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Revisiting Dosing Regimen Using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Mathematical Modeling: Densification and Intensification of Combination Cancer Therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 55:1015-25. [PMID: 26946136 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlling effects of drugs administered in combination is particularly challenging with a densified regimen because of life-threatening hematological toxicities. We have developed a mathematical model to optimize drug dosing regimens and to redesign the dose intensification-dose escalation process, using densified cycles of combined anticancer drugs. A generic mathematical model was developed to describe the main components of the real process, including pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy pharmacodynamics, and non-hematological toxicity risk. This model allowed for computing the distribution of the total drug amount of each drug in combination, for each escalation dose level, in order to minimize the average tumor mass for each cycle. This was achieved while complying with absolute neutrophil count clinical constraints and without exceeding a fixed risk of non-hematological dose-limiting toxicity. The innovative part of this work was the development of densifying and intensifying designs in a unified procedure. This model enabled us to determine the appropriate regimen in a pilot phase I/II study in metastatic breast patients for a 2-week-cycle treatment of docetaxel plus epirubicin doublet, and to propose a new dose-ranging process. In addition to the present application, this method can be further used to achieve optimization of any combination therapy, thus improving the efficacy versus toxicity balance of such a regimen.
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Hénin E, Meille C, Barbolosi D, You B, Guitton J, Iliadis A, Freyer G. Revisiting dosing regimen using PK/PD modeling: the MODEL1 phase I/II trial of docetaxel plus epirubicin in metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:331-41. [PMID: 27002506 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The MODEL1 trial is the first model-driven phase I/II dose-escalation study of densified docetaxel plus epirubicin administration in metastatic breast cancer patients, a regimen previously known to induce unacceptable life-threatening toxicities. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of this densified regimen. Study of the efficacy was a secondary objective. Her2-negative, hormone-resistant metastatic breast cancer patients were treated with escalating doses of docetaxel plus epirubicin every 2 weeks for six cycles with granulocyte colony stimulating factor support. A total of 16 patients were treated with total doses ranging from 85 to 110 mg of docetaxel plus epirubicin per cycle. Dose escalation was controlled by a non-hematological toxicity model. Dose densification was guided by a model of neutrophil kinetics, able to optimize docetaxel plus epirubicin dosing with respect to pre-defined acceptable levels of hematological toxicity while ensuring maximal efficacy. The densified treatment was safe since hematological toxicity was much lower compared to previous findings, and other adverse events were consistent with those observed with this regimen. The maximal tolerated dose was 100 mg given every 2 weeks. The response rate was 45 %; median progression-free survival was 10.4 months, whereas 54.6 months of median overall survival was achieved. The optimized docetaxel plus epirubicin dosing regimen led to fewer toxicities associated with higher efficacy as compared with standard or empirical densified dosing. This study suggests that model-driven dosage adjustment can lead to improved efficacy-toxicity balance in patients with cancer when several anticancer drugs are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hénin
- EMR3738, Ciblage Thérapeutique en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard, Oullins, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Meille
- Pharmacokinetics Unit, Aix-Marseille University, SMARTc, Inserm CRO2 UMR_S 911, 13375, Marseille, France.,OCP-TCO, Novartis Pharma AG, WSJ-340.5.25.27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Barbolosi
- Pharmacokinetics Unit, Aix-Marseille University, SMARTc, Inserm CRO2 UMR_S 911, 13375, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit You
- EMR3738, Ciblage Thérapeutique en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard, Oullins, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut de Cancérologie des HCL, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- EMR3738, Ciblage Thérapeutique en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard, Oullins, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Département de Pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Athanassios Iliadis
- Pharmacokinetics Unit, Aix-Marseille University, SMARTc, Inserm CRO2 UMR_S 911, 13375, Marseille, France.
