1
|
Li F, Jiang T, Li Q, Ling X. Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are known to target topoisomerase I (Top1) as their mechanism of action: did we miss something in CPT analogue molecular targets for treating human disease such as cancer? Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2350-2394. [PMID: 29312794 PMCID: PMC5752681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) was discovered from plant extracts more than 60 years ago. Since then, only two CPT analogues (irinotecan and topotecan) have been approved for cancer treatment, although several thousand CPT derivatives have been synthesized and many of them were actively studied in our research community over the past 6+ decades. In this review article, we briefly summarize: (1) the discovery and early development of CPTs, (2) the recognized CPT mechanism of action (MOA), (3) the synthesis of CPT and CPT analogues, and (4) the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CPT and its analogues. Next, we provide evidence that certain CPT analogues can exert improved efficacy with low toxicity independently of topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibition; instead, these CPT analogues use novel MOAs by targeting important cancer survival-associated oncogenic proteins and/or by bypassing various treatment-resistant mechanisms. We then present a comprehensive review of the most advanced CPT analogues in clinical development, with the goal of resolving why no new CPTs have been FDA approved for cancer treatment, beyond irinotecan and topotecan. We argue that new CPT Top1 inhibitor drugs are unlikely being found to be significantly better than irinotecan and/or topotecan in terms of the overall antitumor activity and toxicity. The significance of CPT analogues that possess novel MOAs has not been sufficiently recognized so far. In our opinion, this is a research area with great potential to make a breakthrough for development of the next generation of CPT analogues that possess high efficacy (due to novel targets) and low toxicity (due to low inhibition of Top1 activity/function) for effective treatment of human disease, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of ChinaQingdao, China
| | - Qingyong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York, USA
- Canget BioTekpharmaBuffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Tan C, Wang G, Cai JJ, Wang LP, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Dual action of NSC606985 on cell growth and apoptosis mediated through PKCδ in prostatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1601-1610. [PMID: 29048618 PMCID: PMC5643069 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a vital therapeutic strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We have previously shown that NSC606985 (NSC), a camptothecin (CPT) analog, induced cell apoptosis via interacting with topoisomerase I (Topo I) in prostate cancer cells. In the present study, the effect and mechanism of CPT analogs in LAPC4 cells were investigated. LAPC-4 cells were treated with NSC, CPT, and topotecan. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) subcellular activation were measured at different doses and time-points, with or without PKCδ inhibition or knockdown of PKCδ expression. NSC at doses ranging from 10 to 100 nM induced a dose-dependent increase in viable cell number and DNA biosynthesis with mild cell apoptosis, whereas, at doses ranging from 500 nM to 5 mM, NSC produced a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and DNA biosynthesis with a significant induction of cell apoptosis. Both NSC-induced cell proliferation and apoptosis were blocked by knockdown of PKCδ with a specific RNAi, or by the co-administration of rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor. Moreover, NSC produced a dose-dependent subcellular activation of PKCδ. The dose-dependent dual action of NSC is mediated at least in part through the differential subcellular activation of PKCδ in LAPC4 cells. The demonstration of a differential cell response to camptothecin analogs would facilitate the identification of biomarker(s) to CPT sensitivity and promote the personalization of CPT chemotherapy in CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Z, Liu H, Han P, Gao F, Dahlstrom KR, Li G, Owzar K, Zevallos JP, Sturgis EM, Wei Q. Apoptotic capacity and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Eur J Cancer 2017; 72:166-176. [PMID: 28033527 PMCID: PMC5287407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke and alcohol drinking are the major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Smoking and drinking cause DNA damage leading to apoptosis, and insufficient apoptotic capacity may favour development of cancer because of the dysfunction of removing damaged cells. In the present study, we investigated the association between camptothecin (CPT)-induced apoptotic capacity and risk of SCCHN in a North American population. METHODS In a case-control study of 708 SCCHN patients and 685 matched cancer-free controls, we measured apoptotic capacity in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to in vitro exposure to CPT by using the flow cytometry-based method. RESULTS We found that the mean level of apoptotic capacity in the cases (45.9 ± 23.3%) was significantly lower than that in the controls (49.0 ± 23.1%) (P = 