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CARP-1/CCAR1: a biphasic regulator of cancer cell growth and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6499-510. [PMID: 25894788 PMCID: PMC4466629 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) has been useful in targeting the tumor cells while sparing the normal cells. Despite clinical success of many targeted therapies, their off-target effects and development of resistance are emerging as significant and challenging problems. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify targets to devise new means to treat cancers and their drug-resistant phenotypes. CARP-1/CCAR1 (Cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1), a peri-nuclear phospho-protein, plays a dynamic role in regulating cell growth and apoptosis by serving as a co-activator of steroid/thyroid nuclear receptors, β-catenin, Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ligase, and tumor suppressor p53. CARP-1/CCAR1 also regulates chemotherapy-dependent apoptosis. CARP-1/CCAR1 functional mimetics (CFMs) are a novel SMIs of CARP-1/CCAR1 interaction with APC/C. CFMs promote apoptosis in a manner independent of p53. CFMs are potent inhibitors of a variety of cancer cells including the drug (Adriamycin or Tamoxifen)-resistant breast cancer cells but not the immortalized breast epithelial cells, while a nano-lipid formulation of the lead compound CFM-4 improves its bioavailability and efficacy in vivo when administered orally. This review focuses on the background and pleiotropic roles of CARP-1/CCAR1 as well as its apoptosis signaling mechanisms in response to chemotherapy in cancer cells.
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Muthu M, Somagoni J, Cheriyan VT, Munie S, Levi E, Ashour AE, Yassin AEB, Alafeefy AM, Sochacki P, Polin LA, Reddy KB, Larsen SD, Singh M, Rishi AK. Identification and Testing of Novel CARP-1 Functional Mimetic Compounds as Inhibitors of Non-Small Cell Lung and Triple Negative Breast Cancers. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 11:1608-27. [PMID: 26485930 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2015.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The triple negative breast cancer (TNBCs) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) often acquire mutations that contribute to failure of drugs in clinic and poor prognosis, thus presenting an urgent need to develop new and improved therapeutic modalities. Here we report that CARP-1 functional mimetic (CFMs) compounds 4 and 5, and 4.6, a structurally related analog of CFM-4, are potent inhibitors of TNBC and NSCLC cells in vitro. Cell growth suppression by CFM-4 and -4.6 involved interaction and elevated expression of CARP-1/CCAR1 and Death Effector Domain (DED) containing DNA binding (DEDD)2 proteins. Apoptosis by these compounds also involved activation of pro-apoptotic stress-activated kinases p38 and JNK1/2, cleavage of PARP and loss of mitotic cyclin B1. Both the CFMs inhibited abilities of NSCLC and TNBC cells to migrate, invade, and form colonies in suspension, while disrupting tubule formation by the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Nano-lipid formulation of CFM-4 (CFM-4 NLF) enhanced its serum bioavailability when compared with the free CFM-4. Oral administration of CFM-4 NLF reduced weights and volume of the xenografted tumors derived from A549 NSCLC and MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Although no gross tissue or histological toxicities were noticed, the immuno-histochemical analysis revealed increased CARP-1 and DNA fragmentation in tumors of the CFM-4 NLF-treated animals. In conclusion, while stimulation of pro-apoptotic CARP-1 and DEDD2 expression and their binding underscore a novel mechanism of apoptosis transduction by CFM compounds, our proof-of-concept xenograft studies demonstrate therapeutic potential of CFM-4 for TNBC and NSCLC.
