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Deng Q, Huang Y, Zeng J, Li X, Zheng X, Guo L, Shi J, Bai L. Recent advancements in the small-molecule drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Structure-activity relationships, pharmacological activities, and the clinical trials. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117343. [PMID: 39180795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and it is urgent to find safe and effective drugs for treatment. As an important therapeutic method, small-molecule drugs are continually being updated to achieve improved therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural effects of various FDA-listed small-molecule drugs sorafenib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib on the corresponding HCC targets and possible structural optimization methods, and to explore the mechanism for identifying potential therapeutic drugs that offer better efficacy and fewer side effects. METHODS The structure-activity relationship, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of small-molecule drugs were reviewed by referencing MEDLINE, Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases, summarizing and integrating the relevant content. RESULTS The results showed that small-molecule drugs can inhibit HCC primarily by forming hydrogen bonds with Glu885, Asp1046, and Cys919 on the HCC target. HCC can be targeted by inhibiting the activation of multiple pathways, blocking the conduction of downstream signaling, and reducing the formation of tumor blood vessels. In general, small-molecule drugs primarily target four key receptors in HCC: VEGFR, PDGFR, EGFR, and FGFR, to achieve effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS By revealing their structure-activity relationships, pharmacological actions, and clinical trials, small-molecule drugs can offer broad prospects for the development of new medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hughes GK, Sajjadi NB, Gardner B, Ramoin JK, Tuia J, Haslam A, Prasad V, Vassar M. Assessing patient burden and benefit: A decade of cabozantinib clinical trials. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1464-1473. [PMID: 38108216 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug development is complex and costly. Clinical trial participants take on risks, making it essential to maximize trial efficiency and maintain participant safety. Identifying periods of excessive burden during drug development can inform trial design, ensure patient benefit and prevent harm. This study aims to examine all published clinical trials for cabozantinib to assess patient benefit and burden over time. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of interventional clinical trials of cabozantinib for solid cancer treatment. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane (CENTRAL) and ClinicalTrials.gov. We extracted adverse event rates, median progression-free survival (PFS), median overall survival and objective response rate (ORR) for each included trial. We calculated frequencies of trial characteristics, cumulative grade 3-5 adverse event rates and cumulative ORRs. Out of 1735 studies, 54 publications were included that involved 6372 participants and 21 cancers. Of the 54 studies in our sample, 31 (57.41%) were single-arm trials and 23 (42.60%) had negative results. Trials among and within various indications had conflicting results over time. Cumulative risk to participants increased over time, and clinical benefit decreased. The findings suggest that the risk profile of cabozantinib increased from 2011 to 2016 and has remained elevated but stable while benefit has decreased over time. The use of non-randomized and single-arm trials is concerning, and more methodologically rigorous trials are needed. The results of trials for different indications are inconsistent, and empirical administration may reduce the drug's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin K Hughes
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicholas B Sajjadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Oklahoma, College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brooke Gardner
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua K Ramoin
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jordan Tuia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alyson Haslam
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinay Prasad
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matt Vassar
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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3
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Immunotherapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Urol Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89891-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Increased therapeutic effect on medullary thyroid cancer using a combination of radiation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233720. [PMID: 32459817 PMCID: PMC7252631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) often have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, the development of efficient systemic treatment options for MTC is important. Vandetanib and cabozantinib are two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that were recently approved by FDA and EMA for systemic treatment of metastatic MTC. Additionally, since MTC is of a neuroendocrine tumour type, treatment with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues (e.g. 177Lu-octreotate) is a valid option for patients with MTC. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially increased therapeutic effect of combining radiation therapy with these TKIs for treatment of MTC in a mouse model. Nude mice carrying patient-derived MTC tumours (GOT2) were treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or one of the two TKIs vandetanib or cabozantinib. The tumour volume was determined and compared with that of mock-treated controls. The treatment doses were chosen to give a moderate effect as monotherapy to be able to detect any increased therapeutic effect from the combination therapy. At the end of follow-up, tumours were processed for immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. The animals in the combination therapy groups showed the largest reduction in tumour volume and the longest time to tumour progression. Two weeks after start of treatment, the tumour volume for these mice was reduced by about 70–75% compared with controls. Furthermore, also EBRT and TKI monotherapy resulted in a clear anti-tumour effect with a reduced tumour growth compared with controls. The results show that an increased therapeutic effect could be achieved when irradiation is combined with TKIs for treatment of MTC. Future studies should evaluate the potential of using 177Lu-octreotate therapy in combination with TKIs in patients.
