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Wang F, Liang L, Yu M, Wang W, Badar IH, Bao Y, Zhu K, Li Y, Shafi S, Li D, Diao Y, Efferth T, Xue Z, Hua X. Advances in antitumor activity and mechanism of natural steroidal saponins: A review of advances, challenges, and future prospects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155432. [PMID: 38518645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, the second leading cause of death worldwide following cardiovascular diseases, presents a formidable challenge in clinical settings due to the extensive toxic side effects associated with primary chemotherapy drugs employed for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the emergence of drug resistance against specific chemotherapeutic agents has further complicated the situation. Consequently, there exists an urgent imperative to investigate novel anticancer drugs. Steroidal saponins, a class of natural compounds, have demonstrated notable antitumor efficacy. Nonetheless, their translation into clinical applications has remained unrealized thus far. In light of this, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review elucidating the antitumor activity, underlying mechanisms, and inherent limitations of steroidal saponins. Additionally, we propose a series of strategic approaches and recommendations to augment the antitumor potential of steroidal saponin compounds, thereby offering prospective insights for their eventual clinical implementation. PURPOSE This review summarizes steroidal saponins' antitumor activity, mechanisms, and limitations. METHODS The data included in this review are sourced from authoritative databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and others. RESULTS A comprehensive summary of over 40 steroidal saponin compounds with proven antitumor activity, including their applicable tumor types and structural characteristics, has been compiled. These steroidal saponins can be primarily classified into five categories: spirostanol, isospirostanol, furostanol, steroidal alkaloids, and cholestanol. The isospirostanol and cholestanol saponins are found to have more potent antitumor activity. The primary antitumor mechanisms of these saponins include tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy induction, inhibition of tumor migration, overcoming drug resistance, and cell cycle arrest. However, steroidal saponins have limitations, such as higher cytotoxicity and lower bioavailability. Furthermore, strategies to address these drawbacks have been proposed. CONCLUSION In summary, isospirostanol and cholestanol steroidal saponins demonstrate notable antitumor activity and different structural categories of steroidal saponins exhibit variations in their antitumor signaling pathways. However, the clinical application of steroidal saponins in cancer treatment still faces limitations, and further research and development are necessary to advance their potential in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Lu Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR, PR China
| | - Ma Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Badar
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, PR China; Department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Saba Shafi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Dangdang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Yongchao Diao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
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Chen Y, Yan Q, Ji Y, Bai X, Li D, Mu R, Guo K, Yang M, Tao Y, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li S. Unraveling the serial glycosylation in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins in the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla and their antifungal action. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4638-4654. [PMID: 37969733 PMCID: PMC10638507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sugar glycosyltransferases play important roles in constructing complex and bioactive saponins. Here, we characterized a series of UDP-glycosyltransferases responsible for biosynthesizing the branched sugar chain of bioactive steroidal saponins from a widely known medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Among them, a 2'-O-rhamnosyltransferase and three 6'-O-glucosyltrasferases catalyzed a cascade of glycosylation to produce steroidal diglycosides and triglycosides, respectively. These UDP-glycosyltransferases showed astonishing substrate promiscuity, resulting in the generation of a panel of 24 terpenoid glycosides including 15 previously undescribed compounds. A mutant library containing 44 variants was constructed based on the identification of critical residues by molecular docking simulations and protein model alignments, and a mutant UGT91AH1Y187A with increased catalytic efficiency was obtained. The steroidal saponins exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against four widespread strains of human pathogenic fungi attributed to ergosterol-dependent damage of fungal cell membranes, and 2'-O-rhamnosylation appeared to correlate with strong antifungal effects. The findings elucidated the biosynthetic machinery for their production of steroidal saponins and revealed their potential as new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuegui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Desen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongfang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Majnooni MB, Fakhri S, Ghanadian SM, Bahrami G, Mansouri K, Iranpanah A, Farzaei MH, Mojarrab M. Inhibiting Angiogenesis by Anti-Cancer Saponins: From Phytochemistry to Cellular Signaling Pathways. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030323. [PMID: 36984763 PMCID: PMC10052344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are one of the broadest classes of high-molecular-weight natural compounds, consisting mainly of a non-polar moiety with 27 to 30 carbons and a polar moiety containing sugars attached to the sapogenin structure. Saponins are found in more than 100 plant families as well as found in marine organisms. Saponins have several therapeutic effects, including their administration in the treatment of various cancers. These compounds also reveal noteworthy anti-angiogenesis effects as one of the critical strategies for inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, a comprehensive review is performed on electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Accordingly, the structural characteristics of triterpenoid/steroid saponins and their anti-cancer effects were highlighted, focusing on their anti-angiogenic effects and related mechanisms. Consequently, the anti-angiogenic effects of saponins, inhibiting the expression of genes related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) are two main anti-angiogenic mechanisms of triterpenoid and steroidal saponins. The inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways that stimulate angiogenesis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), are other anti-angiogenic mechanisms of saponins. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activity of saponins was closely related to the binding site of the sugar moiety, the type and number of their monosaccharide units, as well as the presence of some functional groups in their aglycone structure. Therefore, saponins are suitable candidates for cancer treatment by inhibiting angiogenesis, for which extensive pre-clinical and comprehensive clinical trial studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Majnooni
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Syed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
| | - Mahdi Mojarrab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
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Li J, Jia J, Zhu W, Chen J, Zheng Q, Li D. Therapeutic effects on cancer of the active ingredients in rhizoma paridis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1095786. [PMID: 36895945 PMCID: PMC9989034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1095786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health, with high mortality and a low cure rate, continuously challenging public health worldwide. Extensive clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for patients with poor outcomes of radiotherapy and chemotherapy provides a new direction in anticancer therapy. Anticancer mechanisms of the active ingredients in TCM have also been extensively studied in the medical field. As a type of TCM against cancer, Rhizoma Paridis (Chinese name: Chonglou) has important antitumor effects in clinical application. The main active ingredients of Rhizoma Paridis (e.g., total saponins, polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin VI, and polyphyllin VII) have shown strong antitumor activities in various cancers, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and gastric cancer. Rhizoma Paridis also has low concentrations of certain other active ingredients with antitumor effects, such as saponins polyphyllin E, polyphyllin H, Paris polyphylla-22, gracillin, and formosanin-C. Many researchers have studied the anticancer mechanism of Rhizoma Paridis and its active ingredients. This review article describes research progress regarding the molecular mechanism and antitumor effects of the active ingredients in Rhizoma Paridis, suggesting that various active ingredients in Rhizoma Paridis may be potentially therapeutic against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhao Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Clinical Trial Agency, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Platform for Modernization and Industrialization of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Chen P, Wu S, Dong X, Zhou M, Xu P, Chen B. Formosanin C induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 27:977-986. [PMID: 36053135 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2117126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy associated with poor survival. Novel therapeutic drugs are urgently needed to improve MM therapy and patient outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of formosanin C (FC), a Chinese medicine monomer, on MM in vitro and disclose the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS The effect of FC on the viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy of MM cell lines (NCI-H929 and ARP1) was studied through CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, GFP-LC3, and western blotting assays, respectively. A pharmacological approach and network pharmacology technology were implemented to explore the potential mechanisms of the action of FC on MM cells. RESULTS FC efficiently suppressed the viability and colony-forming capacity, but promoted the number of autophagic vacuoles with GFP-LC3 localization and the percentage of apoptotic cells in MM cells. Additionally, FC significantly increased the levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin 1, as well as the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3, but blocked the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in the cells; these effects were reversed by an inhibitor of autophagy, 3-methyladenine. What's more, we found that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was involved in the FC-mediated inhibition of MM. Pharmacological inhibition of this pathway dramatically relieved FC-triggered excessive expression of autophagy-related proteins and rescued MM cells from FC-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FC exhibits an anti-MM effect by activating cell autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sungui Wu
