1
|
Wei X, Chen Z, Liu A, Yang L, Xu Y, Cao M, He N. Advanced strategies for metabolic engineering of Bacillus to produce extracellular polymeric substances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108199. [PMID: 37330153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances are mainly synthesized via a variety of biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. Bacilli-sourced extracellular polymeric substances, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), can serve as active ingredients and hydrogels, and have other important industrial applications. However, the functional diversity and widespread applications of these extracellular polymeric substances, are hampered by their low yields and high costs. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex in Bacillus, and there is no detailed elucidation of the reactions and regulations among various metabolic pathways. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms is required to broaden the functions and increase the yield of extracellular polymeric substances. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis and metabolic mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substances in Bacillus, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationships between EPS and γ-PGA synthesis. This review provides a better clarification of Bacillus metabolic mechanisms during extracellular polymeric substance secretion and thus benefits their application and commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, He P, Cai D, Chen S. Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Qi J, Wang Y, Wen J, Zhao X, Qi G. Comparative study of the role of surfactin-triggered signalling in biofilm formation among different Bacillus species. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126920. [PMID: 34800863 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The signal molecule surfactin in biofilm formation has been extensively studied in B. subtilis, but there is rare reports in other Bacillus species. In this study, we compared the surfactin-Spo0A-SinI-SinR/SlrR signalling in regulating biofilm formation amongst four Bacillus species including B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis. The role of surfactin in biofilm formation was dependent on Bacillus species and strains, and the importance of surfactin was as following: B. velezensis R9 = B. amyloliquefaciens WH1 > B. licheniformis 285-3 > B. subtilis CYY. The global regulator Spo0A was essential and very conservative for biofilm formation in all four Bacillus species. The regulators SinI and SinR played different roles to regulate biofilm formation in different Bacillus species. SinI had no obvious roles in B. velezensis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis but had a positive role in B. licheniformis. SinR had no obvious roles in B. subtilis, but played a positive role in B. velezensis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis. The regulator SlrR played a positive role in the biofilm formation of all four Bacillus species. Collectively, surfactin, Spo0A and SlrR are essential for the biofilm formation in all four Bacillus species, and SinR and SinI plays different roles in different Bacillus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jishuai Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahong Wen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou C, Yang G, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhou H, Lu F. Construction of an alkaline protease overproducer strain based on Bacillus licheniformis 2709 using an integrative approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1449-1456. [PMID: 34742839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis 2709 is a potential cell factory for the production of alkaline protease AprE, which has important value in industrial application but still lacks sufficient production capacity. To address this problem, we investigated the effects of the secretory viscous materials on the synthesis of AprE, which might seriously affect the industrial fermentation. Furthermore, an iterative chromosomal integration strategy at various chromosomal loci was implemented to achieve stable high-level expression of AprE in B. licheniformis 2709. The host was genetically modified by disrupting the native pgs cluster controlling the biosynthesis of viscous poly-glutamic acid identified in the study by GC/MS, generating a mutant with significantly higher biomass and better bioreactor performance. We further enhanced the expression of alkaline protease by integrating two additional aprE expression cassettes into the genome, generating the integration mutant BL ∆UEP-3 with three aprE expression cassettes, whose AprE enzyme activity in shake flasks reached 25,736 ± 997 U/mL, which was 136% higher than that of the original strain, while the aprE transcription level increased 4.05 times. Thus, an AprE high-yielding strain with excellent fermentation traits was engineered, which was more suitable for bulk-production. Finally, the AprE titer was further increased in a 5-L fermenter, reaching 57,763 ± 1039 U/mL. In summary, genetic modification is an enabling technology for enhancing enzyme production by eliminating the unfavorable characteristics of the host and optimizing the expression of aprE through iterative chromosomal integration. We believe that the protocol developed in this study provides a valuable reference for chromosomal overexpression of proteins or bioactive molecules in other Bacillus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Zhou
- School of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science &Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- School of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271018, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271018, PR China
| | - Huitu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science &Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Huiying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science &Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science &Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Halmschlag B, Steurer X, Putri SP, Fukusaki E, Blank LM. Tailor-made poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Metab Eng 2019; 55:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