| | - Gilles Freyer
- EMR3738, Ciblage Thérapeutique en Oncologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Université Claude Bernard, Oullins, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut de Cancérologie des HCL, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 69495, Lyon, France
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Barbolosi D, Ciccolini J, Lacarelle B, Barlési F, André N. Computational oncology — mathematical modelling of drug regimens for precision medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 13:242-54. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tryfonidis K, Boukovinas I, Xenidis N, Christophyllakis C, Papakotoulas P, Politaki E, Malamos N, Polyzos A, Kakolyris S, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D. A multicenter phase I-II study of docetaxel plus epirubicin plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment in women with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Breast 2013; 22:1171-7. [PMID: 24091128 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel (D) plus epirubicin (E) in combination with bevacizumab (B) [DEB regimen] as front-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Women with previously untreated HER2-negative MBC received B (15 mg/kg), E (75 mg/m2) and D (75 mg/m2) with prophylactic G-CSF support every 3 weeks (q3w) for up to 9 cycles followed by B (15 mg/kg q3w) until disease progression. Primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR). Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were evaluated using the CellSearch system at different time points during therapy. RESULTS Eighty-three women were enrolled with median age 62 years, performance status 0-1 in 93%, triple negative disease in 12% and liver metastases in 47%. In an intention to treat analysis, complete response was achieved in 13 (15.7%) and partial response in 42 (50.6%) (overall response rate 66.3%; 95% CI 56.09-76.44%). The median time to progression was 20.1 months and the 1-year overall survival rate 82.3%. Grade 3-4 neutropenia occurred in 37%, febrile neutropenia in 10%, anemia in 4%, thrombocytopenia in 2% and diarrhea in 2% of patients. There were two deaths possibly related to study treatment (sigmoid perforation n = 1; sudden death n = 1). Moreover, one patient developed pulmonary embolism and another one myocardial infarction while on treatment. Although DEB administration significantly reduced the proportion of patients presenting CTCs, the detection of ≥5 or ≥1 CTCs before treatment initiation was significantly associated with worse progression-free survival (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004) and overall survival (p = 0.001 and p = 0.027), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The DEB regimen is a very active but also potentially toxic combination in MBC. Detection of CTCs before treatment is associated with worse outcome. CLINICALTRIALSGOV NCT00705315.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tryfonidis
- Hellenic Oncology Research Group, 55 Lombardou Street, 11474 Athens, Greece(1)
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Dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2013; 2013:404396. [PMID: 24187626 PMCID: PMC3800644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/404396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Adding taxanes to anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy has shown significant improvement particularly in node-positive patients, but optimal dose and schedule remain undetermined. Objectives. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel in node-positive breast cancer. Methods. All Patients first received 4 cycles of epirubicin (100 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) at 2-week interval then followed by docetaxel (100 mg/m2) at 2-week interval for 4 cycles, with daily Pegfilgrastim (G-CSF) that was administered in all patients on days 3–10 after each cycle of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide infusion. Results. Fifty-eight patients with axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer were enrolled in the study, of whom 42 (72.4%) completed the regimen. There were two toxicity-related deaths, one patient due to grade 4 febrile neutropenia and the other due to congestive heart failure. Grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were 13.8% and 5.1%. The most common grade 3/4 nonhematological complications were as follows: skin-nail disorders (48.3%), hand-foot syndrome (34.4%), paresthesia (38%), arthralgia (27.5%), and paresis (24.1%). Conclusions. Dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel with G-CSF support are not feasible, and it is not recommended for further investigation.
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Sequential docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive or/and T3 or T4 breast cancer: clinical outcome (Mansoura University). Med Oncol 2013; 30:457. [PMID: 23322524 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This trial compared 6 cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) with a sequential regimen of 3 cycles of FEC followed by 3 cycles of docetaxel (FEC-D) as adjuvant treatment for women with node-positive or/and T3 or T4 breast cancer. Between January 2006 and January 2010, 657 patients with operable breast cancer were randomly assigned to either FEC every 21 days for 6 cycles, or 3 cycles of FEC followed by 3 cycles of docetaxel, both given every 21 days. Radiotherapy was mandatory for all patients who had undergone breast conserving surgery. Radiation to the chest wall, supraclavicular area, was recommended following mastectomy. Hormone-receptor-positive patients received tamoxifen for 5 years after chemotherapy. The primary end point was 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). Median follow-up was 61 months. Five-year DFS rates were 74 % with FEC and 78 % with FEC-D (P = 0.013). Multivariate analysis adjusted for prognostic factors showed a 17 % reduction in the relative risk of relapse with FEC-D. Five-year overall survival rates were 85 % with FEC and 89.4 % with FEC-D, demonstrating a 27 % reduction in the relative risk of death (P = 0.014). The incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia, the need for hematopoietic growth factor, and incidence of nausea/vomiting were higher with FEC. Docetaxel was associated with more febrile neutropenia, stomatitis, edema, and nail disorders. Though rare overall, there were fewer cardiac events after FEC-D, attributable mainly to the lower anthracycline cumulative dose. Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy with FEC followed by docetaxel significantly improves disease-free and overall survival in node-positive or/and T3 or T4 breast cancer patients. Although the magnitude of the benefit observed with FEC-D, differences in the toxicity profiles of FEC and FEC-D may influence the choice of treatment for patients.
