1
|
Pfau AP, Shepherd EA, Martin MG, Ascolese S, Mason KM, Egert-McLean AM, Voy BH, Myer PR. Beta-Adrenergic Agonists, Dietary Protein, and Rumen Bacterial Community Interactions in Beef Cattle: A Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:579. [PMID: 37756100 PMCID: PMC10537598 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving beef production efficiency, sustainability, and food security is crucial for meeting the growing global demand for beef while minimizing environmental impact, conserving resources, ensuring economic viability, and promoting animal welfare. Beta-adrenergic agonists and dietary protein have been critical factors in beef cattle production. Beta-agonists enhance growth, improve feed efficiency, and influence carcass composition, while dietary protein provides the necessary nutrients for muscle development and overall health. A balanced approach to their use and incorporation into cattle diets can lead to more efficient and sustainable beef production. However, microbiome technologies play an increasingly important role in beef cattle production, particularly by optimizing rumen fermentation, enhancing nutrient utilization, supporting gut health, and enhancing feed efficiency. Therefore, optimizing rumen fermentation, diet, and growth-promoting technologies has the potential to increase energy capture and improve performance. This review addresses the interactions among beta-adrenergic agonists, protein level and source, and the ruminal microbiome. By adopting innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and responsible management strategies, the beef industry can contribute to a more secure and sustainable food future. Continued research and development in this field can lead to innovative solutions that benefit both producers and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip R. Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fesseha H, Mathewos M, Aliye S, Mekonnen E. Isolation and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from diarrhoeic calves in urban and peri-urban dairy farms of Hawassa town. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:864-876. [PMID: 34910854 PMCID: PMC8959283 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calf diarrhoea is the most serious issue in the livestock industry, resulting in significant financial losses. Methods A study was undertaken in 32 urban and peri‐urban dairy farms of Hawassa town to isolate E. coli from diarrhoeic calves, assess associated putative factors related to the occurrence, and the evaluate antibacterial susceptibility patterns of isolates. A convenience sampling technique was performed for the selection of these dairy farms and calf samples. A total of 68 faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves. The faecal samples were confirmed as E. coli O157: H7 positive using the latex agglutination test. Results In this study, 47(69.1%) samples were positive for E. coli, of which 22 (46.8%) were identified as E. coli O157:H7 strains based on their latex agglutination character. Factors such as frequency of calf house cleaning, type of supplement provided, and method of colostrum feeding were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with calf diarrhoea, while the other risk factors had no significant association. Antibiogram of E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to gentamycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin and were found to be resistant to tetracycline, kanamycin and amoxicillin. Conclusion Our findings revealed that calf diarrhoea is still a major health problem of calves in the study area. Hence, improved calf and farm management practice, an ad libitum quantity of colostrum, and good farm hygienic practices should be ensured. This study also revealed that some antibiotic‐resistant E. coli O157:H7 isolates need to be further investigated for their public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Saliman Aliye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Mekonnen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harsh BN, Klatt BJ, Volk MJ, Green-Miller AR, McCann JC. Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen excretion of finishing beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab036. [PMID: 34853827 PMCID: PMC8628867 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to quantify the effects of the beta-adrenergic agonist
(β-AA) ractopamine hydrochloride (Actogain, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) on
nitrogen excretion and nutrient digestibility in feedlot cattle. In experiment
1, 12 Simmental × Angus steers were blocked by bodyweight (531 ± 16
kg) and used in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included:
1) a control without β-AA (CON) or 2) 400 mg/steer/d ractopamine
hydrochloride (RAC) for 35 d before slaughter. Diets contained (DM basis) 55%
dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 15% modified wet distillers grains with
soluble, and 10% supplement. For each block, total collection of feed, orts,
feces, and urine were conducted for two 5 d sampling periods during week 2 and 4
of RAC supplementation. No interaction (P > 0.21) between
treatment and collection period was observed for any parameter evaluated.