Li B, Yan ZY, Liu XN, Zhou J, Wu XY, Wei P, Jia HH, Yong XY. Increased fermentative adenosine production by gene-targeted Bacillus subtilis mutation. J Biotechnol 2019; 298:1-4. [PMID: 30974118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, which is produced mainly by microbial fermentation, plays an important role in the therapy of cardiovascular disease and has been widely used as an antiarrhythmic agent. In this study, guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) synthetase gene (guaA) was inactivated by gene-target manipulation to increase the metabolic flux from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to adenosine in B. subtilis A509. The resulted mutant M3-3 showed an increased adenosine production from 7.40 to 10.45 g/L, which was further enhanced to a maximum of 14.39 g/L by central composite design. As the synthesis of succinyladenosine monophosphate (sAMP) from IMP catalysed by adenylosuccinate synthetase (encoded by purA gene) is the rate-limiting step in adenosine synthesis, the up-regulated transcription level of purA was the potential underlying mechanism for the increased adenosine production. This work demonstrated a practical strategy for breeding B. subtilis strains for industrial nucleoside production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Na Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xia-Yuan Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hong-Hua Jia
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Bioenergy Research Institute, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao W, Liu F, Zhang W, Quan Y, Dang Y, Feng J, Gu Y, Wang S, Song C, Yang C. Mutations in genes encoding antibiotic substances increase the synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27539744 PMCID: PMC5300885 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) is an important natural biopolymer that is used widely in fields of foods, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. Several B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 mutants were constructed to improve γ‐PGA synthesis via single or multiple marker‐less in‐frame deletions of four gene clusters (itu, bae, srf, and fen) encoding antibiotic substances. γ‐PGA synthesis by the Δsrf mutant showed a slight increase (4.1 g/L) compared with that of the wild‐type strain (3.3 g/L). The ΔituΔsrf mutant showed increased γ‐PGA yield from 3.3 to 4.5 g/L, with an increase of 36.4%. The γ‐PGA yield of the ΔituΔsrfΔfen and ΔituΔsrfΔfenΔbae mutants did not show a further increase. The four gene clusters’ roles in swarming motility and biofilm formation were also studied. The Δsrf and Δbae mutant strains were both significantly defective in swarming, indicating that bacillaene and surfactin are involved in swarming motility of B. amyloliquefaciens LL3. Furthermore, Δsrf and Δitu mutant strains were obviously defective in biofilm formation; therefore, iturin and surfactin must play important roles in biofilm formation in B. amyloliquefaciens LL3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fenghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cunjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao W, Zhang Z, Feng J, Dang Y, Quan Y, Gu Y, Wang S, Song C. Effects of MreB paralogs on poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis and cell morphology inBacillus amyloliquefaciens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw187. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
9
|
Loss of GltB Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Biocontrol Efficiency of Bacillus subtilis Bs916 by Altering the Production of γ-Polyglutamate and Three Lipopeptides. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156247. [PMID: 27223617 PMCID: PMC4880196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study examined the contribution of GltB on biofilm formation and biocontrol efficiency of B. subtilis Bs916. Methods and Results The gltB gene was identified through a biofilm phenotype screen and a bioinformatics analysis of serious biofilm formation defects, and then a gltB single knockout mutant was constructed using homologous recombination. This mutant demonstrated severe deficits in biofilm formation and colonisation along with significantly altered production ofγ-polyglutamate (γ-PGA) and three lipopeptide antibiotics (LPs) as measured by a transcriptional analysis of both the wild type B. subtilis Bs916 and the gltB mutant. Consequently, the mutant strain retained almost no antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and exhibited decreased biocontrol efficiency against rice sheath blight. Very few gltB mutant cells colonised the rice stem, and they exhibited no significant nutrient chemotaxis compared to the wild type B. subtilis Bs916. The mechanism underlying these deficits in the gltB mutant appears to be decreased significantly in production of γ-PGA and a reduction in the production of both bacillomycin L and fengycin. Biofilm restoration of gltB mutant by additionγ-PGA in the EM medium demonstrated that biofilm formation was able to restore significantly at 20 g/L. Conclusions GltB regulates biofilm formation by altering the production ofγ-PGA, the LPs bacillomycin L and fengcin and influences bacterial colonisation on the rice stem, which consequently leads to poor biocontrol efficiency against rice sheath blight. Significance and Impact of Study This is the first report of a key regulatory protein (GltB) that is involved in biofilm regulation and its regulation mechanism and biocontrol efficiency by B. subtilis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng J, Gu Y, Quan Y, Cao M, Gao W, Zhang W, Wang S, Yang C, Song C. Improved poly-γ-glutamic acid production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by modular pathway engineering. Metab Eng 2015; 32:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Deletion of genes involved in glutamate metabolism to improve poly-gamma-glutamic acid production in B. amyloliquefaciens LL3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:297-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Here, we attempted to elevate poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) production by modifying genes involved in glutamate metabolism in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3. Products of rocR, rocG and gudB facilitate the conversion from glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate in Bacillus subtillis. The gene odhA is responsible for the synthesis of a component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl coenzyme A. In-frame deletions of these four genes were performed. In shake flask experiments the gudB/rocG double mutant presented enhanced production of γ-PGA, a 38 % increase compared with wild type. When fermented in a 5-L fermenter with pH control, the γ-PGA yield of the rocR mutant was increased to 5.83 g/L from 4.55 g/L for shake flask experiments. The gudB/rocG double mutant produced 5.68 g/L γ-PGA compared with that of 4.03 g/L for the wild type, a 40 % increase. Those results indicated the possibility of improving γ-PGA production by modifying glutamate metabolism, and identified potential genetic targets to improve γ-PGA production.