0.002). When we used the median level of apoptotic capacity in the controls as the cutoff value for calculating adjusted odds ratios, subjects with a reduced apoptotic capacity had an increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.78, P = 0.002), especially for those who were age ≥57 (1.73, 1.25-2.38, 0.0009), men (1.76, 1.36-2.27, <0.0001) and ever drinkers (1.67, 1.27-2.21, 0.0003), and these variables significantly interacted with apoptotic capacity (Pinteraction = 0.015, 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). A further fitted prediction model suggested that the inclusion of apoptotic capacity significantly improved in the prediction of SCCHN risk. CONCLUSION Individuals with a reduced CPT-induced apoptotic capacity may be at an increased risk of developing SCCHN, and apoptotic capacity may be a biomarker for susceptibility to SCCHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peng Han
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fengqin Gao
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristina R Dahlstrom
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jose P Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Fu P, Zhao Y, Wang G, Yu R, Wang X, Tang Z, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Dissociation of NSC606985 induces atypical ER-stress and cell death in prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:529-38. [PMID: 27277821 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a major cause of prostate cancer (Pca) death. Chemotherapy is able to improve the survival of CRPC patients. We previously found that NSC606985 (NSC), a highly water-soluble camptothecin analog, induced cell death in Pca cells via interaction with topoisomerase 1 and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. To further elucidate the role of NSC, we studied the effect of NSC on ER-stress and its association with NSC-induced cell death in Pca cells. NSC produced a time- and dose-dependent induction of GRP78, CHOP and XBP1s mRNA, and CHOP protein expression in Pca cells including DU145, indicating an activation of ER-stress. However, unlike conventional ER-stress in which GRP78 protein is increased, NSC produced a time- and dose-dependent U-shape change in GRP78 protein in DU145 cells. The NSC-induced decrease in GRP78 protein was blocked by protease inhibitors, N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucylnorleucinal (ALLN), a lysosomal protease inhibitor, and epoxomicin (EPO), a ubiquitin-protease inhibitor. ALLN, but not EPO, also partially inhibited NSC-induced cell death. However, both 4-PBA and TUDCA, two chemical chaperons that effectively reduced tunicamycin-induced ER-stress, failed to attenuate NSC-induced GRP78, CHOP and XBP1s mRNA expression and cell death. Moreover, knockdown of NSC induction of CHOP expression using a specific siRNA had no effect on NSC-induced cytochrome c release and NSC-induced cell death. These results suggest that NSC produced an atypical ER-stress that is dissociated from NSC-induced activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and NSC-induced cell death in DU145 prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Yu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zehai Tang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang XD, Li CY, Jiang MM, Li D, Wen P, Song X, Chen JD, Guo LX, Hu XP, Li GQ, Zhang J, Wang CH, He ZD. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells through an intrinsic pathway by cathachunine, a unique alkaloid isolated from Catharanthus roseus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:641-653. [PMID: 27161405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don consists of a range of dimeric indole alkaloids with significant antitumor activities. These alkaloids have been found to possess apoptosis-inducing activity against tumor cells in vitro and in vivo mediated by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, in which DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction play important roles. In this study, a unique bisindole alkaloid named cathachunine, along with five known dimeric indole alkaloids, was obtained from C. roseus and investigated in vitro. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of isolated alkaloids and the mechanism through which cathachunine exerts its antitumor effect. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cell growth inhibition was assessed by WST-1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays in HL60, K562 leukemia cells and EA.hy926 umbilical vein cells. Induction of apoptosis in HL60 cells was confirmed by observation of nuclear morphology, a caspase-3 activity assay and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (FITC/PI) double staining. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway induced by cathachunine was evidenced by B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bcl-2/Bax) dysregulation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of cytochrome c, and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after cathachunine treatment was determined by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Cell cycle arrest of the S phase was also observed in HL60 cells after cathachunine treatment. RESULTS The WST-1 and LDH assays showed that Catharanthus alkaloids were cytotoxic toward human leukemia cells to a greater extent than toward normal human endothelial cells, and the anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis abilities of cathachunine were much more potent than other previously reported alkaloids. The induction of apoptosis by cathachunine occurred through an ROS-dependent mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway rather than an extrinsic pathway, and was regulated by the Bcl-2 protein family. CONCLUSION An unprecedented bisindole alkaloid cathachunine which lost C-18' and C-19' was isolated from C. roseus. It exerted a potent antitumor effect toward human leukemia cells through the induction of apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway. Thus, this study provides evidence for a new lead compound from a natural source for anti-cancer investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Ping Wen
- Business Technology Department, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun-Da Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Xuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Peng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Experiment and Technology Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Dan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biotherapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China; Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Micromolecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
H19 lncRNA mediates 17β-estradiol-induced cell proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3045-52. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
7
|
Gao W, Su X, Dong X, Chen Y, Zhou C, Xin P, Yu C, Wei T. Cycloartan-24-ene-1α,2α,3β-triol, a cycloartane-type triterpenoid from the resinous exudates of Commiphora myrrha, induces apoptosis in human prostatic cancer PC-3 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1107-14. [PMID: 25591732 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived antitumor drugs are currently used in chemotherapy. Cycloartane triterpenoids have shown a cytotoxic effect on human prostate cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to isolate a cycloartane triterpenoid from Commiphora myrrha and evaluate its anticancer potential. Cycloartan-24-ene-1α,2α,3β-triol (MY-1) was isolated from Commiphora myrrha, and its structure was determined through 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of MY-1 on human prostatic cancer PC-3 cells were estimated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining assay, and the expression of apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. MY-1 showed cytotoxic activity on PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 9.6 µM at 24 h. MY-1 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that MY-1 regulated the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p53 and caspase-3 in the PC-3 cells. These findings indicate that MY-1 exerts significantly pro-apoptotic activity against human hormone-independent prostatic cancer and support MY-1 as a potential anticancer drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Gao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Su
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Zhou
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhao Yu
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
| | - Taiming Wei
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sood A, Sharma V, Chaudhry A, Kumar R, Arora S, Rajnikant, Gupta V, Ishar MPS. Synthesis and evaluation of 3-salicyloylpyridine derivatives as cytotoxic mitochondrial apoptosis inducers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4724-4728. [PMID: 25176329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 3-salicyloylpyridines (4a-h) were synthesized with good yield by modified Knoevenagel-Stobbel method; o-allylation with allyl bromide lead to formation of compounds (5a-h). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Compounds bearing hydroxyl group displayed high cytotoxicity (4a-h) as compared to o-allylated molecules (5a-h). The most active compound 4b was selected for further investigation to look for mechanism of cell death in prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. The apoptotic bodies induced by 4b in PC-3 cells were scanned by confocal microscopy and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further results obtained from spectrofluorimetric determination of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treated PC-3 cells revealed that mitochondria dependent apoptosis was involved in the cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Sood
- Bio-Organic and Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Bio-Organic and Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ashun Chaudhry
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rajnikant
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180 006, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi, 180 006, India
| | - Mohan Paul S Ishar
