matched non-ITP controls were included. The expression levels of Notch1 were higher in newly diagnosed and persistent cases than controls with high statistical significant difference (P value < 0.001, P < 0.001) respectively, similarly as regards the expression levels of HES1 (P value < 0.001, P < 0.007) respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Notch1 and Hes1 expression levels in newly diagnosed cases (r = 0.587, P value = 0.004). There was an association between levels of both genes in most of ITP patients but Hes1 was markedly elevated than Notch1 in few cases. High expression levels of Notch1/Hes1 indicated the important role of Notch signalling in both newly diagnosed and persistent ITP. High expression levels of Hes1 than Notch1 may shed light on its value as a therapeutic target for future research in ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Mohsen Gawdat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Amira Ahmed Hammam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Dina Ahmed Ezzat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Yu L, Zhang C, Zhang L, Shi Y, Ji X. Biomarkers for immune thrombocytopenia. Biomark Res 2015; 3:19. [PMID: 26185681 PMCID: PMC4504091 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease with abnormal biomarkers. Immune thrombocytopenia pathogenesis is a complicated process in which the patient’s immune system is activated by platelet autoantigens resulting in immune mediated platelet destruction or suppression of platelet production. The autoantibodies produced by autoreactive B cells against self antigens are considered to play a crucial role. In addition, biomarkers such as transforming growth factor-beta1,Toll-like receptors,T helper 1 andT helper 2 cytokine bias, Notch signaling and abnormal biomarker in megakaryocyte maturation are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. With the genomewide association study on immune thrombocytopenia, more biomarkers will be founded in the future. They may provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjia Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong 250012 PR China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the central Hospital of TaiAn, TaiAn, PR China
| | | | - Yongyu Shi
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuebin Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong 250012 PR China
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Inactivation of Notch signaling reverses the Th17/Treg imbalance in cells from patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Transl Med 2015; 95:157-67. [PMID: 25485537 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, along with Th1 and Th2 cells, may contribute to the development of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The imbalance of Th17/Treg toward Th17 cells has been shown to play a pivotal role in the peripheral immune response. Notch signaling has been implicated in peripheral T-cell activation and effector cell differentiation. However, the role of Th17/Treg in the pathogenesis of ITP and the effect of Notch signaling on Th17/Treg imbalances remain largely elusive in ITP. In vitro, we treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ITP and healthy controls with γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). Th17 cells and Treg cells were measured by flow cytometry and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-10 secretion by enzyme immunoassay technique. The mRNA expression of Ntoch1, Hes1, Hey1, RORγt, and Foxp3 was investigated by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis detection kit. We demonstrated that DAPT was effective in inhibiting mRNA expression of Notch signaling molecules. In untreated cultured PBMCs from ITP patients, we observed elevated Th17 cell and IL-21 levels and RORγt mRNA expression, decreased Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression, and an increased ratio of Th17/Treg and RORγt/Foxp3. After inactivating Notch signal by DAPT, Th17 cells and Th17/Treg ratio were dose dependently decreased and accompanied by the reduction of IL-17 in culture supernatants and RORγt mRNA expression in ITP patients. However, no significant difference was found for Treg cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression, RORγt/Foxp3 ratio, and IL-21 and IL-10 levels after DAPT treatment in ITP patients. We also present evidence that the effect of DAPT inhibition on the Th17 cell response was associated with downregulation of RORγt and IL-17 transcription using human in vitro polarization. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of Notch signaling in Th17/Treg imbalances in ITP. Inactivation of Notch signaling might be a potential immunoregulatory strategy in ITP patients.
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Ji X, Zhang L, Peng J, Hou M. T cell immune abnormalities in immune thrombocytopenia. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:72. [PMID: 25274611 PMCID: PMC4189678 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease with abnormal T cell immunity. Cytotoxic T cells, abnormal T regulatory cells, helper T cell imbalance, megakaryocyte maturation abnormalities and abnormal T cell anergy are involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The loss of T cell-mediated immune tolerance to platelet auto-antigens plays a crucial role in immune thrombocytopenia. The induction of T cell tolerance is an important mechanism by which the pathogenesis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia can be studied. Studies regarding the roles of the new inducible costimulator signal transduction pathway, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, and the nuclear factor kappa B signal transduction pathway in the induction of T cell tolerance can help improve our understanding of immune theory and may provide a new theoretical basis for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Roderick JE, Gonzalez-Perez G, Kuksin CA, Dongre A, Roberts ER, Srinivasan J, Andrzejewski C, Fauq AH, Golde TE, Miele L, Minter LM. Therapeutic targeting of NOTCH signaling ameliorates immune-mediated bone marrow failure of aplastic anemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1311-29. [PMID: 23733784 PMCID: PMC3698520 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Notch1 signaling sustains the proinflammatory behavior of Th1 cells, implicated in the development of aplastic anemia in humans and mice. Severe aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow (BM) failure (BMF) disease frequently caused by aberrant immune destruction of blood progenitors. Although a Th1-mediated pathology is well described for AA, molecular mechanisms driving disease progression remain ill defined. The NOTCH signaling pathway mediates Th1 cell differentiation in the presence of polarizing cytokines, an action requiring enzymatic processing of NOTCH receptors by γ-secretase. Using a mouse model of AA, we demonstrate that expression of both intracellular NOTCH1IC and T-BET, a key transcription factor regulating Th1 cell differentiation, was increased in spleen and BM-infiltrating T cells during active disease. Conditionally deleting Notch1 or administering γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) in vivo attenuated disease and rescued mice from lethal BMF. In peripheral T cells from patients with untreated AA, NOTCH1IC was significantly elevated and bound to the TBX21 promoter, showing NOTCH1 directly regulates the gene encoding T-BET. Treating patient cells with GSIs in vitro lowered NOTCH1IC levels, decreased NOTCH1 detectable at the TBX21 promoter, and decreased T-BET expression, indicating that NOTCH1 signaling is responsive to GSIs during active disease. Collectively, these results identify NOTCH signaling as a primary driver of Th1-mediated pathogenesis in AA and may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine E Roderick