Dietary treatment had no effect (P = 0.51) on DMI, but RAC had
decreased fecal DM output (P = 0.04) compared with CON. Thus,
RAC had greater apparent total tract DM digestibility (77.2 vs. 73.5%;
P < 0.01), N digestibility (72.4 vs.
69.4%; P = 0.01), and NDF digestibility (65.6 vs. 60.2%;
P < 0.01) than CON. Although treatment did not affect
nitrogen intake (P = 0.52), RAC tended to reduce total nitrogen
excretion (113.3 vs. 126.7 g/d; P = 0.10) compared with CON due
to a tendency for decreased fecal nitrogen output (53.9 vs. 61.3 g/d;
P = 0.10). However, dietary treatment had no effect
(P = 0.53) on urinary nitrogen output or percentage of
urinary nitrogen excreted as urea (P = 0.28). Experiment 2 was
an in vitro experiment conducted to validate the effects of RAC on nutrient
digestibility using Simmental × Angus heifers (451 ± 50 kg). Rumen
fluid was collected individually by stomach tube from CON- (n =
9) and RAC-fed (n = 10) heifers to inoculate bottles containing
a CON or RAC-containing substrate in a split–plot design. No interaction
between rumen fluid source and in vitro substrate was observed. Greater IVDMD
(P = 0.01) was observed in rumen fluid from RAC-fed heifers
compared with rumen fluid from CON-fed heifers. The inclusion of RAC in the in
vitro substrate increased IVDMD (P < 0.01). Overall,
feeding RAC increased microbial digestion of the dry-rolled corn-based finishing
diet to increase total tract dry mater digestion by 5% and reduce nitrogen
excretion by 10.6% in the 35 d period prior to slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey N Harsh
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brady J Klatt
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mareah J Volk
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdelfattah EM, Ekong PS, Okello E, Chamchoy T, Karle BM, Black RA, Sheedy D, ElAshmawy WR, Williams DR, Califano D, Tovar LFD, Ongom J, Lehenbauer TW, Byrne BA, Aly SS. Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on California dairies: descriptive and cluster analyses of AMR phenotype of fecal commensal bacteria isolated from adult cows. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11108. [PMID: 33976962 PMCID: PMC8063881 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus/Streptococcus spp. (ES) isolated from fecal samples of dairy cows and assesses the variation of AMR profiles across regions and seasons following the implementation of the Food and Agricultural Code (FAC) Sections 14400–14408 (formerly known as Senate Bill, SB 27) in California (CA). Methods The study was conducted on ten dairies distributed across CA’s three milk sheds: Northern California (NCA), Northern San Joaquin Valley (NSJV), and the Greater Southern California (GSCA). On each study dairy, individual fecal samples were collected from two cohorts of lactating dairy cows during the fall/winter 2018 and spring/summer 2019 seasons. Each cohort comprised of 12 cows per dairy. The fecal samples were collected at enrollment before calving (close-up stage) and then monthly thereafter for four consecutive time points up to 120 days in milk. A total of 2,171 E. coli and 2,158 ES isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method against a select panel of antimicrobials. Results The E. coli isolates showed high resistance to florfenicol (83.31% ± 0.80) and sulphadimethoxine (32.45%), while resistance to ampicillin (1.10% ± 0.21), ceftiofur (1.93% ± 0.29), danofloxacin (4.01% ± 0.42), enrofloxacin (3.31% ± 0.38), gentamicin (0.32% ± 0.12) and neomycin (1.61% ± 0.27) had low resistance proportions. The ES isolates were highly resistant to tildipirosin (50.18% ± 1.10), tilmicosin (48% ± 1.10), tiamulin (42%) and florfenicol (46% ± 1.10), but were minimally resistant to ampicillin (0.23%) and penicillin (0.20%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to at least 1 drug in ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was observed in 14.14% of E. coli isolates and 39% of ES isolates. Escherichia coli isolates recovered during winter showed higher MDR prevalence compared to summer isolates (20.33% vs. 8.04%). A higher prevalence of MDR was observed in NSJV (17.29%) and GSCA (15.34%) compared with NCA (10.10%). Conclusions Our findings showed high rates of AMR to several drugs that are not labeled for use in lactating dairy cattle 20 months of age or older. Conversely, very low resistance was observed for drugs labeled for use in adult dairy cows, such as cephalosporins and penicillin. Overall, our findings identified important differences in AMR by antimicrobial class, region and season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Abdelfattah
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Animal Hygiene, and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Pius S Ekong
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Betsy M Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Davis, Orland, CA, USA
| | - Randi A Black
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Davis, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - David Sheedy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Wagdy R ElAshmawy
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Giza, Egypt
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Califano
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Durán Tovar
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Ongom
