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Biermann R, Beutel S. Endospore production of Bacillus spp. for industrial use. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300013. [PMID: 37970521 PMCID: PMC10630785 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased occurrence of antibiotic resistance and the harmful use of pesticides are a major problem of modern times. A ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal breeding has put a focus on the probiotics market. Probiotic food supplements are versatile and show promising results in animal and human nutrition. Chemical pesticides can be substituted by biopesticides, which are very effective against various pests in plants due to increased research. What these fields have in common is the use of spore-forming bacteria. The endospore-forming Bacillus spp. belonging to this group offer an effective solution to the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the biotechnological production of sufficient qualities of such endospores has become an innovative and financially viable field of research. In this review, the production of different Bacillus spp. endospores will be reviewed. For this purpose, the media compositions, cultivation conditions and bioprocess optimization methods of the last 20 years are presented and reflected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
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Biermann R, Rösner L, Beyer L, Niemeyer L, Beutel S. Bioprocess development for endospore production by Bacillus coagulans using an optimized chemically defined medium. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300210. [PMID: 37795343 PMCID: PMC10545977 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus coagulans is a promising probiotic, because it combines probiotic properties of Lactobacillus and the ability of Bacillus to form endospores. Due to this hybrid relationship, cultivation of this organism is challenging. As the probiotics market continues to grow, there is a new focus on the production of these microorganisms. In this work, a strain-specific bioprocess for B. coagulans was developed to support growth on one hand and ensure sporulation on the other hand. This circumstance is not trivial, since these two metabolic states are contrary. The developed bioprocess uses a modified chemically defined medium which was further investigated in a one-factor-at-a-time assay after adaptation. A transfer from the shake flask to the bioreactor was successfully demonstrated in the scope of this work. The investigated process parameters included temperature, agitation and pH-control. Especially the pH-control improved the sporulation in the bioreactor when compared to shake flasks. The bioprocess resulted in a sporulation efficiency of 80%-90%. This corresponds to a sevenfold increase in sporulation efficiency due to a transfer to the bioreactor with pH-control. Additionally, a design of experiment (DoE) was conducted to test the robustness of the bioprocess. This experiment validated the beforementioned sporulation efficiency for the developed bioprocess. Afterwards the bioprocess was then scaled up from a 1 L scale to a 10 L bioreactor scale. A comparable sporulation efficiency of 80% as in the small scale was achieved. The developed bioprocess facilitates the upscaling and application to an industrial scale, and can thus help meet the increasing market for probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Rösner
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa‐Marie Beyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Niemeyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
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Lai G, Yu J, Wang J, Li W, Liu G, Wang Z, Guo M, Tang Y. Machine learning methods for predicting the key metabolic parameters of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12633-x. [PMID: 37421474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is generally produced by the fermentation process of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T, which is one of the primary industrial ectoine production techniques. To effectively monitor and control the fermentation process, the important parameters require accurate real-time measurement. However, for ectoine fermentation, three critical parameters (cell optical density, glucose, and product concentration) cannot be measured conveniently in real-time due to time variation, strong coupling, and other constraints. As a result, our work effectively created a series of hybrid models to predict the values of these three parameters incorporating both fermentation kinetics and machine learning approaches. Compared with the traditional machine learning models, our models solve the problem of insufficient data which is common in fermentation. In addition, a simple kinetic modeling is only applicable to specific physical conditions, so different physical conditions require refitting the function, which is tedious to operate. However, our models also overcome this limitation. In this work, we compared different hybrid models based on 5 feature engineering methods, 11 machine-learning approaches, and 2 kinetic models. The best models for predicting three key parameters, respectively, are as follows: CORR-Ensemble (R2: 0.983 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.086 ± 0.0, MAE: 0.07 ± 0.0), SBE-Ensemble (R2: 0.972 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.127 ± 0.0, MAE: 0.078 ± 0.0), and SBE-Ensemble (R2:0.98 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.023 ± 0.001, MAE: 0.018 ± 0.001). To verify the universality and stability of constructed models, we have done an experimental verification, and its results showed that our proposed models have excellent performance. KEY POINTS: • Using the kinetic models for producing simulated data • Through different feature engineering methods for dimension reduction • Creating a series of hybrid models to predict the values of three parameters in the fermentation process of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxue Lai
