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Zahavi DJ, Erbe R, Zhang YW, Guo T, Malchiodi ZX, Maynard R, Lekan A, Gallagher R, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin E, Jablonski SA, Fertig EJ, Weiner LM. Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity selection pressure induces diverse mechanisms of resistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2269637. [PMID: 37878417 PMCID: PMC10601508 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2269637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, only a minority of patients have durable responses and the development of resistance remains a major clinical obstacle. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) represents a crucial therapeutic mechanism of action; however, few studies have explored ADCC resistance. Using multiple in vitro models of ADCC selection pressure, we have uncovered both shared and distinct resistance mechanisms. Persistent ADCC selection pressure yielded ADCC-resistant cells that are characterized by a loss of NK cell conjugation and this shared resistance phenotype is associated with cell-line dependent modulation of cell surface proteins that contribute to immune synapse formation and NK cell function. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomic screens to interrogate molecular mechanisms of resistance. We demonstrate that ADCC resistance involves upregulation of interferon/STAT1 and DNA damage response signaling as well as activation of the immunoproteasome. Here, we identify pathways that modulate ADCC sensitivity and report strategies to enhance ADCC-mediated elimination of cancer cells. ADCC resistance could not be reversed with combinatorial treatment approaches. Hence, our findings indicate that tumor cells utilize multiple strategies to inhibit NK cell mediated-ADCC. Future research and development of NK cell-based immunotherapies must incorporate plans to address or potentially prevent the induction of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Zahavi
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Rossin Erbe
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Department of Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, USA
| | - Zoe X. Malchiodi
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Rachael Maynard
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Lekan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Rosa Gallagher
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Sandra A. Jablonski
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiner
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
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Tsuji K, Kikuchi E, Takashima Y, Shoji T, Takahashi H, Ito S, Morinaga D, Kashima M, Maeda M, Kitai H, Kikuchi J, Sakakibara-Konishi J, Konno S. Inhibition of non-homologous end joining mitigates paclitaxel resistance resulting from mitotic slippage in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1854-1864. [PMID: 37592765 PMCID: PMC10599168 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2243761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic slippage, which enables cancer cells to bypass cell death by transitioning from mitosis to the G1 phase without undergoing normal cytokinesis, is one likely mechanism of paclitaxel (PTX) resistance. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the G1 phase are mainly repaired through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Therefore, inhibiting NHEJ could augment the PTX-induced cytotoxicity by impeding the repair of PTX-induced DSBs during the G1 phase following mitotic slippage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of NHEJ inhibition on mitotic slippage after PTX treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). H1299, A549, H1975, and H520 NSCLC cell lines were employed. In addition, A-196 and JQ1 were used as NHEJ inhibitors. H1299 cells were PTX-resistant and exhibited an increased frequency of mitotic slippage upon PTX treatment. NHEJ inhibitors significantly augmented the PTX-induced cytotoxicity, DSBs, and apoptosis in H1299 cells. The newly generated PTX-resistant cells were even more prone to mitotic slippage following PTX treatment and susceptible to the combined therapy. Docetaxel further demonstrated synergistic effects with the NHEJ inhibitor in PTX-resistant cells. NHEJ inhibition may overcome intrinsic or acquired PTX resistance resulting from mitotic slippage by synergistically increasing the cytotoxic effects of antimitotic drugs in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Kikuchi Medical–Respiratory Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Takashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Shoji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morinaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makie Maeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kitai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Kikuchi Medical–Respiratory Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Sakakibara-Konishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Wu S, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhu J, Chen T, Zhou C, Huang S, Yao Y, Guo H, Ye Z, Chen L, Chen W, Fan B, Qin J, Liu L, Wu S, Ma F, Zhan X, Liu C. Proteomic analysis to identification of hypoxia related markers in spinal tuberculosis: a study based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:142. [PMID: 37340462 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aims at exploring the role of hypoxia-related genes and immune cells in spinal tuberculosis and tuberculosis involving other organs. METHODS In this study, label-free quantitative proteomics analysis was performed on the intervertebral discs (fibrous cartilaginous tissues) obtained from five spinal tuberculosis (TB) patients. Key proteins associated with hypoxia were identified using molecular complex detection (MCODE), weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and support vector machine recursive feature Elimination (SVM-REF) methods, and their diagnostic and predictive values were assessed. Immune cell correlation analysis was then performed using the Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) method. In addition, a pharmaco-transcriptomic analysis was also performed to identify targets for treatment. RESULTS The three genes, namely proteasome 20 S subunit beta 9 (PSMB9), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and transporter 1 (TAP1), were identified in the present study. The expression of these genes was found to be particularly high in patients with spinal TB and other extrapulmonary TB, as well as in TB and multidrug-resistant TB (p-value < 0.05). They revealed high diagnostic and predictive values and were closely related to the expression of multiple immune cells (p-value < 0.05). It was inferred that the expression of PSMB9, STAT 1, and TAP1 could be regulated by different medicinal chemicals. CONCLUSION PSMB9, STAT1, and TAP1, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of TB, including spinal TB, and the protein product of the genes can be served as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic target for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tuo Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jichong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shengsheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanlin Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liyi Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wuhua Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Binguang Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiahui Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siling Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fengzhi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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The dichotomous role of immunoproteasome in cancer: Friend or foe? Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1976-1989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Identification of N, C-capped di- and tripeptides as selective immunoproteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sauerer T, Lischer C, Weich A, Berking C, Vera J, Dörrie J. Single-Molecule RNA Sequencing Reveals IFNγ-Induced Differential Expression of Immune Escape Genes in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Positive MCC Cell Lines. