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Kumar D, Mariappan G, Husain A, Monga J, Kumar S. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel imidazolone fused quinazolinone derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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A.K. AK, Bodke YD, Gowda AN, Sambasivam G, Bhat KG. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Anticancer Properties of a Novel Series of Imidazolone Fused Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeesh Kumar A.K.
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. #49 Bommasandra Industrial Area Bangalore 560 099 Karnataka India
| | - Yadav D. Bodke
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesKuvempu University Shankaraghatta Shimoga Karnataka 577 451 India
| | - Ashwath N. Gowda
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. #49 Bommasandra Industrial Area Bangalore 560 099 Karnataka India
| | - Ganesh Sambasivam
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. #49 Bommasandra Industrial Area Bangalore 560 099 Karnataka India
| | - Kishore G. Bhat
- Department of MicrobiologyMaratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre Belgaum Karnataka 590 010 India
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Greene LM, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Combretastatins: more than just vascular targeting agents? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:212-27. [PMID: 26354991 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several prodrugs of the naturally occurring combretastatins have undergone extensive clinical evaluation as vascular targeting agents (VTAs). Their increased selectivity toward endothelial cells together with their innate ability to rapidly induce vascular shutdown and inhibit tumor growth at doses up to 10-fold less than the maximum tolerated dose led to the clinical evaluation of combretastatins as VTAs. Tubulin is well established as the molecular target of the combretastatins and the vast majority of its synthetic derivatives. Furthermore, tubulin is a highly validated molecular target of many direct anticancer agents routinely used as front-line chemotherapeutics. The unique vascular targeting properties of the combretastatins have somewhat overshadowed their development as direct anticancer agents and the delineation of the various cell death pathways and anticancer properties associated with such chemotherapeutics. Moreover, the ongoing clinical trial of OXi4503 (combretastatin-A1 diphosphate) together with preliminary preclinical evaluation for the treatment of refractory acute myelogenous leukemia has successfully highlighted both the indirect and direct anticancer properties of combretastatins. In this review, we discuss the development of the combretastatins from nature to the clinic. The various mechanisms underlying combretastatin-induced cell cycle arrest, mitotic catastrophe, cell death, and survival are also reviewed in an attempt to further enhance the clinical prospects of this unique class of VTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (L.M.G., D.M.Z.), and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (M.J.M.), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Aziz G, Odlo K, Hansen TV, Paulsen RE, Mathisen GH. Combretastatin A-4 and structurally related triazole analogues induce caspase-3 and reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 703:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mota MFD, Benfica PL, Valadares MC. Synadenium umbellatum Pax. promotes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in K-562 leukemia cells. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502012000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disease that shows apoptosis resistance. The introduction of imatinib mesylate has revolutionized the treatment of CML, but imatinib resistance may develop at any time and inevitably leads to disease progression. Synadenium umbellatum Pax. belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is popularly used in Brazil for the treatment of cancer. The cytotoxicity of Euphorbiaceae is associated with the ability of these plants and their bioactive compounds to induce apoptotic tumor cell death. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and the mechanisms of death induced by S. umbellatum extract in leukemic cells. S. umbellatum cytotoxicity was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay and flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle; the mechanisms involved in K-562 cell death were investigated by light microscopy and flow cytometry. The results demonstrate that S. umbellatum is cytotoxic to leukemic cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological analysis revealed that S. umbellatum treatment induced K-562 cell death by an apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, data indicate ROS overproduction, alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine externalization and activation of caspase 9. Taken together, the results demonstrate that S. umbellatum extract arrested the cell cycle and triggered apoptosis at several levels in K-562 cells.
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Qian S, Cao J, Yan Y, Sun M, Zhu H, Hu Y, He Q, Yang B. SMT-A07, a 3-(Indol-2-yl) indazole derivative, induces apoptosis of leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lucas DM, Still PC, Pérez LB, Grever MR, Kinghorn AD. Potential of plant-derived natural products in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11:812-22. [PMID: 20370646 PMCID: PMC2892601 DOI: 10.2174/138945010791320809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies account for a substantial percentage of cancers worldwide, and the heterogeneity and biological characteristics of leukemias and lymphomas present unique therapeutic challenges. Although treatment options exist for most of these diseases, many types remain incurable and the emergence of drug resistance is pervasive. Thus, novel treatment approaches are essential to improve outcome. Nearly half of the agents used in cancer therapy today are either natural products or derivatives of natural products. The enormous chemical diversity in nature, coupled with millennia of biological selection, has generated a vast and underexplored reservoir of unique chemical structures with biologic activity. This review will describe the investigation and application of natural products derived from higher plants in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma and the rationale behind these efforts. In addition to the approved vinca alkaloids and the epipodophyllotoxin derivatives, a number of other plant compounds have shown promise in clinical trials and in preclinical investigations. In particular, we will focus on the discovery and biological evaluation of the plant-derived agent silvestrol, which shows potential for additional development as a new therapeutic agent for B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lucas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 410 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Kamal A, Ramakrishna G, Raju P, Viswanath A, Ramaiah MJ, Balakishan G, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of chalcone linked imidazolones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4865-9. [PMID: 20637611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chalcone linked imidazolones were prepared and evaluated for their anti-cancer activity against a panel of 53 human tumour cell lines derived from nine different cancer types: leukemia, lung, colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate and breast. Some of these hybrids (6, 7 and 8) showed good anti-cancer activity with GI(50) values ranging from 1.26 to 13.9 microM. When breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) were treated with 10 microM concentration of compounds TMAC, CA-4, 6 and 8 cell cycle arrest was observed in G2/M phase. Surprisingly, the increased concentration of the same compound to 30 microM caused accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, India.