Collapse
|
12
|
Feng J, Gu Y, Sun Y, Han L, Yang C, Zhang W, Cao M, Song C, Gao W, Wang S. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) overproduction. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:446-55. [PMID: 24986065 PMCID: PMC4229325 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a metabolically engineered glutamate-independent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain with considerable γ-PGA production. It was carried out by double-deletion of the cwlO gene and epsA-O cluster, as well as insertion of the vgb gene in the bacteria chromosome. The final generated strain NK-PV elicited the highest production of γ-PGA (5.12 g l(-1)), which was 63.2% higher than that of the wild-type NK-1 strain (3.14 g l(-1)). The γ-PGA purity also improved in the NK-PV strain of 80.4% compared with 76.8% for the control. Experiments on bacterial biofilm formation experiment showed that NK-1 and NK-c (ΔcwlO) strains can form biofilm; the epsA-O deletion NK-7 and NK-PV strains could only form an incomplete biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Lifang Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Cunjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Weixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Use of Nonspecific, Glutamic Acid-Free, Media and High Glycerol or High Amylase as Inducing Parameters for Screening Bacillus Isolates Having High Yield of Polyglutamic Acid. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:608739. [PMID: 27379328 PMCID: PMC4897151 DOI: 10.1155/2014/608739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Out of fifty-five Bacillus isolates obtained from ten different regional locations and sources, seven showed the ability to consistently produce specific extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on rich as well as synthetic but nonspecific media which did not contain glutamic acid. The isolates were identified as either Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis. The EPS from all isolates was resistant to alpha protease, proteinase K, and was thus of high molecular weight. Further it was detected after SDS-PAGE by methylene blue but not by coomassie blue R staining as in case of proteins with high proportion of acidic amino acids. Cell-free EPS, after acid hydrolysis, showed absence of carbohydrates and presence of only glutamic acid. Thus the native the EPS from all seven isolates was confirmed to be gamma polyglutamic acid (PGA) and not exopolysaccharide. The Bacillus isolate T which produced maximum polymer on all media tested had higher amylase: protease activity as compared to other strains. If inoculum was developed in rich medium as compared to synthetic medium, the PGA produced increased by twofold in the subsequent synthetic production medium. Similarly, use of inoculum consisting of young and vegetative cells also increased the PGA production by twofold though amount of inoculum did not affect yield of PGA. Though PGA was produced in even in the absence of glutamic acid supplementation in the production medium by all isolates, the yield of PGA increased by fourfold in the presence glutamic acid and the maximum yield was 30 g/l for isolate K. The supplementation of glutamine instead of glutamic acid into the medium caused an increase in the viscosity of the non-Newtonian solution of PGA.
Collapse
|
14
|
A markerless gene replacement method for B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 and its use in genome reduction and improvement of poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8963-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Functions of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) degradation genes in γ-PGA synthesis and cell morphology maintenance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6397-407. [PMID: 24769902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an important biopolymer with greatly potential in industrial and medical applications. In the present study, we constructed a metabolically engineered glutamate-independent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3 strain with considerable γ-PGA production, which was carried out by single, double, and triple markerless deletions of three degradation genes pgdS, ggt, and cwlO. The highest γ-PGA production (7.12 g/L) was obtained from the pgdS and cwlO double-deletion strain NK-pc, which was 93 % higher than that of wild-type LL3 strain (3.69 g/L). The triple-gene-deletion strain NK-pgc showed a 28 % decrease in γ-PGA production, leading to a yield of 2.69 g/L. Furthermore, the cell morphologies of the mutant strains were also characterized. The cell length of cwlO deletion strains NK-c and NK-pc was shorter than that of the wild-type strain, while the ggt deletion strains NK-g, NK-pg, NK-gc, and NK-pgc showed longer cell lengths. This is the first report concerning the markerless deletion of γ-PGA degradation genes to improve γ-PGA production in a glutamate-independent strain and the first observation that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (encoded by ggt) could be involved in the inhibition of cell elongation.