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Papachristopoulou G, Talieri M, Scorilas A. Significant alterations in the expression pattern of kallikrein-related peptidase genes KLK4, KLK5 and KLK14 after treatment of breast cancer cells with the chemotherapeutic agents epirubicin, docetaxel and methotrexate. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:369-78. [PMID: 23086576 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that 1.3 million new cases of breast cancer are universally registered among women and approximately 36 % of the patients die annually, the revelation of new predictive markers for treatment efficiency is of vital importance. Recently, our group has depicted that KLK4, KLK5, and KLK14 are differentially expressed in breast carcinoma. The objective of this study was to determine and investigate the expression pattern of the KLK4, KLK5, and KLK14 genes in breast cancer cells after treatment with established chemotherapeutic agents. We evaluated these genes' expression after treatment of the BT-20 cells with epirubicin, docetaxel and methotrexate, determining their cytotoxic effect by MTT and trypan blue assays. The relative quantification of genes' mRNA levels was performed by using the SYBR Green® chemistry, and the HPRT1 served as an endogenous control gene. The drugs triggered apoptosis in treated cells and induced deregulations in the expression of the above KLKs. The most significant alterations were a 12-fold and tenfold increase of KLK5 in docetaxel and methotrexate-treated cells, respectively, while the KLK4 levels decreased by ten-fold in epirubicin, five-fold in docetaxel and twenty-fold in methotrexate treated-cells, compared to the untreated ones. In the case of KLK14 levels, a twofold increase in epirubicin and threefold decrease in methotrexate-treated cells were observed. Present significant alterations in the expression pattern of KLK4, KLK5, and KLK14 could comprise an initial stage for predicting chemotherapy response in breast cancer and should be further investigated as predictive markers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papachristopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, 15701, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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First efficacy results of capecitabine with anthracycline- and taxane-based adjuvant therapy in high-risk early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32474. [PMID: 22396769 PMCID: PMC3292567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capecitabine is effective and indicated for the salvage treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the efficacy of capecitabine in the adjuvant setting. There have been two large randomized studies to determine whether patients with high-risk early breast cancer benefit from the addition of capecitabine to standard chemotherapy, but they have yielded inconsistent results. We first undertook a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the addition of capecitabine over standard treatment. Methods PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, conference proceedings and key trials were searched from 1998 to 2011. The hazard ratio (HR) was used to evaluate the efficacy of a taxane-anthracycline regimen and a taxane-anthracycline-capecitabine regimen in early breast cancer. All of the data from each study use either fixed-effects or random-effects by Stata. Findings We found significant improvement in the additional capecitabine arm versus control in disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.98, P = 0.027), overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57–0.88, P = 0.002), distant recurrence (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.94, P = 0.008) and the death from breast cancer only (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.51–0.83, P = 0.001). Meanwhile, the subgroup analysis revealed that capecitabine improved the DFS in triple negative (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53–0.96, P = 0.028), hormone receptor negative (HR = 0.73, CI: 0.56–0.94, P = 0.017) and HER2 negative (HR = 0.81, CI: 0.67–0.98, P = 0.034) patients. Conclusion Due to the synergistic effect of taxane and capecitabine, taxane-anthracycline-capecitabine regimen may effectively improve the efficacy in the adjuvant setting and may be a novel generation of adjuvant chemotherapy regimen. The results of the current meta-analysis support this hypothesis and indicate that taxane-based regimen with capecitabine may be an effective, convenient, and well tolerated regimen in patients with early breast cancer.