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Kanthou C, Tozer GM. Microtubule depolymerizing vascular disrupting agents: novel therapeutic agents for oncology and other pathologies. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:284-94. [PMID: 19563611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are a relatively new group of 'vascular targeting' agents that exhibit selective activity against established tumour vascular networks, causing severe interruption of tumour blood flow and necrosis to the tumour mass. Microtubule depolymerizing agents form by far the largest group of small molecular weight VDAs many of which, including lead compound disodium combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate (CA-4-P), are under clinical development for cancer. Although distinct from the angiogenesis inhibitors, VDAs can also interfere with angiogenesis and therefore constitute a potential group of novel drugs for the treatment of pathological conditions characterized by excessive angiogenesis, in addition to cancer. The endothelial cytoskeleton is the primary cellular target of this family of drugs, and some progress in understanding the molecular and signalling mechanisms associated with their endothelial disrupting activity has been made in the last few years. Susceptibility of tumour vessels to VDA damage is ascribed to their immature pericyte-defective nature, although the exact molecular mechanisms involved have not been clearly defined. Despite causing profound damage to tumours, VDAs fail to halt tumour growth unless used together with conventional treatments. This failure is attributed to resistance mechanisms, primarily associated with cells that remain viable within the tumour rim, and enhanced angiogenesis. The focus is now to understand mechanisms of susceptibility and resistance to identify novel molecular targets and develop strategies that are more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryso Kanthou
- Cancer Research-UK Tumour Microcirculation Group, Section of Oncology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Synthesis and evaluation of novel 7-azaindazolyl-indolyl-maleimide derivatives as antitumor agents and protein kinase C inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4763-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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BZYX, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, significantly improved chemicals-induced learning and memory impairments on rodents and protected PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Billard C, Menasria F, Quiney C, Faussat AM, Finet JP, Combes S, Kolb JP. 4-arylcoumarin analogues of combretastatins stimulate apoptosis of leukemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1625-33. [PMID: 18922614 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the proapoptotic capacities of four arylcoumarin analogues of combretastatins on leukemic cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a malignancy characterized by apoptosis deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of the four compounds on several nuclear, membrane, and mitochondrial events of apoptosis and on expression of proteins controlling the apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of cultured CLL patients' cells. RESULTS Treatment with all four compounds resulted in a dose-dependent internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, in stimulation of phosphatidylserine externalization, disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase-3 activation. DNA fragmentation was prevented in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Two of the compounds downregulated the expression of Mcl-1, a protein thought to be crucial for the antiapoptotic state in CLL, while Bcl-2 expression was unaffected. No effects were observed on the expression of p27kip1 or the inducible nitric oxide synthase, two proteins, which are constitutively overexpressed by CLL cells and downregulated during the apoptosis induced by other plant-derived molecules (flavopiridol, polyphenols, or hyperforin). This suggests different mechanisms of action for the compounds studied here. Furthermore, normal B lymphocytes from healthy donors appeared less sensitive than CLL cells to the proapoptotic activity of the four compounds. CONCLUSION The four arylcoumarin analogues were able to promote the apoptosis of CLL cells ex vivo through the caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Therefore, these compounds may be of interest to develop new therapies of CLL based on apoptosis restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Billard
- UMRS 872 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France.
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Fang L, Shen L, Fang Y, Hu Y, He Q, Yang B. MZ3 can induce G2/M-phase arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:1337-45. [PMID: 18491135 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 4-(4-Bromopheny1)-2,3-dihydro-N,3-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxoidmi-dazole-1-carboxamide (MZ3) is one of the novel synthesized Combretastatin A-4 analogs. In previous research, we found that MZ3 is a potent and specific compound against leukemia cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, our purpose is to investigate the mechanisms of MZ3 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in K562 cells. METHODS Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT method; apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were measured by flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation was tested by agarose gel electrophoresis. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. The polymerization of microtubules in cell was detected through immunofluorescence. RESULTS MZ3 increases cyclin B1 levels and decreases the expression of cdc2, cdc25C and activation of Wee1. The changes in cdc2, cdc25C and Wee1 coincide with the appearance of phosphoepitopes recognized by a marker of mitosis, MPM-2. MZ3 induces apoptosis in K562 cells, proved by condensed DNA (DAPI stain) and DNA ladder. This apoptosis is related with the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP cleavage, both of which are at the downstream of mitochondria. The changes of protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax confirm the causal relationship between MZ3 and mitochondrial pathway, and the downregulation of AKT, p-AKT and XIAP indicate that the AKT pathway may participate in regulating this apoptosis. Moreover, MZ3 can reduce the soluble tubulin in K562 cells and inhibit microtubule assembly. CONCLUSIONS MZ3 is a promising antileukemia compound with antimitotic and apoptotic activity that has potential for management of various leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, #388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Congiu C, Cocco MT, Onnis V. Design, synthesis, and in vitro antitumor activity of new 1,4-diarylimidazole-2-ones and their 2-thione analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:989-93. [PMID: 18164978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cenzo Congiu
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari I-09124, Italy.
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Kanthou C, Tozer GM. Tumour targeting by microtubule-depolymerising vascular disrupting agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1443-57. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.11.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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