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Neurotransmitters: Potential Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163970. [PMID: 36010960 PMCID: PMC9406056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aiming to discover potential treatments for GBM, this review connects emerging research on the roles of neurotransmitters in the normal neural and the GBM microenvironments and sheds light on the prospects of their application in the neuropharmacology of GBM. Conventional therapy is blamed for its poor effect, especially in inhibiting tumor recurrence and invasion. Facing this dilemma, we focus on neurotransmitters that modulate GBM initiation, progression and invasion, hoping to provide novel therapy targeting GBM. By analyzing research concerning GBM therapy systematically and scientifically, we discover increasing insights into the regulatory effects of neurotransmitters, some of which have already shown great potential in research in vivo or in vitro. After that, we further summarize the potential drugs in correlation with previously published research. In summary, it is worth expecting that targeting neurotransmitters could be a promising novel pharmacological approach for GBM treatment. Abstract For decades, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a type of the most lethal brain tumor, has remained a formidable challenge in terms of its treatment. Recently, many novel discoveries have underlined the regulatory roles of neurotransmitters in the microenvironment both physiologically and pathologically. By targeting the receptors synaptically or non-synaptically, neurotransmitters activate multiple signaling pathways. Significantly, many ligands acting on neurotransmitter receptors have shown great potential for inhibiting GBM growth and development, requiring further research. Here, we provide an overview of the most novel advances concerning the role of neurotransmitters in the normal neural and the GBM microenvironments, and discuss potential targeted drugs used for GBM treatment.
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Wang G, Yan M, Hao R, Lv P, Wang Y, Man S, Gao W. Q-marker identification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. in pulmonary metastasis of liver cancer mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115311. [PMID: 35461989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) as the mainly active components of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz., possess tumor therapeutic potential. However, the anti-tumor material basis of RPS in liver cancer pulmonary metastasis remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify the distribution and anti-cancer effects of RPS in liver cancer pulmonary metastatic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a mouse liver cancer pulmonary metastasis model was established to determine the distribution of different saponins in the tissues by UPLC-MS and plasma protein binding rate. RESULTS As a result, RPS prolonged the survival time and inhibited the pulmonary metastasis in H22 injected mice through its underlying mechanism. UPLC-MS identified saponins from RPS such as PVII, PH, PVI, PII, gracillin and PI in tissues, which may be regarded as the Q-markers in RPS. Surprisingly, the concentration of PI, PII and gracillin as diosgenyl saponins was higher than that of pennogenyl saponins in the liver and lung. Besides, plasma protein binding rate of PII was higher than that of PVII. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that PVII, PH, PVI, PI, PII and gracillin are regarded as the Q-markers of RPS in liver cancer pulmonary metastasis. The concentration of PI, PII and gracillin as diosgenyl saponins was higher than that of pennogenyl saponins in the liver and lung. It would be helpful for understanding the importance of RPS with anticancer activities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genbei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., No.2 Pujihe East Road, Tasly TCM Garden, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ruijia Hao
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., No.2 Pujihe East Road, Tasly TCM Garden, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Panpan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., No.2 Pujihe East Road, Tasly TCM Garden, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Thapa CB, Paudel MR, Bhattarai HD, Pant KK, Devkota HP, Adhikari YP, Pant B. Bioactive secondary metabolites in Paris polyphylla Sm. and their biological activities: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08982. [PMID: 35243100 PMCID: PMC8881664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paris polyphylla Sm. is an important medicinal plant used to treat a variety of diseases through traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Tibetan traditional medicines, Chinese traditional medicines, and others around the world. The IUCN red list has designated it as "vulnerable" due to a decline in wild population by over-exploitation, habitat degradation, illegal collection for trade and traditional use. This review paper aims to summarize the bioactive secondary metabolites in Paris polyphylla. Paris saponins or steroidal saponins are the main bioactive chemical constituents from this plant that account for more than 80% of the total compounds. For instance, polyphyllin D, diosgenin, paris saponins I, II, VI, VII, and H are steroidal saponins having anticancer activity comparable to synthetic anticancer medicines. Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-leishmaniasis, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antityrosinase, and antiviral effects of extracts and pure compounds were also demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, this review summarizes the bioactive components from the P. polyphylla which will be useful to researchers and scientists, and for the development of potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bahadur Thapa
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
- Butwal Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Butwal, Nepal
| | - Mukti Ram Paudel
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | | | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Bijaya Pant
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
- Corresponding author.
