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Biodegradation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by Acinetobacter johnsonii FZ-5 and Klebsiella oxytoca FZ-8 under anaerobic conditions. Biodegradation 2021; 33:17-31. [PMID: 34609628 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) is a common organic compound that is prevalent in the environment, and the persistence of 4-HBA residues results in exertion of pollution-related detrimental effects. Bioremediation is an effective method for the removal of 4-HBA from the environment. In this study, two bacterial strains FZ-5 and FZ-8 capable of utilizing 4-HBA as the sole carbon and energy source under anaerobic conditions were isolated from marine sediment samples. Phylogenetic analysis identified the two strains FZ-5 and FZ-8 as Acinetobacter johnsonii and Klebsiella oxytoca, respectively. The strains FZ-5 and FZ-8 degraded 2000 mg·L-1 4-HBA in 72 h with degradation rates of 71.04% and 80.10%, respectively. The optimum culture conditions for degradation by the strains and crude enzymes were also investigated. The strains FZ-5 and FZ-8 also exhibited the ability to degrade other lignin-derived compounds, such as protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, and vanillic acid. Immobilization of the two strains showed that they could be used for the bioremediation of 4-HBA in an aqueous environment. Soils inoculated with the strains FZ-5 and FZ-8 showed higher degradation of 4-HBA than the uninoculated soil, and the strains could survive efficiently in anaerobic soil. This is the first report of 4-HBA-degrading bacteria, belonging to the two genera, which showed degradation ability under anaerobic conditions. This study expound the strains could efficiently degrade 4-HBA in anaerobic soil and will help in the development of 4-HBA anaerobic bioremediation systems.
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2
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Abstract
The reversible (de)carboxylation of unsaturated carboxylic acids is carried out by the UbiX-UbiD system, ubiquitously present in microbes. The biochemical basis of this challenging reaction has recently been uncovered by the discovery of the UbiD cofactor, prenylated FMN (prFMN). This heavily modified flavin is synthesized by the flavin prenyltransferase UbiX, which catalyzes the non-metal dependent prenyl transfer from dimethylallyl(pyro)phosphate (DMAP(P)) to the flavin N5 and C6 positions, creating a fourth non-aromatic ring. Following prenylation, prFMN undergoes oxidative maturation to form the iminium species required for UbiD activity. prFMNiminium acts as a prostethic group and is bound via metal ion mediated interactions between UbiD and the prFMNiminium phosphate moiety. The modified isoalloxazine ring is place adjacent to the E(D)-R-E UbiD signature sequent motif. The fungal ferulic acid decarboxylase Fdc from Aspergillus niger has emerged as a UbiD-model system, and has yielded atomic level insight into the prFMNiminium mediated (de)carboxylation. A wealth of data now supports a mechanism reliant on reversible 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition between substrate and cofactor for this enzyme. This poses the intriguing question whether a similar mechanism is used by all UbiD enzymes, especially those that act as carboxylases on inherently more difficult substrates such as phenylphosphate or benzene/naphthalene. Indeed, considerable variability in terms of oligomerization, domain motion and active site structure is now reported for the UbiD family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Saaret
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Arune Balaikaite
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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3
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Payer SE, Faber K, Glueck SM. Non-Oxidative Enzymatic (De)Carboxylation of (Hetero)Aromatics and Acrylic Acid Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:2402-2420. [PMID: 31379472 PMCID: PMC6644310 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a C1-building block for the production of valuable chemicals has recently attracted much interest. Whereas chemical CO2 fixation is dominated by C-O and C-N bond forming reactions, the development of novel concepts for the carboxylation of C-nucleophiles, which leads to the formation of carboxylic acids, is highly desired. Beside transition metal catalysis, biocatalysis has emerged as an attractive method for the highly regioselective (de)carboxylation of electron-rich (hetero)aromatics, which has been recently further expanded to include conjugated α,β-unsaturated (acrylic) acid derivatives. Depending on the type of substrate, different classes of enzymes have been explored for (i) the ortho-carboxylation of phenols catalyzed by metal-dependent ortho-benzoic acid decarboxylases and (ii) the side-chain carboxylation of para-hydroxystyrenes mediated by metal-independent phenolic acid decarboxylases. Just recently, the portfolio of bio-carboxylation reactions was complemented by (iii) the para-carboxylation of phenols and the decarboxylation of electron-rich heterocyclic and acrylic acid derivatives mediated by prenylated FMN-dependent decarboxylases, which is the main focus of this review. Bio(de)carboxylation processes proceed under physiological reaction conditions employing bicarbonate or (pressurized) CO2 when running in the energetically uphill carboxylation direction. Aiming to facilitate the application of these enzymes in preparative-scale biotransformations, their catalytic mechanism and substrate scope are analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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4