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Phase II study of epirubicin in combination with weekly docetaxel for patients with advanced NSCLC who have failed or relapsed after the frontline platinum-based chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2009; 32:169-73. [PMID: 19307958 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e31817eebdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of weekly docetaxel combined with epirubicin on D15 as second-line chemotherapy in Taiwanese patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed or relapsed after the frontline platinum-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed advanced NSCLC (Stage IIIB-IV) were entered into this Phase II trial. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 0 to 2 and adequate organ function was required. Docetaxel, 30 mg/m, was given intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 for 30 minutes and epirubicin, 60 mg/m, was given intravenously on day 15, then following one week of rest. Treatment was repeated every 4 weeks for a maximal total of 6 cycles. RESULTS Of the 43 eligible patients, 39 patients were evaluated for response, and all were evaluated for toxicity. The overall response rate was 11.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-21.6%]. The median time to disease progression for all patients was 2.8 months (95% CI 1.3-4.3%). The median survival time for all patients was 7.7 months (95% CI 5.5-9.9%). The 1-year survival was 32.6% (95% CI 25.4%-39.7%). The major hematologic toxicities were neutropenia, 8/43 (19%) with grade 3-4 neutropenia, as well as anemia, 6/43 (14%) with grade 3-4 anemia. Nonhematological toxicities were modest. Fatigue was common, 77.8% in all, but only 3 (7%) patients with grade 3-4 toxicities. Diarrhea was also common but not severe, 7/43 (16%) with grade 1-2 episodes, and 1/43 (2%) with grade 3-4 episodes. Nail changes, peripheral edema, lacrimation, and alopecia were mild. Hepatic and renal impairment was also only mild. CONCLUSION Combining weekly doses of docetaxel 30 mg/m with epirubicin 60 mg/m on D15 was not shown to improve both efficacy and tolerability for advanced NSCLC patients who have relapsed disease after frontline platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Mavroudis D, Papakotoulas P, Ardavanis A, Syrigos K, Kakolyris S, Ziras N, Kouroussis C, Malamos N, Polyzos A, Christophyllakis C, Kentepozidis N, Georgoulias V. Randomized phase III trial comparing docetaxel plus epirubicin versus docetaxel plus capecitabine as first-line treatment in women with advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 21:48-54. [PMID: 19906761 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare docetaxel plus epirubicin versus docetaxel plus capecitabine combinations as front-line treatment in women with advanced breast cancer (ABC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Previously untreated patients with ABC were randomly assigned to receive docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) plus epirubicin 75 mg/m(2) (DE) on day 1 or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus capecitabine 950 mg/m(2) orally twice daily on days 1-14 (DC) in 21-day cycles. Previous anthracycline-based (neo)-adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed if completed >1 year before enrollment. The primary objective of the study was to compare time to disease progression (TTP). RESULTS One hundred and thirty-six women were treated on each arm and median TTP was 10.6 versus 11.0 months (P = 0.7), for DE and DC, respectively. According to RECIST criteria we observed 15 (11%) versus 11 (8%) complete responses and 55 (40%) versus 61 (45%) partial responses (P = 0.8), with DE and DC, respectively. Severe toxicity included grade 3-4 neutropenia (57% versus 46%; P = 0.07), febrile neutropenia (11% versus 8%; P = 0.4), hand-foot syndrome (0% versus 4%; P = 0.02), grade 2-3 anemia (20% versus 7%; P = 0.001) and asthenia (12% versus 6%; P = 0.09) with DE and DC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The DE and DC regimens have similar efficacy but different toxicity. Either regimen can be used as front-line treatment of ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mavroudis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, PO Box 1352, Crete, Greece.