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5
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Markowitz JN, Fancher KM. Cabozantinib: A Multitargeted Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Pharmacotherapy 2018; 38:357-369. [PMID: 29283440 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cabozantinib is an oral small-molecule multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that may confer an advantage over other TKIs that target a single receptor. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of both advanced renal cell carcinoma and progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer, and it is being investigated for a wide array of other malignancies. Rationale for use, clinical trial data, and current recommendations for cabozantinib in renal cell cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and lung cancer are detailed in this article. Common adverse events are reviewed, and management strategies for select adverse events are discussed. Implications for contemporary practitioners are also provided because use of this novel agent is likely to increase as more studies are completed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen M Fancher
- School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Passavant, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Jadhavar PS, Ramachandran SA, Riquelme E, Gupta A, Quinn KP, Shivakumar D, Ray S, Zende D, Nayak AK, Miglani SK, Sathe BD, Raja M, Farias O, Alfaro I, Belmar S, Guerrero J, Bernales S, Chakravarty S, Hung DT, Lindquist JN, Rai R. Targeting prostate cancer with compounds possessing dual activity as androgen receptor antagonists and HDAC6 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5222-5228. [PMID: 27717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While enzalutamide and abiraterone are approved for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), approximately 20-40% of patients have no response to these agents. It has been stipulated that the lack of response and the development of secondary resistance to these drugs may be due to the presence of AR splice variants. HDAC6 has a role in regulating the androgen receptor (AR) by modulating heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) acetylation, which controls the nuclear localization and activation of the AR in androgen-dependent and independent scenarios. With dual-acting AR-HDAC6 inhibitors it should be possible to target patients who don't respond to enzalutamide. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of dual-acting compounds which target AR and are also specific towards HDAC6. Our efforts led to compound 10 which was found to have potent dual activity (HDAC6 IC50=0.0356μM and AR binding IC50=<0.03μM). Compound 10 was further evaluated for antagonist and other cell-based activities, in vitro stability and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Jadhavar
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Sreekanth A Ramachandran
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Eduardo Riquelme
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Avenida Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Ashu Gupta
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Kevin P Quinn
- Medivation, 525 Market Street, 36th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | | | | | - Dnyaneshwar Zende
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Anjan K Nayak
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Sandeep K Miglani
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Balaji D Sathe
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Mohd Raja
- Integral BioSciences Pvt. Ltd, C-64, Hosiery Complex Phase II Extension, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Olivia Farias
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Avenida Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Ivan Alfaro
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Avenida Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Sebastián Belmar
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Avenida Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Javier Guerrero
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Avenida Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | | | | | - David T Hung
- Medivation, 525 Market Street, 36th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | | | - Roopa Rai
- Medivation, 525 Market Street, 36th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
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7
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Collazo-Lorduy A, Galsky MD. Systemic therapy for metastatic bladder cancer in 2016 and beyond. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1179-92. [PMID: 26922914 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic urothelial cancer is generally associated with poor outcomes. In the first-line setting, platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care but resistance rapidly develops and the vast majority of patients ultimately experience disease progression. Despite several decades of clinical drug development focused on the treatment of platinum-resistant metastatic urothelial cancer, as of late 2015 there are no standard therapies approved by the US FDA in this setting. However, preliminary results from a series of recent trials exploring innovative approaches forecast a 'sea change' in the management of this difficult to treat malignancy. Herein, we review new approaches for the management of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer focused on three key therapeutic target areas: recurrent somatic alterations, the tumor neovasculature and tumor-associated immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Collazo-Lorduy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, Velazquez 7, Madrid 28001, Spain
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, Lee N, Machens A, Moley JF, Pacini F, Raue F, Frank-Raue K, Robinson B, Rosenthal MS, Santoro M, Schlumberger M, Shah M, Waguespack SG. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2015; 25:567-610. [PMID: 25810047 PMCID: PMC4490627 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1289] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American Thyroid Association appointed a Task Force of experts to revise the original Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. METHODS The Task Force identified relevant articles using a systematic PubMed search, supplemented with additional published materials, and then created evidence-based recommendations, which were set in categories using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The original guidelines provided abundant source material and an excellent organizational structure that served as the basis for the current revised document. RESULTS The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of patients with MTC. The Task Force considers the recommendations to represent current, rational, and optimal medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Wells
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas B. Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert F. Gagel
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Machens
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jeffrey F. Moley
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Friedhelm Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Frank-Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce Robinson
- University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M. Sara Rosenthal
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics and Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' di Napoli “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Service de Medecine Nucleaire, Université of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Manisha Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Wang X, Wang S, Lin F, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang X, Wen C, Ma J, Hu L. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution model of cabozantinib in rat determined by UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:125-31. [PMID: 25638029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cabozantinib (XL184) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) targeted at mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET). In order to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in rat, a specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed with midazolam as internal standard. The calibration curves in plasma and tissues were linear in the range of 5-5000ng/mL (r(2)>0.99). The recoveries were better than 80.4% and matrix effects ranged from 96.9% to 105.1%. Then, the developed UPLC-MS/MS method was applied to determine the concentration of XL184 in blood and tissues. The pharmacokinetics of four different dosages (iv 5, 10mg/kg and ig 15, 30mg/kg) revealed that XL184 was eliminated slowly, the t1/2 was longer than 10h and the absolute bioavailability was 25.6±8.3%. The concentration distribution of XL184 in tissues was liver>lung>kidney>spleen>heart. Based on the concentration-time of XL184 in tissues, a BP-ANN distribution model was developed with good performance, and can be used to predict the concentration of XL184 in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Lishui City, 323000 Lishui, China
| | - Feiyan Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 200437 Shanghai, China
| | - HuiLing Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Wenzhou University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianchuan Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Lufeng Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China.
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Kim EY, Chapman TR, Ryu S, Chang EL, Galanopoulos N, Jones J, Kubicky CD, Lee CP, Teh BS, Traughber BJ, Van Poznak C, Vassil AD, Weber K, Lo SSM. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Non-Spine Bone Metastases. J Palliat Med 2015; 18:11-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2014.9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Ryu
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Eric L. Chang
- University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Joshua Jones
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Bryan J. Traughber
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Kristy Weber
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon Shek-Man Lo
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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