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wells JE, Berry ED, Kim M, Shackelford SD, Hales KE. Evaluation of Commercial β-Agonists, Dietary Protein, and Shade on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:649-655. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Wells
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Elaine D. Berry
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Minseok Kim
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Steven D. Shackelford
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Kristin E. Hales
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dargatz DA, Kopral CA, Erdman MM, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Cattle Feces in United States Feedlots in 2011. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:483-9. [PMID: 27464334 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from feces of cattle in feedlots in the United States. Fecal samples were collected from up to three pens of cattle in each of 68 feedlots in 12 states. Samples included up to 25 individual fecal pats from the pen floors and up to five composite samples from the floors of the same pens. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive samples was 9.1% (460/5050) and 11.3% (114/1009) for individual and composite samples, respectively. The prevalences of Salmonella at the pen level were 35.6% (72/202) and 22.8% (46/202) for individual and composite samples, respectively. Dietary factors, including inclusion of cottonseed hulls, coccidiostats, and antimicrobial drugs, were associated with differences in prevalence of Salmonella isolation. Overall, 32 serotypes of Salmonella were identified, but six serotypes accounted for 69.1% (495/716) of the isolates. Nearly two-thirds (64.7%, 44/68) of feedlots had at least one positive sample. All isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to a panel of 15 antimicrobial drugs. Most isolates (74.4%, 533/716) were susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs in the panel. When resistance was detected, it was most commonly to tetracycline (21.7%, 155/716 of isolates) or sulfisoxazole (12.4%, 89/716 of isolates). Less than 10% of the isolates were resistant to any other antimicrobials in the panel. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of Salmonella in individual fecal samples was less than 10%, but that Salmonella is widely distributed among feedlot cattle. Furthermore, when Salmonella is present in feedlot cattle, there is a low occurrence of antimicrobial resistance with the exception of tetracycline and sulfisoxazole. More research is indicated to understand the ecology of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance, when present, in cattle-feeding operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Dargatz
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christine A Kopral
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Matthew M Erdman
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames, Iowa
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit , Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olafson PU, Brown TR, Lohmeyer KH, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ, Loneragan GH, Edrington TS. Assessing Transmission of Salmonella to Bovine Peripheral Lymph Nodes upon Horn Fly Feeding. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1135-42. [PMID: 27357032 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biting arthropods are implicated in the transdermal transmission of Salmonella to bovine peripheral lymph nodes, and such contamination can contribute to increased Salmonella prevalence in processed beef. Since horn flies can acquire Salmonella and then excrete the bacteria in their feces, on-animal fly infestations were conducted in this study to assess whether horn flies have a role in this bacterial transmission. Three Salmonella serotypes were used to assess fly acquisition from and excretion onto cattle. The results indicated that flies can acquire Salmonella from the hide, as assessed by recovery from homogenates of surfacesterilized flies, and that Salmonella persists for at least 5 days in the fly. Fly fecal excreta serves as a bacterial contaminant on the hide, and the overall mean probable estimate of the quantity shed was ≈10(5) most probable number per fly cage area. In 5 days, no transmission of the bacteria to bovine peripheral lymph nodes was evident, prompting an assessment of the effects of prolonged horn fly feeding on transmission. Three groups of animals were infested with flies that had consumed a blood meal containing Salmonella Senftenberg. After 5 days, the study was either terminated or the flies were removed and the cages replenished with unfed flies either once or twice over the course of an 11- or 19-day fly exposure period, respectively. A microlancet-inoculated positive-control animal was included in each group for comparison. The impact of prolonged horn fly feeding was evident, as 8% of lymph nodes cultured were positive from the 5-day exposure, whereas 50 and 42% were positive from 11- and 19-day exposures, respectively. Higher concentrations of Salmonella were recovered from fly-infested animals than from the microlancet-inoculated control, likely a result of repeated inoculations over time by flies versus a single introduction. The data described provide new insights into the transmission dynamics of Salmonella in cattle populations, highlighting a role for biting flies as an important reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Untalan Olafson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA.