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Docetaxel and epirubicin salvage regimen in relapsed anthracycline-sensitive metastatic breast cancer patients after anthracycline-containing adjuvant therapy. Invest New Drugs 2008; 27:67-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the front-line treatment of recurrent/metastatic breast cancer: a multicentre phase II study. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1916-21. [PMID: 18493232 PMCID: PMC2441953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This multicentre phase II study was aimed at investigating the activity and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and gemcitabine (GEM) as front-line therapy in a large series of chemotherapy-naïve recurrent/metastatic breast cancer patients. From June 2003 to December 2006, a total of 71 recurrent/metastatic breast cancer patients were enrolled. Median age was 63 years (range=37-79), and 31 patients (43.7%) were > or =65 years old. Patients received PLD, 25 mg m(-2), day 1, followed by GEM, 800 mg m(-2), days 1 and 8, q21. Response was evaluable in 64 cases. Eight complete (12.5%) and 17 partial responses (26.6%) were registered, with an overall response rate of 39.1%. Thirty patients (46.9%) experienced stable disease, with an overall clinical benefit of 85.9%. Median time to progression (TTP) was 11 months, whereas median overall survival (OS) was not reached. The rate of 1- and 2-year OS was 79 and 61%, respectively. A total of 443 courses were evaluable for toxicity: grade 3 and 4 neutropaenia affected 14 patients (20.3%) and 3 patients (4.3%), respectively. Grade 3 and 4 palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome was documented in five cases (7.2%) and one case (1.4%), whereas grade 3 and 4 mucositis occurred in six cases (8.7%) and two cases (2.9%), respectively. Grade 2 cardiac toxicity was observed in only one case. Interestingly enough, there was no difference in the percentage and severity of either haematological or non-haematological toxicity according to the age of the patients (<65 vs > or =65 years). We confirmed in a large, very homogenous study sample of chemotherapy-naïve recurrent/metastatic breast cancer patients the efficacy and safety of PLD/GEM combination, providing response rates, median TTP and OS values comparable with those achieved with more toxic combinations.
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Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a weekly schedule of epirubicin in combination with docetaxel in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). A total of 43 women with MBC not previously treated with chemotherapy for metastatic disease received weekly epirubicin 25 mg m−2 and docetaxel 25 mg m−2 for a maximum of five cycles (total cumulative epirubicin dose of ⩽900 mg m−2). Dose reduction was not permitted. Objective response and evaluation of toxicity profile were the primary study end points; time to progression and overall survival were secondary end points. Patients were followed for a median of 21 (4–38) months. Analysis was by intent to treat; 33 patients completed five cycles of therapy, and the median dose of epirubicin administered to the 43 patients was 23 mg m−2. Twenty-five patients (58%) achieved a partial response and one (2%) achieved a complete response. An additional 12 patients (28%) had stable disease. The median time to progression was 11 months (95% confidence intervals (CI) 7–14) overall, and 13 months (95% CI 12–14) in the 26 patients who responded to treatment. Median overall survival was 25 months for responders and 14 months for nonresponders. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 16% of patients and in 6% of cycles. One patient developed cardiac toxicity (20% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction). The combination of epirubicin plus docetaxel is highly active in MBC, with a manageable toxicity profile. Such a weekly schedule might provide a valuable treatment option for MBC.
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von Minckwitz G. Docetaxel/anthracycline combinations for breast cancer treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:485-95. [PMID: 17309343 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines and taxanes represent the most active group of cytotoxic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. Combining docetaxel with anthracyclines is widely used in the clinic, but, due to an overlap in toxicities this strategy remains somewhat challenging. Combinations of docetaxel with doxorubicin, epirubicin or liposomal doxorubicin in conventional or dose-dense cycles are reviewed in this article. A specific focus is given to the three-drug combination of docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (TAC regimen), as it is registered for the adjuvant treatment of node-positive breast cancer. Febrile neutropenia and associated toxicities are frequently associated with the TAC combination. However, when used as primary prophylaxis with granulocyte growth factors, as well as antibiotics, this regimen is considered as a safely-applicable standard option for early breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter von Minckwitz
- German Breast Group, Univ. Women's Hospital Frankfurt, Schleussnerstr. 42, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany.