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Valsesia A, Rimoldi D, Martinet D, Ibberson M, Benaglio P, Quadroni M, Waridel P, Gaillard M, Pidoux M, Rapin B, Rivolta C, Xenarios I, Simpson AJG, Antonarakis SE, Beckmann JS, Jongeneel CV, Iseli C, Stevenson BJ. Network-guided analysis of genes with altered somatic copy number and gene expression reveals pathways commonly perturbed in metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18369. [PMID: 21494657 PMCID: PMC3072964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genomes frequently contain somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) that can significantly perturb the expression level of affected genes and thus disrupt pathways controlling normal growth. In melanoma, many studies have focussed on the copy number and gene expression levels of the BRAF, PTEN and MITF genes, but little has been done to identify new genes using these parameters at the genome-wide scale. Using karyotyping, SNP and CGH arrays, and RNA-seq, we have identified SCNA affecting gene expression ('SCNA-genes') in seven human metastatic melanoma cell lines. We showed that the combination of these techniques is useful to identify candidate genes potentially involved in tumorigenesis. Since few of these alterations were recurrent across our samples, we used a protein network-guided approach to determine whether any pathways were enriched in SCNA-genes in one or more samples. From this unbiased genome-wide analysis, we identified 28 significantly enriched pathway modules. Comparison with two large, independent melanoma SCNA datasets showed less than 10% overlap at the individual gene level, but network-guided analysis revealed 66% shared pathways, including all but three of the pathways identified in our data. Frequently altered pathways included WNT, cadherin signalling, angiogenesis and melanogenesis. Additionally, our results emphasize the potential of the EPHA3 and FRS2 gene products, involved in angiogenesis and migration, as possible therapeutic targets in melanoma. Our study demonstrates the utility of network-guided approaches, for both large and small datasets, to identify pathways recurrently perturbed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Valsesia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Martinet
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Gaillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Pidoux
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blandine Rapin
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew J. G. Simpson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Victor Jongeneel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Genomic Biology and National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christian Iseli
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (CI); (BJS)
| | - Brian J. Stevenson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (CI); (BJS)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder in which both antibody and cell-mediated autoimmune responses are directed against an individual's own platelets and/or megakaryocytes, leading to either enhanced platelet destruction and/or reduced platelet production, respectively. The cause of this platelet-specific autoimmunity remains unknown, but there has been a constant stream of recent publications that suggest ITP is the result of T-cell dysregulation. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 18 months, a rich tapestry of studies has emerged that seems to clarify some immunopathologic issues in ITP while raising new questions related to ITP pathogenesis. The current view on the immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with ITP appears to particularly concentrate on how incompetent CD4+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) allow autoimmune effector mechanisms to proceed and cause thrombocytopenia. There is a parallel body of recent literature focusing on molecular mimicry mechanisms, B-cell abnormalities, abnormal cytokine patterns and genetic studies in ITP. Of interest, one can recognize inter-relationships between these immune dysregulations. SUMMARY This article will discuss the literature from the past 18 months pertaining to these observations and will show that whereas many of the T-cell defects have been clarified, new questions have also come to light and more immunopathological research is warranted.
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Future perspectives: therapeutic targeting of notch signalling may become a strategy in patients receiving stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2010; 2011:570796. [PMID: 22046566 PMCID: PMC3200006 DOI: 10.1155/2011/570796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human Notch system consists of 5 ligands and 4 membrane receptors with promiscuous ligand binding, and Notch-initiated signalling interacts with a wide range of other intracellular pathways. The receptor signalling seems important for regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis, development of the cellular immune system, and regulation of immune responses. Several Notch-targeting agents are now being developed, including natural receptor ligands, agonistic and antagonistic antibodies, and inhibitors of intracellular Notch-initiated signalling. Some of these agents are in clinical trials, and several therapeutic strategies seem possible in stem cell recipients: (i) agonists may be used for stem cell expansion and possibly to enhance posttransplant lymphoid reconstitution; (ii) receptor-specific agonists or antagonists can be used for immunomodulation; (iii) Notch targeting may have direct anticancer effects. Although the effects of therapeutic targeting are difficult to predict due to promiscuous ligand binding, targeting of this system may represent an opportunity to achieve combined effects with earlier posttransplant reconstitution, immunomodulation, or direct anticancer effects.
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Ma D, Zhu Y, Ji C, Hou M. Targeting the Notch signaling pathway in autoimmune diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:553-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003752750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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