| | - Tyson R Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Kimberly H Lohmeyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA
| | - Roger B Harvey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Thomas S Edrington
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lean IJ, Thompson JM, Dunshea FR. A meta-analysis of zilpaterol and ractopamine effects on feedlot performance, carcass traits and shear strength of meat in cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115904. [PMID: 25548908 PMCID: PMC4280124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of the beta-agonists zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on feedlot performance, carcase characteristics of cattle and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of muscles. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of these agents on beef production and meat quality and to provide data that would be useful in considerations on the effect of these agents on meat quality in Meat Standards Australia evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and study assessment using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scirus, and CAB and identification of other studies from reference lists in papers and searches. Searches were based on the key words: zilpaterol, zilmax, ractopamine, optaflexx, cattle and beef. Studies from theses obtained were included. Data were extracted from more than 50 comparisons for both agents and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Both agents markedly increased weight gain, hot carcase weight and longissimus muscle area and increased the efficiency of gain:feed. These effects were particularly large for ZH, however, fat thickness was decreased by ZH, but not RAC. Zilpaterol also markedly increased WBSF by 1.2 standard deviations and more than 0.8 kg, while RAC increased WBSF by 0.43 standard deviations and 0.2 kg. There is evidence in the ZH studies, in particular, of profound re-partitioning of nutrients from fat to protein depots. This work has provided critically needed information on the effects of ZH and RAC on production, efficiency and meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Lean
- SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Thompson
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Doyle MP, Erickson MC. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Paddock ZD, Walker CE, Drouillard JS, Nagaraja TG. Dietary monensin level, supplemental urea, and ractopamine on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2829-35. [PMID: 21512125 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of distillers grains (DG) in cattle diets has been shown to increase fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. It is hypothesized that altered gut fermentation by DG may be responsible for the positive association. Therefore, feed additives affecting ruminal or hindgut fermentation of DG also may affect fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. The objectives of the study were to evaluate effects of monensin (33 or 44 mg/kg of DM), supplemental urea (0, 0.35, or 0.70% of DM), and ractopamine (0 or 200 mg/steer daily administered during the last 42 d of finishing) in a steam-flaked corn grain-based diet containing 30% wet sorghum DG on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Seven hundred twenty crossbred beef steers, housed in 48 pens (15 steers/pen), were assigned to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Fresh pen floor fecal samples (10 per/pen) were collected every 2 wk for 14 wk (July through November) and cultured for E. coli O157:H7. Isolation of E. coli O157:H7 was by selective enrichment of fecal samples in an enrichment broth, immunomagnetic separation, followed by plating onto a selective medium. Samples that yielded sorbitol-negative colonies, which were positive for indole production, O157 antigen agglutination, and contained rfbE, fliC, and stx2 were considered positive for E. coli O157:H7. Fecal prevalence data were analyzed as repeated measures using negative binomial regression to examine effects and interactions of sampling day, urea, monensin, and ractopamine. Mean fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 7.6% and ranged from 1.6 to 23.6%. Cattle fed monensin at 44 mg/kg of feed had less (P = 0.05) fecal E. coli O157:H7 prevalence than cattle fed 33 mg/kg (4.3 vs. 6.8%). Although the reason for the reduction is not known, it is likely because of changes in the microbial ecosystem induced by the greater amount of monensin in the hindgut. Supplemental urea at 0.35 or 0.70% had no effect (P = 0.87) on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 were 5.3, 5.7, and 5.9% for groups fed 0, 0.35, and 0.7% urea, respectively. The inclusion of ractopamine at 0 or 200 mg/(animal•d) had no effect (P = 0.89) on fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 (4.4 vs. 4.0%). Additional research is needed to confirm the reduction in fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle fed monensin at 44 mg/kg of feed compared with cattle fed 33 mg/kg of feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z D Paddock