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering for Energy Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Kelbrick M, Oliver JAW, Ramkissoon NK, Dugdale A, Stephens BP, Kucukkilic-Stephens E, Schwenzer SP, Antunes A, Macey MC. Microbes from Brine Systems with Fluctuating Salinity Can Thrive under Simulated Martian Chemical Conditions. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010012. [PMID: 35054406 PMCID: PMC8781782 DOI: 10.3390/life12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The waters that were present on early Mars may have been habitable. Characterising environments analogous to these waters and investigating the viability of their microbes under simulated martian chemical conditions is key to developing hypotheses on this habitability and potential biosignature formation. In this study, we examined the viability of microbes from the Anderton Brine Springs (United Kingdom) under simulated martian chemistries designed to simulate the chemical conditions of water that may have existed during the Hesperian. Associated changes in the fluid chemistries were also tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The tested Hesperian fluid chemistries were shown to be habitable, supporting the growth of all of the Anderton Brine Spring isolates. However, inter and intra-generic variation was observed both in the ability of the isolates to tolerate more concentrated fluids and in their impact on the fluid chemistry. Therefore, whilst this study shows microbes from fluctuating brines can survive and grow in simulated martian water chemistry, further investigations are required to further define the potential habitability under past martian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kelbrick
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
| | | | - Nisha K. Ramkissoon
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Amy Dugdale
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes W23 F2H6, UK;
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ben P. Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Ezgi Kucukkilic-Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Susanne P. Schwenzer
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Macau, China;
- China National Space Administration (CNSA), Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Macau, China
| | - Michael C. Macey
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
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Dynamic Model for Biomass and Proteins Production by Three Bacillus Thuringiensis ssp Kurstaki Strains. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a microorganism used for the production of biopesticides worldwide. In the present paper, different kinetic models were analyzed to study and compare three different strains of Bt ssp kurstaki (LIP, BLB1, and HD1). Bioperformances (vegetative cell, spore, substrate, and protein) and successive culture phases (oxidative growth, limitation and sporulation, and protein release) were depicted with an overarching aim to estimate total protein productivity, yield, and titer. In the end, two models were calibrated using experimental dataset (11 batches culture in 3 L bioreactor with semisynthetic medium), subsequently validated, and statistically compared. Both models satisfactorily followed the dynamics of the experimental data. Finally, a dynamic model was selected following the Akaike information criterion (AIC).
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da Silva TAF, de Freitas LS, da Silva LVJB, Duarte Neto JMW, da Silva GR, Maranhão LMDAC, de Lacerda CA, Oliveira JDP, Bezerra RP, Porto ALF. Effect of the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient on producing δ-endotoxins by Bacillus thuringiensis in culture medium based on forage palm. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fan R, Ebrahimi M, Quitmann H, Aden M, Czermak P. An Innovative Optical Sensor for the Online Monitoring and Control of Biomass Concentration in a Membrane Bioreactor System for Lactic Acid Production. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16030411. [PMID: 27007380 PMCID: PMC4813986 DOI: 10.3390/s16030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate real-time process control is necessary to increase process efficiency, and optical sensors offer a competitive solution because they provide diverse system information in a noninvasive manner. We used an innovative scattered light sensor for the online monitoring of biomass during lactic acid production in a membrane bioreactor system because biomass determines productivity in this type of process. The upper limit of the measurement range in fermentation broth containing Bacillus coagulans was ~2.2 g·L−1. The specific cell growth rate (µ) during the exponential phase was calculated using data representing the linear range (cell density ≤ 0.5 g·L−1). The results were consistently and reproducibly more accurate than offline measurements of optical density and cell dry weight, because more data were gathered in real-time over a shorter duration. Furthermore, µmax was measured under different filtration conditions (transmembrane pressure 0.3–1.2 bar, crossflow velocity 0.5–1.5 m·s−1), showing that energy input had no significant impact on cell growth. Cell density was monitored using the sensor during filtration and was maintained at a constant level by feeding with glucose according to the fermentation kinetics. Our novel sensor is therefore suitable for integration into control strategies for continuous fermentation in membrane bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mehrdad Ebrahimi
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Hendrich Quitmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Aden
- FAUDI Aviation GmbH, Scharnhorststr. 7B, 35260 Stadtallendorf, Germany.