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Yang L, Liu ST, Yu H, Hou AJ, Man WJ, Zhang JX, Wang S, Wang XJ, Zheng SW, Su XL. A review of the pharmacology, application, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control, processing, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Paridis Rhizoma. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
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Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Steroid Saponins Isolated from Rhizoma Paridis. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/1442906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis, the rhizome of liliaceous plants Paris polyphylla, is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in China. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that steroid saponins were the major effective ingredients of Rhizoma Paridis to exert antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hemostasis, and antifibrosis functions. In this review, we discussed the chemical structures of steroid saponins and their related biological activity and mechanisms in cellular and animal models, aiming to provide a reference for future comprehensive exploitation and development of saponins.
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Yin L, Shi C, Zhang Z, Wang W, Li M. Formosanin C attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through nuclear factor-κB inhibition in macrophages. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:395-401. [PMID: 34448457 PMCID: PMC8405437 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.5.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extended inflammation and cytokine production pathogenically contribute to a number of inflammatory disorders. Formosanin C (FC) is the major diosgenin saponin found in herb Paris formosana Hayata (Liliaceae), which has been shown to exert anti-cancer and immunomodulatory functions. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of FC and the underlying molecular mechanism. RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pre-treated with FC prior to being stimulated with LPS. Thereafter, the macrophages were subjected to analysis of the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6, as well as two relevant enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The analysis revealed that FC administration blunted LPS-induced production of NO and PGE in a dose-dependent manner, while the expression of iNOS and COX-2 at both mRNA and protein levels was inhibited in LPS-stimulated macrophages pre-treated with FC. Moreover, LPS stimulation upregulated mRNA expression and medium release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, whereas this effect was blocked upon FC pre-administration. Mechanistic studies showed that inhibitory effects of FC on LPS-induced inflammation were associated with a downregulation of IκB kinase, IκB, and p65/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that FC possesses an inflammation-suppressing activity, thus being a potential agent for the treatment of inflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, P.R. China
| | - Chaohong Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling 317500, P.R. China
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12
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Chen Z, Li J, Cui Q, Li F, Zhang G. Formosanin C promotes the curative efficacy of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation in a mouse model of breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:550. [PMID: 34093771 PMCID: PMC8170285 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of tumor-associated death among women worldwide, and new therapeutic strategies are required to improve the post-surgery prognosis and quality of life of patients. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a less invasive approach compared with traditional surgical resection to treat malignancies, and the combination of RFA and chemotherapeutic agents, including formosanin C (FC), can synergistically improve the curative effects against breast carcinoma. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, nude mice were used to identify the influence of FC on the therapeutic efficacy of RFA for breast cancer. Flow cytometry was performed to demonstrate the proportional alteration of CD8+ and CD45+ T cells with different biomarkers, including CD107a, IFNγ and TNFα. It was demonstrated that FC enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of RFA in breast cancer, while RFA combined with FC improved the proportion of IFNγ+ and TNFα+ CD8+ T cells and CD107a+ CD8+ T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, thus increasing the immune responses caused by surgery and chemotherapy. The present study indicated that FC may promote the curative efficacy of ultrasound-guided RFA against breast tumor by regulating adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Fuyuan Li
- CT Room, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Gaiying Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Yang MZ, Zhang BB, Huang JC, Bai XY, Liang ZQ, Yi X, Xu N, Huang YJ, Jiao AJ. Network Pharmacology Reveals Polyphyllin II as One Hit of Nano Chinese Medicine Monomers against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:9959634. [PMID: 34007265 PMCID: PMC8102105 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9959634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor in southern China, and nano Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents great potential to cancer therapy. To predict the potential targets and mechanism of polyphyllin II against NPC and explore its possibility for the future nano-pharmaceutics of Chinese medicine monomers, network pharmacology was included in the present study. Totally, ninety-four common potential targets for NPC and polyphyllin II were discovered. Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis showed that biological processes and functions mainly concentrated on apoptotic process, protein phosphorylation, cytosol, protein binding, and ATP binding. In addition, the anti-NPC effects of polyphyllin II mainly involved in the pathways related to cancer, especially in the PI3K-Akt signaling indicated by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The "drug-target-disease" network diagram indicated that the key genes were SRC, MAPK1, MAPK14, and AKT1. Taken together, this study revealed the potential drug targets and underlying mechanisms of polyphyllin II against NPC through modern network pharmacology, which provided a certain theoretical basis for the future nano TCM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhe Yang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Chun Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xian-Yu Bai