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berry ED, Wells JE. Escherichia coli O157:H7: recent advances in research on occurrence, transmission, and control in cattle and the production environment. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2010; 60:67-117. [PMID: 20691954 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(10)60004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that is an important cause of human foodborne and waterborne disease, with a spectrum of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic carriage and diarrhea to the sometimes fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 disease are often associated with undercooked beef, but there are other sources of transmission, including water, produce, and animal contact, which can often be linked directly or indirectly to cattle. Thus, preharvest control of this pathogen in cattle production should have a large impact on reducing the risk of human foodborne illness. In this review, we will summarize preharvest research on E. coli O157:H7 in cattle and the production environment, focusing on factors that may influence the transmission, prevalence, and levels of this pathogen, such as season, diet, high-level shedders, and animal stress. In addition, we will discuss recent research on the reduction of this pathogen in cattle production, including vaccination, probiotics, bacteriophage, and manure treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Berry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Edrington TS, Farrow RL, Loneragan GH, Ives SE, Engler MJ, Wagner JJ, Corbin MJ, Platter WJ, Yates D, Hutcheson JP, Zinn RA, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Influence of beta-agonists (ractopamine HCl and zilpaterol HCl) on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2587-91. [PMID: 20003743 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.12.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ractopamine HCl and zilpaterol HCl, beta-agonists recently approved for use in feedlot cattle to improve performance traits and carcass leanness, were examined for their effects on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Fecal samples (n = 2,454) were obtained from four experiments (one ractopamine HCl, three zilpaterol HCl) over the course of a 3-year period, either by rectal palpation (ractopamine HCl experiment) or from pen-floor fecal pats. Samples were cultured quantitatively and qualitatively for E. coli O157:H7. No significant treatment differences were detected for fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the ractopamine HCl experiment. Zilpaterol HCl feeding had no effect (P > 0.20) on fecal shedding in the first or second experiments, with overall E. coli O157:H7 prevalence relatively low (<7%). In the third zilpaterol HCl experiment, the percentage of fecal samples that were E. coli O157:H7 positive following qualitative culture was higher (P < 0.05) in the zilpaterol HCl treatment (10.3%) than for the control (6.1%). The current research showed minimal effects of beta-agonists on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and indicated that these compounds (fed immediately prior to slaughter) are not a cause for concern from a food safety standpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sargeant JM, Saint-Onge J, Valcour J, Thompson A, Elgie R, Snedeker K, Marcynuk P. Quality of Reporting in Clinical Trials of Preharvest Food Safety Interventions and Associations with Treatment Effect. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:989-99. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Saint-Onge
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Valcour
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Thompson
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robyn Elgie
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Snedeker
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pasha Marcynuk
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Edrington TS, Carter BH, Friend TH, Hagevoort GR, Poole TL, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Influence of sprinklers, used to alleviate heat stress, on faecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Enterococcus in lactating dairy cattle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:738-43. [PMID: 19413804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effect of sprinklers on faecal shedding of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 and Salmonella in lactating dairy cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprinklers were applied to lactating dairy cattle on two farms at either the feedbunk or in the holding pen prior to milking. Faecal samples were collected approx. 1 and 4 weeks following initiation of sprinkler treatments for culture of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Enterococcus. No treatment differences were observed for E. coli O157:H7. Salmonella was higher (P = 0.11) in the control treatment on day-7 whereas on day-28, the bunk sprinklers increased the number of Salmonella positive cows. Salmonella prevalence decreased (P = 0.0001) on day-5 and when examined across days in cows exposed to sprinklers prior to milking. Antimicrobial susceptibility screening found very few isolates that were multi-drug resistant. All Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a significant decrease in faecal prevalence of Salmonella in lactating cattle following exposure to sprinklers administered prior to milking. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Identification of current dairy management techniques that are also effective in reducing on-farm prevalence of pathogenic bacteria could have significant food safety and environmental implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Edrington