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Satinover SJ, Elkasabi Y, Nuñez A, Rodriguez M, Borole AP. Microbial electrolysis using aqueous fractions derived from Tail-Gas Recycle Pyrolysis of willow and guayule. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:302-312. [PMID: 30529336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated microbial electrolysis of two aqueous phase waste products derived from guayule and willow generated from Tail Gas Recycle Pyrolysis (TGRP). The highest average current density achieved was 5.0 ± 0.7 A/m2 and 1.8 ± 0.2 A/m2 for willow and guayule respectively. Average hydrogen productivity was 5.0 ± 1.0 L/L-day from willow and 1.5 ± 0.2 L/L-day for guayule. Willow also generated higher coulombic efficiency, anode conversion efficiency, and hydrogen recovery than guayule at most organic loading conditions. Compounds investigated exceeded 80% degradation, which included organic acids, sugar derivatives, and phenolics. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated the accumulation of a long chain amine not present in either substrate before treatment, and the persistence of several peptide residues resulting from the TGRP process. New biorefineries may one day capitalize on this otherwise discarded byproduct of TGRP, further improving the potential applications and value of microbial electrolysis towards energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Satinover
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States
| | | | | | | | - Abhijeet P Borole
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States.
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5
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Carboxylation of Hydroxyaromatic Compounds with HCO3− by Enzyme Catalysis: Recent Advances Open the Perspective for Valorization of Lignin-Derived Aromatics. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the field of enzymatic carboxylation reactions of hydroxyaromatic compounds using HCO3− (as a CO2 source) to produce hydroxybenzoic and other phenolic acids in mild conditions with high selectivity and moderate to excellent yield. Nature offers an extensive portfolio of enzymes catalysing reversible decarboxylation of hydroxyaromatic acids, whose equilibrium can be pushed towards the side of the carboxylated products. Extensive structural and mutagenesis studies have allowed recent advances in the understanding of the reaction mechanism of decarboxylase enzymes, ultimately enabling an improved yield and expansion of the scope of the reaction. The topic is of particular relevance today as the scope of the carboxylation reactions can be extended to include lignin-related compounds in view of developing lignin biorefinery technology.
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Payer SE, Marshall SA, Bärland N, Sheng X, Reiter T, Dordic A, Steinkellner G, Wuensch C, Kaltwasser S, Fisher K, Rigby SEJ, Macheroux P, Vonck J, Gruber K, Faber K, Himo F, Leys D, Pavkov‐Keller T, Glueck SM. Regioselective para-Carboxylation of Catechols with a Prenylated Flavin Dependent Decarboxylase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13893-13897. [PMID: 28857436 PMCID: PMC5656893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of CO2 as a carbon source for organic synthesis meets the urgent demand for more sustainability in the production of chemicals. Herein, we report on the enzyme-catalyzed para-carboxylation of catechols, employing 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylases (AroY) that belong to the UbiD enzyme family. Crystal structures and accompanying solution data confirmed that AroY utilizes the recently discovered prenylated FMN (prFMN) cofactor, and requires oxidative maturation to form the catalytically competent prFMNiminium species. This study reports on the in vitro reconstitution and activation of a prFMN-dependent enzyme that is capable of directly carboxylating aromatic catechol substrates under ambient conditions. A reaction mechanism for the reversible decarboxylation involving an intermediate with a single covalent bond between a quinoid adduct and cofactor is proposed, which is distinct from the mechanism of prFMN-associated 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
| | - Stephen A. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Natalie Bärland
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Andela Dordic
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | | | - Susann Kaltwasser
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Stephen E. J. Rigby
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 128010GrazAustria
| | - Janet Vonck
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Tea Pavkov‐Keller
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
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7
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Payer SE, Marshall SA, Bärland N, Sheng X, Reiter T, Dordic A, Steinkellner G, Wuensch C, Kaltwasser S, Fisher K, Rigby SEJ, Macheroux P, Vonck J, Gruber K, Faber K, Himo F, Leys D, Pavkov-Keller T, Glueck SM. Regioselektivepara-Carboxylierung von Catecholen mit einer Prenylflavin-abhängigen Decarboxylase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28/2 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Stephen A. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Großbritannien