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Jiao Huang
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ai-Jun Jiao
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Wang G, Hao R, Luo C, Wang Y, Man S, Gao W. Pharmacokinetics profiles of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII in rats by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5083. [PMID: 33544400 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polyphyllin II (PII) and polyphyllin VII (PVII) are the main active ingredients in Paris Polyphylla with an excellent antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. In this study, a rapid and precise LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the separation and simultaneous determination of PII and PVII in rat plasma, tissues, feces and urine using ginsenoside Rg3 as the internal standard. Positive linearity ranged from 1 to 1,000 ng/ml in samples. At the same time, intra- and inter-day precisions were in range of 1.8-12.0%. The accuracy ranged from 95.9 to 100.8%. Mean extraction recoveries of PII and PVII ranged from 86.6 to 96.4%. The analytical method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of PII and PVII in rats after their i.v. administration. After entering systemic circulation, PII and PVII were rapidly distributed in organs, mainly including liver, lung and spleen. Their elimination rate was slow. All of these data provided a theoretical basis for the application of PII and PVII in the treatment of liver- and lung-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genbei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Beichen District, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruijia Hao
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Beichen District, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd, Beichen District, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Bi L, Liu Y, Yang Q, Zhou X, Li H, Liu Y, Li J, Lu Y, Tang H. Paris saponin H inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells through the A1 and A3 adenosine receptor‑mediated pathway. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:30. [PMID: 33537802 PMCID: PMC7891836 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paris saponin H (PSH) is a type of steroid saponin derived from Rhizoma Paridis (RP; the rhizome of Paris). In our previous studies, saponins from RP exerted antiglioma activity in vitro. However, the effects of PSH on glioma have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PSH on U251 glioblastoma cells and elucidate the possible underlying mechanism. The cells were treated with PSH at various concentrations for 48 h, and the cell viability, invasion, apoptosis and cycle progression were assessed using specific assay kits. The activation of Akt, 44/42‑mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the expression levels of A1 adenosine receptor (ARA1) and ARA3 were assessed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that PSH inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis. Treatment of U251 cells with PSH induced the upregulation of p21 and p27, and the downregulation cyclin D1 and S‑phase kinase associated protein 2 protein expression levels, which induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The results also demonstrated that PSH inhibited the expression of ARA1, and the agonist of ARA1, 2‑chloro‑N6‑cyclopentyladenosine, reversed the effects of PSH. Hypoxia induced increases in the ARA3, hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression levels, which were associated with the activation of the Akt and P44/42 MAPK pathways. Compared with the hypoxia group, PSH inhibited the expression levels of ARA3, HIF‑1α and VEGF, as well as the phosphorylation levels of Akt and 44/42 MAPK, and repressed HIF‑1α transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that PSH inhibited the expression of HIF‑1α by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt and 44/42 MAPK mediated by ARA3. Taken together, these results suggested that PSH reduced U251 cell viability via the inhibition of ARA1 and ARA3 expression, and further inhibited Akt and 44/42 MAPK phosphorylation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Bi
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yunyang Lu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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16
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Advances in the antitumor activities and mechanisms of action of steroidal saponins. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:732-748. [PMID: 30322607 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal saponins are one of the saponin types that exist in an unbound state and have various pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and nerves-calming properties. Cancer is a growing health problem worldwide. Significant progress has been made to understand the antitumor effects of steroidal saponins in recent years. According to reported findings, steroidal saponins exert various antitumor activities, such as inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and regulating the tumor microenvironment, through multiple related signaling pathways. This article focuses on the advances in domestic and foreign studies on the antitumor activity and mechanism of actions of steroidal saponins in the last five years to provide a scientific basis and research ideas for further development and clinical application of steroidal saponins.