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Puliyappadamba VT, Wu W, Bevis D, Zhang L, Polin L, Kilkuskie R, Finley RL, Larsen SD, Levi E, Miller FR, Wali A, Rishi AK. Antagonists of anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-2-cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein (CARP)-1 interaction are novel regulators of cell growth and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38000-38017. [PMID: 21903591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.222398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CARP-1/CCAR1, a perinuclear phosphoprotein, is a regulator of cell growth and apoptosis signaling. Although CARP-1 is a regulator of chemotherapy-dependent apoptosis, it is also a part of the NF-κB proteome and a co-activator of steroid/thyroid nuclear receptors as well as β-catenin signaling. Our yeast two-hybrid screen revealed CARP-1 binding with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome E3 ubiquitin ligase component APC-2 protein. CARP-1 also binds with anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome co-activators Cdc20 and Cdh1. Following mapping of the minimal epitopes involved in CARP-1 binding with APC-2, a fluorescence polarization assay was established that indicated a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 480 nm for CARP-1/APC-2 binding. Fluorescence polarization assay-based high throughput screening of a chemical library yielded several small molecule antagonists of CARP-1/APC-2 binding, termed CARP-1 functional mimetics. CFM-4 (1(2-chlorobenzyl)-5'-phenyl-3'H-spiro[indoline-3,2'-[1,3,4]thiadiazol]-2-one), a lead compound, binds with and stimulates CARP-1 expression. CFM-4 prevents CARP-1 binding with APC-2, causes G(2)M cell cycle arrest, and induces apoptosis with an IC(50) range of 10-15 μm. Apoptosis signaling by CFM-4 involves activation of caspase-8 and -9 and caspase-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-independent loss of cyclin B1 and Cdc20 proteins. Depletion of CARP-1, however, interferes with CFM-4-dependent cell growth inhibition, activation of caspases, and apoptosis. Because CFM-4 also suppresses growth of drug-resistant human breast cancer cells without affecting the growth of human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells, elevating CARP-1 by CFM-4 and consequent apoptosis could in principle be exploited to further elucidate, and perhaps effectively target, often deregulated cell cycle pathways in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Debra Bevis
- Michigan High-throughput Screening Center, Kalamazoo Valley Community College, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49003
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Lisa Polin
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Robert Kilkuskie
- Michigan High-throughput Screening Center, Kalamazoo Valley Community College, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49003
| | - Russell L Finley
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Scott D Larsen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Edi Levi
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Fred R Miller
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Breast Cancer Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Anil Wali
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Arun K Rishi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Breast Cancer Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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Wang Y, Rishi AK, Wu W, Polin L, Sharma S, Levi E, Albelda S, Pass HI, Wali A. Curcumin suppresses growth of mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo, in part, by stimulating apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 357:83-94. [PMID: 21594647 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive, asbestos-related malignancy of the thoracic pleura. Although, platinum-based agents are the first line of therapy, there is an urgent need for second-line therapies to treat the drug-resistant MPM. Cell cycle as well as apoptosis pathways are frequently altered in MPM and thus remain attractive targets for intervention strategies. Curcumin, the major component in the spice turmeric, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics has been under investigation for a number of cancers. In this study, we investigated the biological and molecular responses of MPM cells to curcumin treatments and the mechanisms involved. Flow-cytometric analyses coupled with western immunoblotting and gene-array analyses were conducted to determine mechanisms of curcumin-dependent growth suppression of human (H2373, H2452, H2461, and H226) and murine (AB12) MPM cells. Curcumin inhibited MPM cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner while pretreatment of MPM cells with curcumin enhanced cisplatin efficacy. Curcumin activated the stress-activated p38 kinase, caspases 9 and 3, caused elevated levels of proapoptotic proteins Bax, stimulated PARP cleavage, and apoptosis. In addition, curcumin treatments stimulated expression of novel transducers of cell growth suppression such as CARP-1, XAF1, and SULF1 proteins. Oral administration of curcumin inhibited growth of murine MPM cell-derived tumors in vivo in part by stimulating apoptosis. Thus, curcumin targets cell cycle and promotes apoptosis to suppress MPM growth in vitro and in vivo. Our studies provide a proof-of-principle rationale for further in-depth analysis of MPM growth suppression mechanisms and their future exploitation in effective management of resistant MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, VAMC, 4646 John R, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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