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, 1005 Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Evidence of two mechanisms involved in Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis decreased toxicity against mosquito larvae: Genome dynamic and toxins stability. Microbiol Res 2015; 176:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Biechele P, Busse C, Solle D, Scheper T, Reardon K. Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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Biphasic Fermentation Is an Efficient Strategy for the Overproduction of δ-Endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1519-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Schorr-Galindo S, La HJ, Oh HM. Aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:597-603. [PMID: 24972809 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. At the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. A higher OTR resulted in a higher pH, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resulted in a significantly acidic culture. In contrast, the absence of oxygen resulted in rapid sporangia lysis and caused acidification of the medium, indicating a distinctly different sporangia composition and different metabolism. The bacterium also showed different CO2 production rates during sporulation, although a maximum point was observed in every case.With a higher OTR, the maximal value was observed after a longer time and at a lower value (40, 26, and 13 mmol/L/h for limited, non-limited, and saturated cases, respectively). Despite the exhaustion of glucose prior to the sporulation phase, the interrupted oxygenation resulted in acetate, lactate, and citrate in the medium with a maximum concentration of 4.8, 1.3, and 5.0 g/L, respectively. Notwithstanding, while the metabolic events differed visibly in the absence of oxygen, once sporulation was triggered, it was completed, even in the case of an interrupted oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Sarrafzadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran
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Smitha RB, Jisha VN, Sajith S, Benjamin S. Dual production of amylase and δ-endotoxin by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki during biphasic fermentation. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Smitha RB, Jisha VN, Pradeep S, Josh MS, Benjamin S. Potato flour mediated solid-state fermentation for the enhanced production of Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:595-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lysyk TJ, Selinger LB. Effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) caused by five isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:732-737. [PMID: 22606847 DOI: 10.1603/ec11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of temperature on mortality of larval stable fly [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] caused by Bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi 4L3, B. t. darmastedensis 4M1, B. t. thompsoni 401, B. t. thuringiensis HD2, and B. t. kurstaki HD945. At moderate doses, mortality caused by all isolates ranged from 87 to 99% at 15 degrees C and declined to 29-63% as temperature increased to 30 degrees C. A similar pattern was seen when a higher dose was used, except that the reduction in mortality at warmer temperatures was not as great as was seen with the moderate doses. Insecticidal activity of each isolate against first-instar larvae was reduced by only 5-15% after 5 d in the medium. Mortality of second- and third-instar larvae ranged from 2 to 21%, suggesting the isolates were less effective against larger larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1.
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Boniolo FS, Rodrigues RC, Prata AMR, López ML, Jacinto T, da Silveira MM, Berbert-Molina MA. Oxygen supply in Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations: bringing new insights on their impact on sporulation and δ-endotoxin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:625-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sonnleitner B. Automated measurement and monitoring of bioprocesses: key elements of the M(3)C strategy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23179291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-routine monitoring items established in the bioprocess industry as well as some important state-of-the-art methods are briefly described and the potential pitfalls discussed. Among those are physical and chemical variables such as temperature, pressure, weight, volume, mass and volumetric flow rates, pH, redox potential, gas partial pressures in the liquid and molar fractions in the gas phase, infrared spectral analysis of the liquid phase, and calorimetry over an entire reactor. Classical as well as new optical versions are addressed. Biomass and bio-activity monitoring (as opposed to "measurement") via turbidity, permittivity, in situ microscopy, and fluorescence are critically analyzed. Some new(er) instrumental analytical tools, interfaced to bioprocesses, are explained. Among those are chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, flow and sequential injection analyses, field flow fractionation, capillary electrophoresis, and flow cytometry. This chapter surveys the principles of monitoring rather than compiling instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Sonnleitner
- Institute for Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (ICBC), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 29, CH-8820, Waedenswil, Switzerland,
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Lysyk TJ, Kalischuk-Tymensen LD, Rochon K, Selinger LB. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1019-1029. [PMID: 20568651 DOI: 10.1603/ec10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We screened 85 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), making up 57 different subspecies, and two isolates of Bacillus sphaericus (Meyer and Neide) for activity against immature horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The majority of B. thuringiensis and the B. sphaericus isolates had little or no activity against horn fly and stable fly. Approximately 87% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality of horn fly larvae and 64% caused < 25% mortality. For stable fly, 95% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality, and 93% caused < 25% mortality. Five isolates were highly toxic to horn fly and stable fly immatures. These isolates were B. t. tolworthi 4L3, B. t. darmstadiensis 4M1, B. t. thompsoni 401, B. t. thuringiensis HD2, and B. t. kurstaki HD945. The LD50 values ranged from 2.2 to 7.9 x 10(6) spores per g manure for horn fly and from 6.3 to 35 x 10(6) spores per g media for stable fly. These were consistently more toxic compared with the B. t. israelensis isolates examined. All had DNA that hybridized with cry1Aa, cry1Ab, and cry1Ac toxin probes, three hybridized with a cry1B probe, and two hybridized with a cry2A probe. These may have potential for use in integrated management of pest flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1.