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785662. [PMID: 35003017 PMCID: PMC8727593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive cancer, which is mainly caused by genomic integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and subsequent expression of a truncated form of its large T antigen. The resulting primary tumor is known to be immunogenic and under constant pressure to escape immune surveillance. Because interferon gamma (IFNγ), a key player of immune response, is secreted by many immune effector cells and has been shown to exert both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral effects, we studied the transcriptomic response of MCC cells to IFNγ. In particular, immune modulatory effects that may help the tumor evade immune surveillance were of high interest to our investigation. The effect of IFNγ treatment on the transcriptomic program of three MCC cell lines (WaGa, MKL-1, and MKL-2) was analyzed using single-molecule sequencing via the Oxford Nanopore platform. A significant differential expression of several genes was detected across all three cell lines. Subsequent pathway analysis and manual annotation showed a clear upregulation of genes involved in the immune escape of tumor due to IFNγ treatment. The analysis of selected genes on protein level underlined our sequencing results. These findings contribute to a better understanding of immune escape of MCC and may help in clinical treatment of MCC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that single-molecule sequencing can be used to assess characteristics of large eukaryotic transcriptomes and thus contribute to a broader access to sequencing data in the community due to its low cost of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sauerer
- RNA-based Immunotherapy, Hautklinik, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Lischer
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian Weich
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- RNA-based Immunotherapy, Hautklinik, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Tripathi SC, Vedpathak D, Ostrin EJ. The Functional and Mechanistic Roles of Immunoproteasome Subunits in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123587. [PMID: 34944095 PMCID: PMC8700164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is driven by antigenic peptide presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Specialized proteasome complexes called immunoproteasomes process viral, bacterial, and tumor antigens for presentation on MHC class I molecules, which can induce CD8 T cells to mount effective immune responses. Immunoproteasomes are distinguished by three subunits that alter the catalytic activity of the proteasome and are inducible by inflammatory stimuli such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This inducible activity places them in central roles in cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammation. While accelerated proteasomal degradation is an important tumorigenic mechanism deployed by several cancers, there is some ambiguity regarding the role of immunoproteasome induction in neoplastic transformation. Understanding the mechanistic and functional relevance of the immunoproteasome provides essential insights into developing targeted therapies, including overcoming resistance to standard proteasome inhibition and immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the roles of the immunoproteasome in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Chandra Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Nagpur, Nagpur 441108, MH, India;
- Correspondence: (S.C.T.); (E.J.O.)
| | - Disha Vedpathak
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Nagpur, Nagpur 441108, MH, India;
| | - Edwin Justin Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.T.); (E.J.O.)
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Hashemi F, Moghadam ER, Owrang M, Hashemi F, Makvandi P, Goharrizi MASB, Najafi M, Khan H. Lung cancer cells and their sensitivity/resistance to cisplatin chemotherapy: Role of microRNAs and upstream mediators. Cell Signal 2021; 78:109871. [PMID: 33279671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent with excellent clinical effects. The anti-tumor activity of CP has been demonstrated in different cancers such as breast, cervical, reproductive, lung, brain, and prostate cancers. However, resistance of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy has led to its failure in eradication of cancer cells, and subsequent death of patients with cancer. Fortunately, much effort has been put to identify molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in CP resistance/sensitivity. It seems that microRNAs (miRs) are promising candidates in mediating CP resistance/sensitivity, since they participate in different biological aspects of cells such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on miRs and their regulation in CP chemotherapy of lung cancer, as the most malignant tumor worldwide. Oncogenic miRs trigger CP resistance in lung cancer cells via targeting various pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Rab6, CASP2, PTEN, and Apaf-1. In contrast, onco-suppressor miRs inhibit oncogene pathways such as STAT3 to suppress CP resistance. These topics are discussed to determine the role of miRs in CP resistance/sensitivity. We also describe the upstream modulators of miRs such as lncRNAs, circRNAs, NF-κB, SOX2 and TRIM65 and their association with CP resistance/sensitivity in lung cancer cells. Finally, the effect of anti-tumor plant-derived natural compounds on miR expression during CP sensitivity of lung cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Owrang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020648. [PMID: 33466597 PMCID: PMC7828659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant neoplasms are among the most common diseases and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. In contrast to men, available data show a clear upward trend in the incidence of lung cancer in women, making it almost as prevalent as breast cancer. Women might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke than men. Furthermore, available data indicate a much more frequent mutation of the tumor suppressor gene-p53 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) female patients compared to males. Another important factor, however, might lie in the female sex hormones, whose mitogenic or carcinogenic effect is well known. Epidemiologic data show a correlation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCs), and increased mortality rates due to the increased incidence of malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Interestingly, two types of estrogen receptors have been detected in lung cancer cells: ERα and ERβ. The presence of ERα has been detected in tissues and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of ERβ is a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of estrogens in the etiopathogenesis of lung cancer, as well as biological, hormonal and genetic sex-related differences in this neoplasm.
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Clinical application and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of lung cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2987-2997. [PMID: 33065603 PMCID: PMC7752681 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor characterized by a rapid proliferation rate, less survivability, high mortality, and metastatic potential. This review focuses on updated research about the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an adjuvant therapy to lung cancer treatment and the mechanisms of TCM effect on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. We summarized the recent 5 years of different research progress on clinical applications and antitumor mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of lung cancer. As a potent adjuvant therapy, TCM could enhance conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and epidermal growth factor receptors [EGFRs] tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs]) effects as well as provide synergistic effects, enhance chemotherapy drugs chemosensitivity, reverse drug resistance, reduce adverse reactions and toxicity, relieve patients’ pain and improve quality of life (QOL). After treating with TCM, lung cancer cells will induce apoptosis and/or autophagy, suppress metastasis, impact immune reaction, and therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs. Therefore, TCM is a promisingly potent adjuvant therapy in the treatment of lung cancer and its multiple mechanisms are worthy of an in-depth study.
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