- Bio-Organic and Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng CW, Zhang XJ, Lin KY, Ye H, Feng SY, Zhang H, Chen YQ. Camptothecin induces apoptosis in cancer cells via microRNA-125b-mediated mitochondrial pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:578-86. [PMID: 22252650 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of patients with cancer. The mechanisms underlying CPT-mediated responses in cancer cells are not fully understood. MicroRNA (miRNA) play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug sensitivity. However, the interaction between camptothecin and miRNA has not been previously explored. In this study, we verified that miR-125b was down-regulated in CPT-induced apoptosis in cancer cells and that ectopic expression of miR-125b partially restored cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis that was induced by CPT. In addition, we demonstrated that CPT induced apoptosis in cancer cells by miR-125b-mediated mitochondrial pathways via targeting to the 3'-untranslated (UTR) regions of Bak1, Mcl1, and p53. A significant increase in Bak1, Mcl1, and p53 protein levels was detected in response to the treatments of CPT. It is noteworthy that the expression levels of Bak1, Mcl1, and p53 increased in a time-dependent manner and negatively correlated with miR-125b expression. It is noteworthy that we revealed that miR-125b directly targeted the 3'UTR regions of multiple genes in a CPT-induced mitochondrial pathway. In addition, most targets of miR-125b were proapoptotic genes, whereas some of the targets were antiapoptotic genes. We hypothesized that miR-125b may mediate the activity of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis by regulating multiple targets. This is the first report to show that camptothecin induces cancer cell apoptosis via miRNA-mediated mitochondrial pathways. The results suggest that suppression of miR-125b may be a novel approach for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai J, Cai LQ, Hong Y, Zhu YS. Functional characterisation of a natural androgen receptor missense mutation (N771H) causing human androgen insensitivity syndrome. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:523-9. [PMID: 21950590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X-linked disorder due to mutations of androgen receptor (AR) gene. Various AR mutations have been identified, and the characterisation of these mutations greatly facilitates our understanding of AR structure-function. In this study, we have analysed an AR missense mutation (N771H) identified in patients with AIS. Functional analysis of the mutant AR was performed by in vitro mutagenesis-cotransfection assays. Compared to the wild-type AR, the dose-response curve of dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation activity in the mutant AR was greatly shifted to the right and significantly decreased. However, the maximal efficacy of transactivation activity in the mutant AR was similar to that of the wild type. Receptor binding assay indicated that the mutant AR had an approximately 2.5-fold lower binding affinity to dihydrotestosterone compared to the wild type. Western blot analysis showed that the size and the expression level of mutant AR in transfected cells were comparable to the wild type. These data underscore the importance of asparagine at amino acid position 771 of human AR in normal ligand binding and normal receptor function, and a mutation at this position results in androgen insensitivity in affected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cai
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai J, Hong Y, Weng C, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Androgen stimulates endothelial cell proliferation via an androgen receptor/VEGF/cyclin A-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1210-21. [PMID: 21257919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01210.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences support that androgen displays beneficial effects on cardiovascular functions although the mechanism of androgen actions remains to be elucidated. Modulation of endothelial cell growth and function is a potential mechanism of androgen actions. We demonstrated in the present study that androgens [dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone], but not 17β-estradiol, produced a time- and dose-dependent induction of cell proliferation in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) as evident by increases in viable cell number and DNA biosynthesis. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis showed that DHT induced androgen receptor (AR), cyclin A, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The addition of casodex, a specific AR antagonist, or transfection of a specific AR siRNA blocked DHT-induced cell proliferation and target gene expression, indicating that the DHT effects are mediated via AR. Moreover, coadministration of SU5416 to block VEGF receptors, or transfection of a specific VEGF-A siRNA to knockdown VEGF expression, produced a dose-dependent blockade of DHT induction of cell proliferation and cyclin A gene expression. Interestingly, roscovitine, a selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, also blocked the DHT stimulation of cell proliferation with a selective inhibition of DHT-induced VEGF-A expression. These results indicate that androgens acting on AR stimulate cell proliferation through upregulation of VEGF-A, cyclin A, and cyclin D1 in HAECs, which may be beneficial to cardiovascular functions since endothelial cell proliferation could assist the repair of endothelial injury/damage in cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qiao Y, Wang L, Cai LQ, Tan C, Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor induction of prostate specific antigen gene expression, cell proliferation and tumor growth by 17α-estradiol in prostate cancer. J Urol 2011; 185:305-14. [PMID: 21075385 PMCID: PMC3039213 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen independent prostate cancer growth and metastasis are a major cause of prostate cancer death. Aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation is an important mechanism of androgen independence. We determined the effectiveness and mechanism of 17α-estradiol (Sigma®) in blocking aberrant androgen receptor activation due to androgen receptor mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b prostatic tumor cells (ATCC®) containing a mutated androgen receptor and WT estrogen receptor β to test 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression and cell growth. Cotransfection analysis was used to further elucidate the mechanism of 17α-estradiol action. Xenograft animals with an LNCaP prostate tumor were prepared to study the in vivo effect of 17α-estradiol on tumor growth inhibition. RESULTS In LNCaP cells 17α-estradiol produced a dose dependent inhibition of cyproterone acetate (Sigma) or dihydrotestosterone induced prostate specific antigen gene expression. In MDA Pca-2b cells 17α-estradiol inhibited cortisol (Sigma) induced prostate specific antigen expression and blocked dihydrotestosterone and cortisol induced cell proliferation in LNCaP and MDA Pca-2b cells, respectively. Cotransfection analysis showed that 17α-estradiol inhibition of aberrant androgen receptor activation of prostate specific antigen gene expression was medicated via estrogen receptors. In xenograft mice with LNCaP prostate cancer 17α-estradiol but not 17β-estradiol (Sigma) significantly inhibited tumor growth, although each estrogen tended to decrease tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that 17α-estradiol with less classic estrogenic activity is a potential therapeutic agent for androgen independent prostate cancer due to androgen receptor mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen SM, Yu Y, Wu YL, Cheng JK, Wang LS, Chen GQ. Downregulation of ANP32B, a novel substrate of caspase-3, enhances caspase-3 activation and apoptosis induction in myeloid leukemic cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:419-26. [PMID: 20015864 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32)B has been reported to regulate gene expression by acting as a histone chaperone or modulate messenger RNA trafficking by serving as a HuR ligand. However, its exact cellular functions are poorly understood. By utilizing a proteomics-based approach, in this work, we identify that the human ANP32B protein is cleaved during apoptosis induction by NSC606985, a novel camptothecin analog. Further investigation shows that various apoptosis inducers cause a decrease of full-length ANP32B in multiple cell lines with a concomitant increase of an approximately 17 kDa fragment. The proteolytic cleavage of ANP32B is inhibited by a specific caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk, and it cannot be seen in NSC606985-induced death of caspase-3-deficient MCF-7 cells. In vitro caspase cleavage assay and mutagenesis experiment reveal that ANP32B is a direct substrate of caspase-3 and it is primarily cleaved at the sequence of Ala-Glu-Val-Asp, after Asp-163. Additionally, the reduced expression of endogenous ANP32B by specific small interfering RNA enhances caspase-3 activation and apoptosis induction by NSC606985 and etoposide. These results suggest that ANP32B is a novel substrate for caspase-3 and acts as a negative regulator for apoptosis, the mechanism of which remains to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ming Shen
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, Chong-Qing South Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Active compounds-based discoveries about the differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Yuan TT, Huang Y, Zhou CX, Yu Y, Wang LS, Zhuang HY, Chen GQ. Nuclear translocation of dihydrofolate reductase is not a pre-requisite for DNA damage induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2009; 14:699-710. [PMID: 19360472 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of thymidylate, and therefore, of DNA. By applying subcellular proteomic analysis, we identified that the DHFR protein was translocated from cytoplasm into the nucleus when apoptosis was induced by NSC606985, a camptothecin analogue. The nuclear translocation of DHFR protein during apoptosis was independent of the cellular context, but it was more sensitive in cell death induction by DNA damaging agents such as doxorubicin, etoposide and ultraviolent radiation than endoplasmic reticulum stressors (brefeldin-A and tunicamycin) and anti-microtubule agents (paclitaxel and nocodozole). The addition of methotrexate almost completely blocked the nuclear translocation of DHFR protein. Further investigations showed that the nuclear translocation of DHFR was not a pre-requisite for DNA damage induced apoptosis. Therefore, its potential biological significance remains to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yuan
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, No. 225, Chongqing South Road, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|