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Roché H, Fumoleau P, Spielmann M, Canon JL, Delozier T, Serin D, Symann M, Kerbrat P, Soulié P, Eichler F, Viens P, Monnier A, Vindevoghel A, Campone M, Goudier MJ, Bonneterre J, Ferrero JM, Martin AL, Genève J, Asselain B. Sequential adjuvant epirubicin-based and docetaxel chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer patients: the FNCLCC PACS 01 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:5664-71. [PMID: 17116941 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.07.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The PACS 01 trial compared six cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) with a sequential regimen of three cycles of FEC followed by three cycles of docetaxel (FEC-D) as adjuvant treatment for women with node-positive early breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 1997 and March 2000, 1,999 patients with operable node-positive breast cancer were randomly assigned to either FEC every 21 days for six cycles, or three cycles of FEC followed by three cycles of docetaxel, both given every 21 days. Hormone-receptor-positive patients received tamoxifen for 5 years after chemotherapy. The primary end point was 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Median follow-up was 60 months. Five-year DFS rates were 73.2% with FEC and 78.4% with FEC-D (unadjusted P = .011; adjusted P = .012). Multivariate analysis adjusted for prognostic factors showed an 18% reduction in the relative risk of relapse with FEC-D. Five-year overall survival rates were 86.7% with FEC and 90.7% with FEC-D, demonstrating a 27% reduction in the relative risk of death (unadjusted P = .014; adjusted P = .017). The incidence of grade 3 to 4 neutropenia, the need for hematopoietic growth factor, and incidence of nausea/vomiting were higher with FEC. Docetaxel was associated with more febrile neutropenia in the fourth cycle, stomatitis, edema, and nail disorders. Though rare overall, there were fewer cardiac events after FEC-D (P = .03), attributable mainly to the lower anthracycline cumulative dose. CONCLUSION Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy with FEC followed by docetaxel significantly improves disease-free and overall survival in node-positive breast cancer patients and has a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Roché
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Claudius Régaud, Toulouse, France.
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Saglier J. [Non-metastatic breast cancer]. JOURNAL DE CHIRURGIE 2005; 142:355-66. [PMID: 16555440 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-7697(05)80956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seen before as a secondary branch in the field of surgery, the surgery of breast cancer is now a fully stand-alone specialty. A number of factors explain this trend: a dramatic increase of incidence, which practically doubled during the past twenty years, an evolution of the surgical practices leading to a "therapeutic coming-down" and, above all, a complexification of indications and elements of classification. The surgeon still remains the first actor of the treatment, often seing the patient in first place, and having by his surgical treatment a key action on the prognosis and the patient's quality of life. Nevertheless, the surgeon is not anymore the only master of the situation, as he once could have been. Breast cancer is now the archetypal disease where a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory at every stage. The aim of this article is to overview the reality of breast cancer at present, trying to clarify the numerous elements of classification, otherwise confusing.
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Bonneterre J, Dieras V, Tubiana-Hulin M, Bougnoux P, Bonneterre ME, Delozier T, Mayer F, Culine S, Dohoulou N, Bendahmane B. Phase II multicentre randomised study of docetaxel plus epirubicin vs 5-fluorouracil plus epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1466-71. [PMID: 15381937 PMCID: PMC2409942 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel plus epirubicin (ET) and of 5-fluorouracil plus epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. A total of 142 patients (intent-to-treat (ITT)) with at least one measurable lesion were randomised to receive docetaxel 75 mg m−2 plus epirubicin 75 mg m−2 or 5-fluorouracil 500 mg m−2 plus epirubicin 75 mg m−2 and cyclophosphamide 500 mg m−2 intravenously once every 3 weeks for up to eight cycles. Prophylactic granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor was only permitted after the first cycle, if required. Per-protocol analysis (n=132) gave an overall response rate for ET of 63.1% (95% confidence interval (CI), 50–78%) and for FEC 34.3% (95% CI, 23–47%) after a median seven and six cycles, respectively. Intent-to-treat population (n=142) gave an overall response rate for ET of 59% (95% CI, 47–70%) and for FEC 32% (95% CI, 21–43%) after a median seven and six cycles, respectively. The median response duration for ET was 8.6 months (95% CI, 7.2–9.6 months) and for FEC 7.8 months (95% CI, 6.5–10.4 months). The median time to progression (ITT) for ET was 7.8 months (95% CI, 5.8–9.6 months) and for FEC 5.9 months (95% CI, 4.6–7.8 months). After a median follow-up of 23.8 months, median survival (ITT) for ET and FEC were 34 and 28 months, respectively. Nonhaematologic grade 3–4 toxicities were infrequent in both arms. Haematologic toxicity was more common with ET and febrile neutropenia was reported in 13 patients (18.6%) in the ET group. Two deaths in the ET group were possibly related to study treatment. In conclusion, both ET and FEC were associated with acceptable toxicity. ET is a highly active first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bonneterre
- Centre Oscar Lambret, 3 rue Frédéric Combemale, 59020 Lille, France.
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