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17
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Wang W, Dong X, You L, Sai N, Leng X, Yang C, Yin X, Ni J. Apoptosis in HepaRG and HL-7702 cells inducted by polyphyllin II through caspases activation and cell-cycle arrest. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7078-7089. [PMID: 30362578 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis, a traditional Chinese medicine, has shown promise in cancer prevention and therapy. Polyphyllin II is one of the most significant saponins in Rhizoma Paridis and it has toxic effects on kinds of cancer cells. However, our results in this study proved that the polyphyllin II has hepatotoxicity in vitro through caspases activation and cell-cycle arrest. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide results indicated polyphyllin II inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis in HepaRG cells and HL-7702 cells and showed a concentration and time-dependent. Then, we selected the innovative cell model-HepaRG cells to explore the mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Our data showed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased in HepaRG cells after administration of polyphyllin II. Besides, with the increase of concentration, the release of lactate dehydrogenase increased and the S phase of the cell cycle was arrested. Nevertheless, when pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, apoptotic cells decreased significantly, inhibited the production of ROS and improved the decrease of membrane potential in HepaRG cells. Moreover, polyphyllin II treatment increased levels of Fas, Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-3, -8, -9, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and decreased Bcl-2 expression levels. Finally, we identified two signal pathways of apoptosis induced by polyphyllin II including the death receptor pathway and the mitochondria pathway. This study confirmed the hepatotoxicity of the polyphyllin II in vitro, which has never been discovered and gave a wake-up call for the clinical application of Rhizoma Paridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Sai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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18
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Inhibitory Effects of Total Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from the Seeds of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) on Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101649. [PMID: 28974006 PMCID: PMC6151552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is regarded as one of the most severe malignancies for women in the world. Death rates have remained steady over the past five decades, due to the undeniable inefficiency of the current treatment in preventing its recurrence and death. The development of new effective alternative agents for ovarian cancer treatment is becoming increasingly critical. Tea saponins (TS) are triterpenoidsaponins composed of sapogenins, glycosides, and organic acids, which possess a variety of pharmacological activities, and have shown promise in the anti-cancer field. Through cell CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation assay (MTS) assay, colony formation, Hoechst 33342 staining assay, caspase-3/7 activities, flow cytometry for apoptosis analysis, and Western blot, we observed that TS isolated from the seeds of tea plants, Camellia sinensis, exhibited strong anti-proliferation inhibitory effects on OVCAR-3 and A2780/CP70 ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results indicate that TS may selectivity inhibit human ovarian cancer cells by mediating apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway, and initiating anti-angiogenesis via decreased VEGF protein levels in a HIF-1α-dependent pathway. Our data suggests that, in the future, TS could be incorporated into a potential therapeutic agent against human ovarian cancer.