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Pang JC, Chen ML, Ho YC, Yang CY, Tzeng CC, Kao SS, Tsen HY. Effect of fermentation conditions on the enterotoxigenicity, cytotoxicity and pesticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated in Taiwan. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1871-1876. [PMID: 19880313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A total of 75 Bacillus thuringiensis strains, among them 62 of Taiwan's microbiota, were screened for their enterotoxin genes, hemolysin BL activity and cytotoxicity. All the strains harbored enterotoxin genes and were cytotoxic to the cultivated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The hemolysin BL and cytotoxicity titers of the B. thuringiensis culture in casitone yeast sucrose (CYS) broth were lower than those in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, and when the B. thuringiensis strains were cultivated in CYS broth for 5 days, no cytotoxicity was detected. The spores and crystal toxins collected from 40 isolates showed high levels of insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. All strains exhibiting low cytotoxicity also had low pesticidal activity. Our study demonstrated that it is difficult to find B. thuringiensis strains that are both effective against insect targets and do not produce enterotoxins or cytotoxic effects in CHO cells. However, it is possible to avoid or reduce unwanted properties, but not the insecticidal activity, of some B. thuringiensis preparations by alteration of culture media and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Pang
- Department of Biotechnology, Van-Nung University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan County 320, Taiwan, ROC
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Kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis growth on high glucose concentrations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1397-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kiviharju K, Salonen K, Moilanen U, Eerikäinen T. Biomass measurement online: the performance of in situ measurements and software sensors. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Grady J, Akhurst RJ, Kotze AC. The requirement for early exposure of Haemonchus contortus larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis for effective inhibition of larval development. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:97-103. [PMID: 17951006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential for a nematocidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to target the free-living larval stages of Haemonchus contortus was examined using in vitro larval development and migration assays. Bt toxicity in larval development assays decreased as the time period between egg hatch and initial exposure to the Bt was increased; a time lag of 48 h resulted in a 350-fold increase in the IC(50) (from 2.6 ng/ml to 910 ng/ml). The effects on larval migration largely paralleled the effects on larval development, indicating that the larvae which reached the infective stage after exposure to Bt were generally as 'fit' as control worms in terms of migration ability. However, a comparison of the two assays also showed the presence of a level of Bt exposure which showed significantly more toxicity in migration assays than development assays, indicating that, in some cases, fully developed Bt-exposed larvae were less able to migrate than controls, and hence may be compromised in their ability to infect sheep. The rapid decrease in toxicity when exposure to the Bt is delayed highlights a significant issue concerning the use of Bt for control of the free-living larval stages of animal-parasitic nematodes. Targeting the larvae by delivering bacterial spores to the faeces through the host animal's digestive tract would require the spores to germinate upon defecation, grow through a vegetative phase, to then produce crystal toxin protein upon subsequent sporulation. This period of bacterial development will introduce a time lag between worm egg hatching and initial exposure of the larvae to the Bt, which, as demonstrated in the present study, may allow the worm larvae to develop to late larval stages which are relatively insensitive to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Grady
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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Brahmbhatt TN, Janes BK, Stibitz ES, Darnell SC, Sanz P, Rasmussen SB, O'Brien AD. Bacillus anthracis exosporium protein BclA affects spore germination, interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and hydrophobicity. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5233-9. [PMID: 17709408 PMCID: PMC2168272 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00660-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis (BclA) is the immunodominant glycoprotein on the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis spores. Here, we sought to assess the impact of BclA on spore germination in vitro and in vivo, surface charge, and interaction with host matrix proteins. For that purpose, we constructed a markerless bclA null mutant in B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2. The growth and sporulation rates of the DeltabclA and parent strains were nearly indistinguishable, but germination of mutant spores occurred more rapidly than that of wild-type spores in vitro and was more complete by 60 min. Additionally, the mean time to death of A/J mice inoculated subcutaneously or intranasally with mutant spores was lower than that for the wild-type spores even though the 50% lethal doses of the two strains were similar. We speculated that these in vitro and in vivo differences between mutant and wild-type spores might reflect the ease of access of germinants to their receptors in the absence of BclA. We also compared the hydrophobic and adhesive properties of DeltabclA and wild-type spores. The DeltabclA spores were markedly less water repellent than wild-type spores, and, probably as a consequence, the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and fibronectin bound significantly better to mutant than to wild-type spores. These studies suggest that BclA acts as a shield to not only reduce the ease with which spores germinate but also change the surface properties of the spore, which, in turn, may impede the interaction of the spore with host matrix substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti N Brahmbhatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Bigey F, Capariccio B, Mehrnia MR, Guiraud JP, Navarro JM. Simple indicators of plasmid loss during fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarrafzadeh M, Navarro J. The effect of oxygen on the sporulation, δ-endotoxin synthesis and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis H14. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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