| | - Natalie Bärland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik; Max-Von-Laue-Straße 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 10691 Stockholm Schweden
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Österreich
| | - Andela Dordic
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Österreich
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Österreich
| | | | - Susann Kaltwasser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik; Max-Von-Laue-Straße 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Großbritannien
| | - Stephen E. J. Rigby
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Großbritannien
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Janet Vonck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik; Max-Von-Laue-Straße 3 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28/2 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 10691 Stockholm Schweden
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN Großbritannien
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Österreich
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Institut für Chemie, Organische & Bioorganische Chemie; Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28/2 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Österreich
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Pesci L, Gurikov P, Liese A, Kara S. Amine-Mediated Enzymatic Carboxylation of Phenols Using CO 2 as Substrate Increases Equilibrium Conversions and Reaction Rates. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28862371 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of strategies is applied to alleviate thermodynamic and kinetic limitations in biocatalytic carboxylation of metabolites in vivo. A key feature to consider in enzymatic carboxylations is the nature of the cosubstrate: CO2 or its hydrated form, bicarbonate. The substrate binding and activation mechanism determine what the actual carboxylation agent is. Dihydroxybenzoic acid (de)carboxylases catalyze the reversible regio-selective ortho-(de)carboxylation of phenolics. These enzymes have attracted considerable attention in the last 10 years due to their potential in substituting harsh conditions typical of chemical carboxylations (100-200 °C, 5-100 bar) with, ideally, greener ones (20-40 °C, 1 bar). They are reported to use bicarbonate as substrate, needed in large excess to overcome thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. Therefore, CO2 can be used as substrate by these enzymes only if it is converted into bicarbonate in situ. In this contribution, we report the simultaneous amine-mediated conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate and the ortho-carboxylation of different phenolic molecules catalyzed by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (de)carboxylase from Aspergillus oryzae. Our results show that under the newly developed conditions a significant thermodynamic (up to twofold increase in conversion) and kinetic improvement (up to approx. fivefold increase in rate) of the biocatalytic carboxylation of catechol is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pesci
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg 21073, Germany
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9
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Miao L, Li Q, Diao A, Zhang X, Ma Y. Construction of a novel phenol synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli through 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5163-73. [PMID: 25758959 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenol is a bulk chemical with lots of applications in the chemical industry. Fermentative production of phenol had been realized in both Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli by recruiting tyrosine phenol-lyase (TPL). The TPL pathway needs tyrosine as the direct precursor for phenol production. In this work, a novel phenol synthetic pathway was created in E. coli by recruiting 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, which can convert 4-hydroxybenzoate to phenol and carbon dioxide. Activating 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase and chorismate pyruvate lyase (UbiC) through plasmid overexpression led to 7- and 69-fold increase of phenol production, respectively, demonstrating that these two enzymes were the rate-limiting steps for phenol production. Genetically stable strains were then obtained by gene integration and gene modulation directly in chromosome. Phenol titer increased 147-fold (from 1.7 to 250 mg/L) after modulating the DAHP synthase, UbiC, and 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase genes in chromosome. Five solvents were tested for two-phase extractive fermentation to eliminate phenol toxicity to E. coli cells. Tributyrin and dibutyl phthalate were the best two solvents for improving phenol production, leading to 23 and 30 % increase of total phenol production, respectively. Two-phase fed-batch fermentation of the best strain Phe009 was performed in a 7 L fermentor, which produced 9.51 g/L phenol with a yield of 0.061 g/g glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtian Miao
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
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10