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poletto R, Rostagno MH, Richert BT, Marchant-Forde JN. Effects of a “step-up” ractopamine feeding program, sex, and social rank on growth performance, hoof lesions, and Enterobacteriaceae shedding in finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:304-13. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
16
|
Fox JT, Reinstein S, Jacob ME, Nagaraja TG. Niche marketing production practices for beef cattle in the United States and prevalence of foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:559-69. [PMID: 18681794 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Niche-marketed food products are rapidly gaining market share in today's society. Consumers are willing to pay premium prices for food perceived to be safer, healthier, more nutritious, and better tasting than conventional food. This review outlines typical production practices for niche-market beef production systems in the United States and compares prevalence estimates of foodborne pathogens in animals and produce from conventional and niche-market production systems. The two main niches for food animal production are organic and natural productions. Organic and natural beef productions are becoming increasingly popular and there is high consumer demand. Two major differences between conventional beef production systems and niche-market production systems (natural and organic) are in the use of antimicrobials and growth-promoting hormones. The impacts of these production systems on foodborne pathogens in beef cattle are variable and often data are nonexistent. Studies directly comparing conventional and niche-market production systems for dairy, swine, poultry, and produce have observed that the prevalence of foodborne pathogens was seldom statistically different between production systems, but when differences were observed, prevalence was typically greater for the niche-market production systems than the conventional production system. The published literature suggests that the perception of niche-marketed food products being safer and healthier for consumers with regard to foodborne pathogens may not be justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Trent Fox
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5606, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sargeant JM, Amezcua MR, Rajic A, Waddell L. Pre-harvest Interventions to Reduce the Shedding of E. coli O157 in the Faeces of Weaned Domestic Ruminants: A Systematic Review. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:260-77. [PMID: 17803515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to use formal systematic review methods to evaluate the efficacy of interventions to reduce faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in post-weaned ruminants by increasing animal resistance. The methodology consisted of an extensive search to identify all potentially relevant research, screening of titles and abstracts for relevance to the research question, quality assessment of relevant research, extraction of data from research of sufficient quality, and qualitative summarization of results. The interventions evaluated included probiotics, vaccination, antimicrobials, sodium chlorate, bacteriophages and other feed additives. There was evidence of efficacy for the probiotic combination Lactobacillus acidophilus NP51 (NPC 747) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii and for sodium chlorate in feed or water. The effectiveness of vaccination varied among studies and among vaccine protocols and there was no consistent evidence to suggest that antibiotic use was associated with a decrease in faecal shedding of E. coli O157, or that current industry uses of antimicrobials were associated with increased faecal shedding. There were an insufficient number of studies available to address the effectiveness of bacteriophages and several other feed additives. In general, few of the primary studies evaluated the interventions under commercial housing conditions with a natural disease challenge, there were inconsistencies in the results among study designs and in some cases among studies within study designs, and a relatively large proportion of publications were excluded based on quality assessment criteria. Few studies reported on associations between the proposed intervention and production parameters, such as average daily gain and feed: gain ratio. While the results suggest that some interventions may be efficacious, there are knowledge gaps in our understanding of the efficacy of pre-harvest interventions to increase animal resistance to E. coli O157 that require further targeted research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Sargeant
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|