Collapse
|
16
|
The main byproducts and metabolic flux profiling of γ-PGA-producing strain B. subtilis ZJU-7 under different pH values. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Xu Z, Fang X, Wood TK, Huang ZJ. A systems-level approach for investigating Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57050. [PMID: 23451140 PMCID: PMC3579789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of the initiation of biofilm formation is the most important step for combating biofilm-associated pathogens, as the ability of pathogens to resist antibiotics is enhanced 10 to 1000 times once biofilms are formed. Genes essential to bacterial growth in the planktonic state are potential targets to treat biofilm-associated pathogens. However, the biofilm formation capability of strains with mutations in these essential genes must be evaluated, since the pathogen might form a biofilm before it is eliminated. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a systems-level approach to quantifying the biofilm formation capability of mutants to determine target genes that are essential for bacterial metabolism in the planktonic state but do not induce biofilm formation in their mutants. The changes of fluxes through the reactions associated with the genes positively related to biofilm formation are used as soft sensors in the flux balance analysis to quantify the trend of biofilm formation upon the mutation of an essential gene. The essential genes whose mutants are predicted not to induce biofilm formation are regarded as gene targets. The proposed approach was applied to identify target genes to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It is interesting to find that most essential gene mutants exhibit high potential to induce the biofilm formation while most non-essential gene mutants do not. Critically, we identified four essential genes, lysC, cysH, adk, and galU, that constitute gene targets to treat P. aeruginosa. They have been suggested by existing experimental data as potential drug targets for their crucial role in the survival or virulence of P. aeruginosa. It is also interesting to find that P. aeruginosa tends to survive the essential-gene mutation treatment by mainly enhancing fluxes through 8 metabolic reactions that regulate acetate metabolism, arginine metabolism, and glutamate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yong X, Zhang R, Zhang N, Chen Y, Huang X, Zhao J, Shen Q. Development of a specific real-time PCR assay targeting the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis gene, pgsB, for the quantification of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:477-484. [PMID: 23266849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A TaqMan real-time PCR procedure was developed for specific detection and quantification of strains belonging to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens group. The primer pair pgsB726-f/pgsB791-r and the pgsB-probe were designed from one of the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis gene (pgsB) of B. amyloliquefaciens. The detection limit was approximately between 10(2)-10(3) cells/mL. A linear correlation between the log10 input pMD-pgsB plasmid DNA copies and the threshold cycle values were observed with a magnitude of linearity in the range of 9.415×10(3)-10(7) copies/mL for the standard curve, which exhibited a slope of -3.35 and an R2 value of 99.8%. Results of validation of this method with artificially contaminated and natural solid-state fermentation samples showed that it was suitable for specific and sensitive detection and quantification for the target strains in solid-state fermentation samples. This could be more useful to understand the fermentation starting strain and the final microbiological properties of fermentation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yong
- Agricultural Ministry Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Contribution of bacillomycin D in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 to antifungal activity and biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:808-15. [PMID: 23160135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02645-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains are capable of suppressing soilborne pathogens through the secretion of an array of lipopeptides and root colonization, and biofilm formation ability is considered a prerequisite for efficient root colonization. In this study, we report that one of the lipopeptide compounds (bacillomycin D) produced by the rhizosphere strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 not only plays a vital role in the antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum but also affects the expression of the genes involved in biofilm formation. When the bacillomycin D and fengycin synthesis pathways were individually disrupted, mutant SQR9M1, which was deficient in the production of bacillomycin D, only showed minor antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum, but another mutant, SQR9M2, which was deficient in production of fengycin, showed antagonistic activity equivalent to that of the wild-type strain of B. amyloliquefaciens SQR9. The results from in vitro, root in situ, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR studies demonstrated that bacillomycin D contributes to the establishment of biofilms. Interestingly, the addition of bacillomycin D could significantly increase the expression levels of kinC gene, but KinC activation is not triggered by leaking of potassium. These findings suggest that bacillomycin D contributes not only to biocontrol activity but also to biofilm formation in strain B. amyloliquefaciens SQR9.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu J, Zhou T, He D, Li XZ, Wu H, Liu W, Gao X. Functions of lipopeptides bacillomycin D and fengycin in antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C06 towards Monilinia fructicola. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:43-52. [PMID: 21335978 DOI: 10.1159/000323501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C06 has been proven to be effective in controlling brown rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola. When tested in vitro, cell-free filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 significantly inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination of the fungal pathogen. This study aimed to determine the role of the antifungal compound(s) in the cell-free filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 by an approach combining a DNA-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method with MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. It was demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens C06 harbored two genes, bmyC and fenD, involved in biosynthesis of bacillomycin D and fengycin, two lipopeptides belonging to the iturin and fengycin family, respectively. To determine the roles of bacillomycin D and fengycin of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 in suppressing M. fructicola, the mutants of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 deficient in producing bacillomy- cin D, fengycin or both were constructed, and evaluated in vitro together with the wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens C06. The results indicated that bacillomycin D and fengycin jointly contributed to the inhibition of conidial germination of M. fructicola, and fengycin played a major role in suppressing mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|