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Wuensch C, Gross J, Steinkellner G, Lyskowski A, Gruber K, Glueck SM, Faber K. Regioselective ortho-carboxylation of phenols catalyzed by benzoic acid decarboxylases: a biocatalytic equivalent to the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Pfaff C, Glindemann N, Gruber J, Frentzen M, Sadre R. Chorismate pyruvate-lyase and 4-hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate decarboxylase are required for plastoquinone biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2675-86. [PMID: 24337576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastoquinone is a redox active lipid that serves as electron transporter in the bifunctional photosynthetic-respiratory transport chain of cyanobacteria. To examine the role of genes potentially involved in cyanobacterial plastoquinone biosynthesis, we have focused on three Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genes likely encoding a chorismate pyruvate-lyase (sll1797) and two 4-hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate decarboxylases (slr1099 and sll0936). The functions of the encoded proteins were investigated by complementation experiments with Escherichia coli mutants, by the in vitro enzyme assays with the recombinant proteins, and by the development of Synechocystis sp. single-gene knock-out mutants. Our results demonstrate that sll1797 encodes a chorismate pyruvate-lyase. In the respective knock-out mutant, plastoquinone was hardly detectable, and the mutant required 4-hydroxybenzoate for growth underlining the importance of chorismate pyruvate-lyase to initiate plastoquinone biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. The recombinant Slr1099 protein displayed decarboxylase activity and catalyzed in vitro the decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoate with different prenyl side chain lengths. In contrast to Slr1099, the recombinant Sll0936 protein did not show decarboxylase activity regardless of the conditions used. Inactivation of the sll0936 gene in Synechocystis sp., however, caused a drastic reduction in the plastoquinone content to levels very similar to those determined in the slr1099 knock-out mutant. This proves that not only slr1099 but also sll0936 is required for plastoquinone synthesis in the cyanobacterium. In summary, our data demonstrate that cyanobacteria produce plastoquinone exclusively via a pathway that is in the first reaction steps almost identical to ubiquinone biosynthesis in E. coli with conversion of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then prenylated and decarboxylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pfaff
- From the Institute for Biology I, Botany, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany and
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12
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Pushing the equilibrium of regio-complementary carboxylation of phenols and hydroxystyrene derivatives. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:264-70. [PMID: 23880442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic carboxylation of electron-rich aromatics, which represents a promising 'green' equivalent to the chemical Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, is thermodynamically disfavored and is therefore impeded by incomplete conversions. Optimization of the reaction conditions, such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration and the use of organic co-solvents and/or ionic liquids allowed to push the conversion in favor of carboxylation by a factor of up to 50%. Careful selection of the type of bicarbonate salt used as CO2 source was crucial to ensure optimal activities. Among two types of carboxylases tested with their natural substrates, benzoic acid decarboxylase from Rhizobium sp. proved to be significantly more stable than phenolic acid decarboxylase from Mycobacterium colombiense; it tolerated reaction temperatures of up to 50 °C and substrate concentrations of up to 100mM and allowed efficient biocatalyst recycling.
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13
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Biosynthesis of cis,cis-muconic acid and its aromatic precursors, catechol and protocatechuic acid, from renewable feedstocks by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8421-30. [PMID: 23001678 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01983-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipic acid is a high-value compound used primarily as a precursor for the synthesis of nylon, coatings, and plastics. Today it is produced mainly in chemical processes from petrochemicals like benzene. Because of the strong environmental impact of the production processes and the dependence on fossil resources, biotechnological production processes would provide an interesting alternative. Here we describe the first engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing a heterologous biosynthetic pathway converting the intermediate 3-dehydroshikimate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway via protocatechuic acid and catechol into cis,cis-muconic acid, which can be chemically dehydrogenated to adipic acid. The pathway consists of three heterologous microbial enzymes, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, protocatechuic acid decarboxylase composed of three different subunits, and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. For each heterologous reaction step, we analyzed several potential candidates for their expression and activity in yeast to compose a functional cis,cis-muconic acid synthesis pathway. Carbon flow into the heterologous pathway was optimized by increasing the flux through selected steps of the common aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway and by blocking the conversion of 3-dehydroshikimate into shikimate. The recombinant yeast cells finally produced about 1.56 mg/liter cis,cis-muconic acid.
