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Jia W, Shen X, Guo Z, Cheng X, Zhao R. The future of cancer vaccines against colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:269-284. [PMID: 38644655 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2341744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal malignancy worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) benefit only 15% of patients with mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability (dMMR/MSI) CRC. The majority of patients are not suitable due to insufficient immune infiltration. Cancer vaccines are a potential approach for inducing tumor-specific immunity within the solid tumor microenvironment. AREA COVERED In this review, we have provided an overview of the current progress in CRC vaccines over the past three years and briefly depict promising directions for further exploration. EXPERT OPINION Cancer vaccines are certainly a promising field for the antitumor treatment against CRC. Compared to monotherapy, cancer vaccines are more appropriate as adjuvants to standard treatment, especially in combination with ICI blockade, for microsatellite stable patients. Improved vaccine construction requires neoantigens with sufficient immunogenicity, satisfactory HLA-binding affinity, and an ideal delivery platform with perfect lymph node retention and minimal off-target effects. Prophylactic vaccines that potentially prevent CRC carcinogenesis are also worth investigating. The exploration of appropriate biomarkers for cancer vaccines may benefit prognostic prediction analysis and therapeutic response prediction in patients with CRC. Although many challenges remain, CRC vaccines represent an exciting area of research that may become an effective addition to current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen R, Zou J, Zhong X, Li J, Kang R, Tang D. HMGB1 in the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 581:216494. [PMID: 38007142 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-mediated autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis are dynamic processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, ensuring cell health and functionality. The intricate interplay and reciprocal regulation between autophagy and apoptosis are implicated in various human diseases, including cancer. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromosomal protein, plays a pivotal role in coordinating autophagy and apoptosis levels during tumor initiation, progression, and therapy. The regulation of autophagy machinery and the apoptosis pathway by HMGB1 is influenced by various factors, including the protein's subcellular localization, oxidative state, and interactions with binding partners. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of HMGB1, with a specific focus on the interplay between autophagic degradation and apoptotic death in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the significance of HMGB1 as a biomarker and its potential as a therapeutic target in tumor diseases is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cell survival and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Ju Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Eek Mariampillai A, Hauge S, Kongsrud K, Syljuåsen RG. Immunogenic cell death after combined treatment with radiation and ATR inhibitors is dually regulated by apoptotic caspases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138920. [PMID: 37346039 PMCID: PMC10279842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inhibitors of the ATR kinase act as radiosensitizers through abrogating the G2 checkpoint and reducing DNA repair. Recent studies suggest that ATR inhibitors can also increase radiation-induced antitumor immunity, but the underlying immunomodulating mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, it is poorly known how such immune effects relate to different death pathways such as caspase-dependent apoptosis. Here we address whether ATR inhibition in combination with irradiation may increase the presentation of hallmark factors of immunogenic cell death (ICD), and to what extent caspase activation regulates this response. Methods Human lung cancer and osteosarcoma cell lines (SW900, H1975, H460, U2OS) were treated with X-rays and ATR inhibitors (VE822; AZD6738) in the absence and presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor. The ICD hallmarks HMGB1 release, ATP secretion and calreticulin surface-presentation were assessed by immunoblotting of growth medium, the CellTiter-Glo assay and an optimized live-cell flow cytometry assay, respectively. To obtain accurate measurement of small differences in the calreticulin signal by flow cytometry, we included normalization to a barcoded control sample. Results Extracellular release of HMGB1 was increased in all the cell lines at 72 hours after the combined treatment with radiation and ATR inhibitors, relative to mock treatment or cells treated with radiation alone. The HMGB1 release correlated largely - but not strictly - with loss of plasma membrane integrity, and was suppressed by addition of the caspase inhibitor. However, one cell line showed HMGB1 release despite caspase inhibition, and in this cell line caspase inhibition induced pMLKL, a marker for necroptosis. ATP secretion occurred already at 48 hours after the co-treatment and did clearly not correlate with loss of plasma membrane integrity. Addition of pan-caspase inhibition further increased the ATP secretion. Surface-presentation of calreticulin was increased at 24-72 hours after irradiation, but not further increased by either ATR or caspase inhibition. Conclusion These results show that ATR inhibition can increase the presentation of two out of three ICD hallmark factors from irradiated human cancer cells. Moreover, caspase activation distinctly affects each of the hallmark factors, and therefore likely plays a dual role in tumor immunogenicity by promoting both immunostimulatory and -suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Eek Mariampillai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Hauge
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Kongsrud
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi G. Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Pouzin C, Gibiansky L, Fagniez N, Chadjaa M, Tod M, Nguyen L. Integrated multiple analytes and semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model of tusamitamab ravtansine, a DM4 anti-CEACAM5 antibody-drug conjugate. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2022; 49:381-394. [PMID: 35166967 PMCID: PMC9098589 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tusamitamab ravtansine (SAR408701) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), combining a humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG1) targeting carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) and a potent cytotoxic maytansinoid derivative, DM4, inhibiting microtubule assembly. SAR408701 is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced solid tumors expressing CEACAM5. It is administered intravenously as a conjugated antibody with an average Drug Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 3.8. During SAR408701 clinical development, four entities were measured in plasma: conjugated antibody (SAR408701), naked antibody (NAB), DM4 and its methylated metabolite (MeDM4), both being active. Average DAR and proportions of individual DAR species were also assessed in a subset of patients. An integrated and semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model describing the time-course of all entities in plasma and DAR measurements has been developed. All DAR moieties were assumed to share the same drug disposition parameters, excepted for clearance which differed for DAR0 (i.e. NAB entity). The conversion of higher DAR to lower DAR resulted in a DAR-dependent ADC deconjugation and was represented as an irreversible first-order process. Each conjugated antibody was assumed to contribute to DM4 formation. All data were fitted simultaneously and the model developed was successful in describing the pharmacokinetic profile of each entity. Such a structural model could be translated to other ADCs and gives insight of mechanistic processes governing ADC disposition. This framework will further be expanded to evaluate covariates impact on SAR408701 pharmacokinetics and its derivatives, and thus can help identifying sources of pharmacokinetic variability and potential efficacy and safety pharmacokinetic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Pouzin
- Sanofi R&D, Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism Department, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91380, Paris, France.
- Oncology department EMR3738, PKPD modelling unit, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Nathalie Fagniez
- Sanofi R&D, Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism Department, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91380, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Tod
- Oncology department EMR3738, PKPD modelling unit, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Sanofi R&D, Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism Department, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91380, Paris, France
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