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Barkad MA, Bayraktar A, Doruk T, Tunca S. Effect of lon Protease Overexpression on Endotoxin Production and Stress Resistance in Bacillus thuringiensis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3483-3493. [PMID: 34272975 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lon protease, an intracellular protease, plays a key role in cell homeostasis in bacteria and is involved in numerous physiological processes. In this work, we aimed to study the impact of Lon on the production of endotoxins and stress response in Bacillus thuringiensis, which is an important bioinsecticide alternative for toxic chemicals. For this purpose, lon gene was cloned into a multi-copy vector with its original promoter and transcriptional terminator and expressed in B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis ATCC 35,646. Our results showed that the recombinant lon gene transcribed and translated efficiently and the resulting protein was active. Although the sporulation efficiency of the recombinant strain was found to be reduced and its mobility impaired, overexpression of the lon gene triggered the production of endotoxin. Together with increased biofilm formation, recombinant strain exhibited significantly better adaptation to osmotic and heat shock stresses and UV exposure compared to wild type and the control strain with empty plasmid. This study suggested a possible link between Lon protease and the production of insecticide and stress response in B. thuringiensis and provides a platform for future studies focusing on enhancing bio-insecticidal production using this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouktar Abdi Barkad
- Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Izmit, Turkey
| | - Aslı Bayraktar
- Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Izmit, Turkey
| | - Tugrul Doruk
- Faculty of Art and Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Atakum, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sedef Tunca
- Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Izmit, Turkey.
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Elleuch J, Jaoua S, Ginibre C, Chandre F, Tounsi S, Zghal RZ. Toxin stability improvement and toxicity increase against dipteran and lepidopteran larvae of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein Cry2Aa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:2240-2246. [PMID: 26910489 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins are the most widely used biopesticides for controlling economically important crop pests and disease vectors. Improving their efficacy is of great benefit. Here, an improvement in Cry2Aa δ-endotoxin toxicity was attempted via a cry gene over expression system using P20 from B. thuringiensis israelensis. RESULTS The coexpression of Cry2Aa with P20 resulted in a seven fold increase in its production yield in B. thuringiensis. Generated crystals proved to be significantly more toxic (505.207 µg g-1 , 1.99 mg L-1 and 1.49 mg L-1 ) than the P20-lacking control (720.78 µg g-1 , 705.69 mg L-1 and 508.51 mg L-1 ) against Ephestia kuehniella, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens larvae respectively. In vitro, processing experiments revealed a P20-mediated protection of Cry2Aa against degradation under larval gut conditions. Thus, P20 could promote the maintenance of a tightly packaged conformation of Cry2Aa toxins in the larval midgut upon correct activation and binding to its membrane receptors. CONCLUSION Based on their resistance against excessive proteolysis, Cry2Aa δ-endotoxins, produced in the presence of P20, could be considered as a successful control agent for E. kuehniella and an effective alternative for mosquito control, implying its possible exploitation in pest management programmes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Elleuch
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carole Ginibre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224) Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224) Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Laboratoire de Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Montpellier, France
| | - Slim Tounsi
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raida Z Zghal
- Laboratory of Biopesticides, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Elleuch J, Jaoua S, Tounsi S, Zghal RZ. Cry1Ac toxicity enhancement towards lepidopteran pest Ephestia kuehniella through its protection against excessive proteolysis. Toxicon 2016; 120:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Elleuch J, Zghal RZ, Ben Fguira I, Lacroix MN, Suissi J, Chandre F, Tounsi S, Jaoua S. Effects of the P20 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on insecticidal crystal protein Cry4Ba. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:174-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deng C, Peng Q, Song F, Lereclus D. Regulation of cry gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2194-209. [PMID: 25055802 PMCID: PMC4113751 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6072194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis differs from the closely related Bacillus cereus group species by its ability to produce crystalline inclusions. The production of these crystals mainly results from the expression of the cry genes, from the stability of their transcripts and from the synthesis, accumulation and crystallization of large amounts of insecticidal Cry proteins. This process normally coincides with sporulation and is regulated by various factors operating at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, metabolic and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Didier Lereclus
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt 78280, France.
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Elleuch J, Zghal RZ, Jemaà M, Azzouz H, Tounsi S, Jaoua S. New Bacillus thuringiensis toxin combinations for biological control of lepidopteran larvae. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Park HW, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. Properties and applied use of the mosquitocidal bacterium, Bacillus sphaericus. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 13:159-168. [PMID: 28883761 PMCID: PMC5584542 DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Bacillus sphaericus exhibit varying levels of virulence against mosquito larvae. The most potent strain, B. sphaericus 2362, which is the active ingredient in the commercial product VectoLex®, together with another well-known larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, are used to control vector and nuisance mosquito larvae in many regions of the world. Although not all strains of B. sphaericus are mosquitocidal, lethal strains produce one or two combinations of three different types of toxins. These are (1) the binary toxin (Bin) composed of two proteins of 42 kDa (BinA) and 51 kDa (BinB), which are synthesized during sporulation and co-crystallize, (2) the soluble mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx1, Mtx2 and Mtx3) produced during vegetative growth, and (3) the two-component crystal toxin (Cry48Aa1/Cry49Aa1). Non-mosquitocidal toxins are also produced by certain strains of B. sphaericus, for examples sphaericolysin, a novel insecticidal protein toxic to cockroaches. Larvicides based on B. sphaericus-based have the advantage of longer persistence in treated habitats compared to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. However, resistance is a much greater threat, and has already emerged at significant levels in field populations in China and Thailand treated with B. sphaericus. This likely occurred because toxicity depends principally on Bin rather than various combinations of crystal (Cry) and cytolytic (Cyt) toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Here we review both the general characteristics of B. sphaericus, particularly as they relate to larvicidal isolates, and strategies or considerations for engineering more potent strains of this bacterium that contain built-in mechanisms that delay or overcome resistance to Bin in natural mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Park
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Dennis K. Bideshi
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brian A. Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Interdepartmental graduate programs in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Hyperproduction of chitinase influences crystal toxin synthesis and sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:31-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A 1.1-kilobase region downstream of the bin operon in Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 decreases bin yield and crystal size in strain 2297. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:878-81. [PMID: 19060165 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01444-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2297 strain of Bacillus sphaericus produces a crystal of the Bin (binary) toxin that is approximately fourfold larger than that of strain 2362, the strain currently used in VectoLex, a commercial mosquito larvicide. Comparison of the regions downstream from the bin operon in these two strains showed that strain 2362 contained a 1.6-kb region with four orf genes not found in strain 2297. Insertion of a 1.1-kb portion of this region from strain 2362 by homologous recombination downstream from the bin operon in strain 2297 reduced Bin toxin production by 50 to 70% and toxicity to fourth-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus by 68%. These results suggest that the 1.6-kb region downstream from the bin operon in B. sphaericus 2362 is responsible for the lower Bin yield and smaller crystal size characteristic of this strain.
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