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19
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Paris saponin-induced autophagy promotes breast cancer cell apoptosis via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 264:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhu X, Jiang H, Li J, Xu J, Fei Z. Anticancer Effects of Paris Saponins by Apoptosis and PI3K/AKT Pathway in Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1435-41. [PMID: 27125283 PMCID: PMC4917328 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paris saponins have been studied for their anticancer effects in various cancer types, but the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects, especially in EGFR-TKI-resistant cells, are still unclear. We explored the potential mechanism of the antitumor effects of PSI, II, VI, VII in EGFR-TKI-resistant cells and attempted to develop PSI, II, VI, VII as a systemic treatment strategy for EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer. Material/Methods Growth inhibition was detected by MTT assay. The apoptosis assay was detected using annexin-V/PI and Hoechst staining. The level of PI3K, pAKT, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 protein expression were detected using Western blot analysis. Results The results revealed that PSI, II, VI, VII inhibited the proliferation of PC-9-ZD cells. Furthermore, PSI, II, VI, VII induced significant cell apoptosis. The levels of PI3K, pAKT, Bcl-2 protein decreased, while the Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 protein was increased by PSI, II, PSVI, PSVII treatment and resulted in increased sensitivity to gefitinib in PC-9-ZD cells. Conclusions The underlying mechanism of Paris saponins may be related to targeting the PI3K/AKT pathways to cause apoptosis. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential of Paris saponins in clinical settings for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinHai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Luxeme Medical Cosmetology Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenghua Fei
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Zhang C, Jia X, Bao J, Chen S, Wang K, Zhang Y, Li P, Wan JB, Su H, Wang Y, Mei Z, He C. Polyphyllin VII induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and MAPK pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:58. [PMID: 26861252 PMCID: PMC4746894 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Paris polyphylla is an oriental folk medicine that has anticancer activities both in vivo and in vitro. Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a pennogenyl saponin from P. polyphylla has been found to exert strong anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, the anticancer effect of polyphyllin VII against human liver cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms were investigated. Methods Cellular viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential levels were evaluated using the InCell 2000 confocal microscope. The expression levels of apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results PP7 strongly inhibited the cell growth and induced apoptosis and necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, PP7 up-regulated the levels of Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome c, the cleaved forms of caspases-3, -8, -9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating that PP7 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Moreover, PP7 provoked the production of intracellular ROS and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further analysis showed that PP7 significantly augmented the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38, the major components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and the expressions of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and PTEN. In addition, PP7-induced apoptosis was remarkably attenuated by MAPK inhibitors and ROS inhibitor. Conclusions These results demonstrated that PP7 induced apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by promoting the generation of mitochondrial-mediated ROS and activating MAPK and PTEN/p53 pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1036-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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ZHAO PENGJUN, SONG SHUICHUAN, DU LEIWEN, ZHOU GUOHUA, MA SHENGLIN, LI JINHUI, FENG JIANGUO, ZHU XINHAI, JIANG HAO. Paris Saponins enhance radiosensitivity in a gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle phase arrest. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2878-84. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lin Z, Liu Y, Li F, Wu J, Zhang G, Wang Y, Lu L, Liu Z. Anti-lung Cancer Effects of Polyphyllin VI and VII Potentially Correlate with Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1568-76. [PMID: 26272214 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyphyllin VI (PVI) and polyphyllin VII (PVII) derived from Paris polyphylla possess anti-cancer activities. However, the mechanisms for the anti-lung cancer effects of PVI and PVII remain poorly understood. In this study, PVI and PVII exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. PVI and PVII induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptosis. PVI and PVII upregulated the tumor suppressor protein p53 and downregulated cyclin B1. The two treatments significantly increased the expression levels of death receptor 3, death receptor 5, Fas, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, PVI and