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14
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Wuensch C, Glueck SM, Gross J, Koszelewski D, Schober M, Faber K. Regioselective enzymatic carboxylation of phenols and hydroxystyrene derivatives. Org Lett 2012; 14:1974-7. [PMID: 22471935 PMCID: PMC3593611 DOI: 10.1021/ol300385k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic carboxylation of phenol and styrene derivatives using (de)carboxylases in carbonate buffer proceeded in a highly regioselective fashion: Benzoic acid (de)carboxylases selectively formed o-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, phenolic acid (de)carboxylases selectively acted at the β-carbon atom of styrenes forming (E)-cinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wuensch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Mukai N, Masaki K, Fujii T, Kawamukai M, Iefuji H. PAD1 and FDC1 are essential for the decarboxylation of phenylacrylic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:564-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The Citrobacter rodentium genome sequence reveals convergent evolution with human pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2009; 192:525-38. [PMID: 19897651 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01144-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium (formally Citrobacter freundii biotype 4280) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes colitis and transmissible colonic hyperplasia in mice. In common with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), C. rodentium exploits a type III secretion system (T3SS) to induce attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions that are essential for virulence. Here, we report the fully annotated genome sequence of the 5.3-Mb chromosome and four plasmids harbored by C. rodentium strain ICC168. The genome sequence revealed key information about the phylogeny of C. rodentium and identified 1,585 C. rodentium-specific (without orthologues in EPEC or EHEC) coding sequences, 10 prophage-like regions, and 17 genomic islands, including the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE) region, which encodes a T3SS and effector proteins. Among the 29 T3SS effectors found in C. rodentium are all 22 of the core effectors of EPEC strain E2348/69. In addition, we identified a novel C. rodentium effector, named EspS. C. rodentium harbors two type VI secretion systems (T6SS) (CTS1 and CTS2), while EHEC contains only one T6SS (EHS). Our analysis suggests that C. rodentium and EPEC/EHEC have converged on a common host infection strategy through access to a common pool of mobile DNA and that C. rodentium has lost gene functions associated with a previous pathogenic niche.
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Schmeling S, Fuchs G. Anaerobic metabolism of phenol in proteobacteria and further studies of phenylphosphate carboxylase. Arch Microbiol 2009; 191:869-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Dwindling petroleum feedstocks and increased CO(2)-concentrations in the atmosphere currently open the concept of using CO(2) as raw material for the synthesis of well-defined organic compounds. In parallel to recent advances in the chemical CO(2)-fixation, enzymatic (biocatalytic) carboxylation is currently being investigated at an increased pace. On the one hand, this critical review provides a concise overview on highly specific biosynthetic pathways for CO(2)-fixation and, on the other hand, a summary of biodegradation (detoxification) processes involving enzymes which possess relaxed substrate specificities, which allow their application for the regioselective carboxylation of organic substrates to furnish the corresponding carboxylic acids (145 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Glueck
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Lupa B, Lyon D, Shaw LN, Sieprawska-Lupa M, Wiegel J. Properties of the reversible nonoxidative vanillate / 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase fromBacillus subtilis. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:75-81. [DOI: 10.1139/w07-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) reversibly decarboxylates vanillate and 4-hydroxybenzoate under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. Thus, we have identified on the basis of gene sequence homology with Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus and Streptomyces sp. strain D7, a putative B. subtilis hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase. The native form of this enzyme is encoded by 3 genes yclBCD (GI Sequence Identification Nos.: 2632649, 2632650, 2632651) that we have renamed during this research as bsdBCD to align with existing nomenclature. The bsdD gene is reported in the database to be 690 bp; however, our sequence analysis revealed that the size of this gene is in fact 228 bp, an observation that results in a shortening of YclD (i.e., BsdD) from 229 to 75 aa. The corresponding bsdBCD genes were cloned into Escherichia coli , and the heterologously expressed enzyme was assayed for activity. The decarboxylase exhibited a narrow substrate range, with only 2 of the tested substrates, vanillate (Kmapp = 4 mmol·L–1) and 4-hydroxybenzoate (Kmapp = ~1 mmol·L–1), being decarboxylated. The recombinant enzyme had properties similar to that of the native enzyme in respect to specific activity, kinetic properties, bidirectional decarboxylase–carboxylase activity, oxygen insensitivity, and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslaw Lupa
- Department of Microbiology, 212 Biological Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Delina Lyon
- Department of Microbiology, 212 Biological Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, 212 Biological Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Magdalena Sieprawska-Lupa
- Department of Microbiology, 212 Biological Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Juergen Wiegel
- Department of Microbiology, 212 Biological Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, 1000 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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