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Dallalana ES, Monteiro RM, Oliveira VDC, Bim FL, Bim LL, Castro DT, Macedo AP, Watanabe E. The long-term effect of sub-boiling water on dental unit waterlines and its ability to control cross-contamination in dentistry. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:700-707. [PMID: 37612094 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of water at high temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane and on biofilm removal, aiming for its applicability in dental unit waterlines. The evaluations were carried out after simulating a 1-year period of daily immersion and measured changes in color, microhardness, surface roughness, and tensile strength before and after reproducing a disinfection protocol. For antibiofilm activity measurement, fragments of waterline were contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and submitted to the disinfection protocols. Relative to effects on the physical and mechanical properties, immersion in water at 60°C did not promote changes in color and tensile strength. However, lower values were observed for microhardness and increased values for surface roughness. Regarding antibiofilm action, water at 60°C significantly reduced the microbial load and promoted substantial changes in cells morphology. In conclusion, disinfection with water at 60°C demonstrated possible application in controlling cross-contamination in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Silva Dallalana
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Rachel Maciel Monteiro
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Viviane de Cássia Oliveira
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Felipe Lazarini Bim
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Lucas Lazarini Bim
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Ana Paula Macedo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Evandro Watanabe
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
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Qian WD, Huang J, Zhang JN, Li XC, Kong Y, Wang T, Li YD. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities and Mechanism of Action of Chelerythrine Against Carbapenem-Resistant Serratia marcescens In Vitro. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1105-1116. [PMID: 33439767 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of chelerythrine (CHE) against carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens (CRSM). Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CHE against CRSM was determined using the agar dilution method. Changes in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, intracellular pH, cell membrane potential, and cell membrane integrity were investigated to assess the influence of CHE on the cell membrane. The effects of CHE on cell morphology were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy. The antibiofilm formation of CHE was measured by crystal violet staining and visualized with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and FESEM. The influence of CHE on biofilm components was further investigated using CLSM specific combined with double-dyeing methods. Results: Our results showed that CHE had an MIC at 125 μg/mL against CRSM was capable of inhibiting the growth of CRSM and destroying its cell membrane integrity, as well as obviously changing the cell morphology. Sub-MIC CHE displayed robust inhibitory effects against CRSM biofilm formation by mediating the production of biofilm components. In addition, CLSM- and FESEM-mediated evaluation of the damage of biofilm cells and biofilm persistence revealed that at high concentrations, CHE could compromise the cells within biofilms and remove preformed biofilms. Conclusion: CHE shows promise as a natural antimicrobial substance against biofilm-positive CRSM, with the potential to serve as an alternative therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jining First Peoples' Hospital, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Dong Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Spagnolo AM, Sartini M, Cristina ML. Microbial Contamination of Dental Unit Waterlines and Potential Risk of Infection: A Narrative Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E651. [PMID: 32823641 PMCID: PMC7460066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) are often contaminated by large numbers of various micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses). Microbial contamination in DUWLs may originate from the mains water piped into the dental unit, the suck-back of patients' saliva into the line due to the lack of adequate valves, and contamination from bottled water systems. Some of the main determinants of microbial contamination in DUWLs are: a very small lumen size (0.5-2 mm) of the tubing used, high surface-to-volume ratio (6:1), low throughput and the materials of which the tubing is made, water stagnation outside of working hours. The environmental conditions present inside the conduits of the dental unit may facilitate the proliferation of micro-organisms and the consequent formation of biofilm on the interior surface of the pipes of DUWLs. During the use of handpieces, particularly high-speed rotating instruments, a spray is thrown up in the form of aerosols or spatters containing biological material (saliva, blood and dental plaque) and micro-organisms. This means that the health of both dental staff and patients could be at risk of infection. The risk of cross-infections in dental settings can be tackled by implementing combined interventions to prevent the contamination of DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Sartini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.L.C.)
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Spagnolo AM, Sartini M, Cave DD, Casini B, Tuvo B, Cristina ML. Evaluation of Microbiological and Free-Living Protozoa Contamination in Dental Unit Waterlines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152648. [PMID: 31344972 PMCID: PMC6696308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies conducted over the last 40 years have demonstrated that the water output from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is often contaminated with high densities of microorganisms. It has been monitored the microbiological quality of the water in 30 public dental facilities in northern Italy in order to assess the health risk for patients and dental staff. In each facility, samples of water both from taps and from DUWLs were analyzed in order to evaluate heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) at 22 °C and 36 °C, and to detect coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila and amoebae. In 100% of the samples taken from the DUWLs, the concentration of HPCs was above the threshold as determined by the Ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités (2007). The concentration of P. aeruginosa was greater than the indicated threshold in 16.67% of the hand-pieces analyzed. A total of 78.33% of samples were contaminated by L. pneumophila, while in the samples taken from the DUWLs alone, this percentage rose to 86.67%. Amoebae were detected in 60% of the samples taken from hand-pieces; all belonging to the species V. vermiformis. This study documented the presence of various microorganisms, including Legionella spp., at considerably higher concentrations in water samples from DUWLs than in samples of tap water in the same facilities, confirming the role of the internal DUWLs in increasing microbial contamination, especially in the absence of proper management of waterborne health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Spagnolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Sartini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tuvo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Lal S, Pearce M, Achilles-Day UEM, Day JG, Morton LHG, Crean SJ, Singhrao SK. Developing an ecologically relevant heterogeneous biofilm model for dental-unit waterlines. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:75-87. [PMID: 27928939 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1260710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study monitored the biodiversity of microbes cultured from a heterogeneous biofilm which had formed on the lumen of a section of dental waterline tubing over a period of 910 days. By day 2 bacterial counts on the outlet-water showed that contamination of the system had occurred. After 14 days, a biofilm comparable to that of clinical waterlines, consisting of bacteria, fungi and amoebae had formed. This showed that the proprietary silver coating applied to the luminal surface of the commercial waterline tubing failed to prevent biofilm formation. Molecular barcoding of isolated culturable microorganisms showed some degree of the diversity of taxa in the biofilm, including the opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Whilst the system used for isolation and identification of contaminating microorganisms may underestimate the diversity of organisms in the biofilm, their similarity to those found in the clinical environment makes this a promising test-bed for future biocide testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham Lal
- a Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group , College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
- b Department of Microbiology , Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur , Pakistan
| | - Mark Pearce
- a Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group , College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | | | - John G Day
- d Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa , The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) , Oban , UK
| | - L H Glyn Morton
- a Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group , College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - St John Crean
- a Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group , College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- a Oral & Dental Sciences Research Group , College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
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Antibody-free detection of infectious bacteria using quantum dots-based barcode assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 134:325-332. [PMID: 27894780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most representative bacteria causing infectious diseases. Due to the increased application of antibiotics, the bacterial resistance is growing causing severe complications. Therefore, a sensitive determination of these pathogens is crucial for effective treatment. The aim of this study was to design an effective method for multiplex detection of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae taking advantage from properties of magnetic particles as well as fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots). The method was able to detect as low concentrations of bacteria as 102 CFU/mL using the bacteria-specific genes (fnbA, mecA and wcaG).
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Serratia marcescens resistance profile and its susceptibility to photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 14:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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