PVII significantly inhibited the growth of A549 cells in vivo. The tumor inhibitory rates of PVI were 25.74%, 34.62%, and 40.43% at 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg, respectively, and those of PVII were 25.63%, 41.71%, and 40.41% at 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg, respectively. Finally, PVI and PVII regulated the expression of proteins related to the apoptotic pathway in A549 xenografts. In summary, PVI and PVII exhibited strong inhibitory effects on lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhufen Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinjun Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yan S, Tian S, Kang Q, Xia Y, Li C, Chen Q, Zhang S, Li Z. Rhizoma Paridis Saponins Suppresses Tumor Growth in a Rat Model of N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine-Induced Esophageal Cancer by Inhibiting Cyclooxygenases-2 Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131560. [PMID: 26147856 PMCID: PMC4493120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis Saponins (RPS), a natural compound purified from Rhizoma Paridis, has been found to inhibit cancer growth in vitro and in animal models of cancer. However, its effects on esophageal cancer remain unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RPS on tumor growth in a rat model of esophageal cancer and the molecular mechanism underlying the effects. A rat model of esophageal cancer was established by subcutaneous injection of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA, 1mg/kg) for 10 weeks. RPS (350 mg/kg or 100mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage once daily for 24 weeks starting at the first NMBA injection. RPS significantly reduced the size and number of tumors in the esophagus of rats exposed to NMBA and inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of esophageal cancer cells EC9706 and KYSE150 in a dose dependent manner (all P < 0.01). Flow cytometry revealed that RPS induced apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M arrest in the esophageal cancer cells. The expression of cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) and Cyclin D1 in rat esophageal tissues and the esophageal cancer cells were also significantly reduced by RPS (all P < 0.01). Consistently, RPS also significantly decreased the release of prostaglandin E2, a downstream molecule of COX-2, in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Our study suggests that RPS inhibit esophageal cancer development by promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibiting the COX-2 pathway. RPS might be a promising therapeutic agent for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shuxia Tian
- Departments of Pharmacology, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Kang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Xia
- Departments of Pharmacology, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine Therapy for Acute Abdominal Diseases of Tianjin, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine Therapy for Acute Abdominal Diseases of Tianjin, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nankai Hospital, Nankai District, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Paris saponin II inhibits human ovarian cancer cell-induced angiogenesis by modulating NF-κB signaling. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2190-8. [PMID: 25760800 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical applications of Rhizoma paridis in traditional Chinese medicine are well known. However, the therapeutic potential of Rhizoma paridis and its active component such as Paris saponin I (polyphyllin D) and Paris saponin II (PSII) (formosanin C) in cancer treatments have not yet been fully explored. Recent studies have demonstrated that PSII and chemoagents exhibit comparable inhibitory affects against human ovarian cancer cell growth. Since NF-κB, a ubiquitous transcription factor that plays an important role in cancer biology, is often associated with gynecological cancers, in the present study, we evaluated the possibility that PSII modulates NF-κB activity and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying such effects. We assessed the effects of PSII on NF-κB activity in SKOV3 tumor cells and on tumor cell induced-angiogenesis using standardized angiogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays, western blot analysis and kinase assay. We also assessed the effect of the super-engineered repressor of IĸBα and its effect, in combination with PSII treatment on tumor growth and angiogenesis in xenograft athymic mouse models of ovarian cancer (SKOV3 and SKOV3/mutant IĸBα cells) using color Doppler ultrasound and traditional immunohistochemistry. We showed that PSII suppressed NF-κB activation as a result of the reduction in IKKβ kinase activity on its substrate IκBα and the expression of IKKβ. Compromising NF-κB activation reduced the expression of NF-κB-downstream targets such as VEGF, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Such inhibitory effects at molecular levels appear to compromise tumor growth and angiogenesis. Most importantly, the combination of PSII treatment and constitutive repression of IĸBα activity exhibited marked inhibitory effects against human ovarian cancer cell growth in a xenograft mouse model of ovarian cancer. For the first time, we provide evidence showing that PSII potently inhibits angiogenesis and the growth of human ovarian cancer by suppressing NF-κB signaling.
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