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Ribeiro YJS, Delgado RZR, Paula-Silva FWG, Rematal-Valdes B, Feres MG, Palma-Dibb RG, Faraoni JJ, Segato RAB, Silva LABD, Queiroz AMD, Nelson Filho P. Sports mouthguards: Contamination, roughness, and chlorhexidine for disinfection - A randomized clinical trial. Braz Dent J 2022; 32:66-73. [PMID: 35019020 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of sports mouthguards, surface roughness, and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate spray in the disinfection of these devices. A randomized, blinded cross-over clinical trial was performed with twenty 9 to 13 years old children who practiced martial arts and participated in all phases of the study. They were instructed to wear mouthguards 3 alternated days a week for 1 hour and, after use, to spray sterile tap water or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The mouthguards were analyzed by MTT assay, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and confocal laser microscopy prior and after use for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and t-Student, and Pearson correlation tests, with 5% significance level. Were observed that mouthguards of the control group were more contaminated with cariogenic microorganisms than those of the chlorhexidine group (p<0.05). The mouthguards use of spray of chlorhexidine reduced significantly the bacteria contamination compared with control group (p = 0.007). The surface roughness of the mouthguards increased significantly after use, irrespective of application of chlorhexidine spray. A moderate correlation (r=0.59) was observed between surface roughness and the cariogenic microorganism's contamination only for control group. Sports mouthguards had intense microbial contamination and increased surface roughness after its use. The use of chlorhexidine spray was effective for reducing the mouthguards contamination used by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Jivago Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Zoraida Rizental Delgado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Belen Rematal-Valdes
- Professor of Periodontology, Department of Periodontology - Division of Dentistry Research, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Gomes Feres
- Professor of Periodontology, Department of Periodontology - Division of Dentistry Research, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Segato
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shore E, O'Connell AC. Cross-sectional cohort study on the use of mouthguards by children playing Gaelic football in Ireland. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:795-802. [PMID: 34643329 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Up to 40% of dental injuries in children occur during sports and may be prevented by using mouthguards (MG). The use of mouthguards is mandatory in some sporting organizations. Knowledge of the benefits of protection does not always result in mouthguard use. The aim of this observational cross-sectional cohort study was to measure and compare knowledge of 9-16-year-old Gaelic football players and their parents on MG use and compliance with MG rules. MATERIALS AND METHODS A convenience sample of players and their parents was identified and were assessed at their sports facility. Parents completed a questionnaire while children were asked standardized questions and MG type was verified by a dentist. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis for comparison. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one children with 118 parents participated in the study. According to players, MG use during competition (N = 119, 99.2%) was greater than during training (N = 97, 80.8%). As age increased, children were less likely to comply with MG rules during training (OR =0.18, p < .001). Children played a median of 2 contact sports (IQR = 1). Only 32 parents (27.1%) and 17 children (14%) reported that the child wore a MG for all sports. Only four children (3.8%) had a custom MG even though most parents (N = 87, 73.7%) believed that they provided superior protection. Knowledge of players and their parents on how to care for the MG was variable. CONCLUSION Compliance with the Gaelic Atheletic Association's MG rules was lower during training than competition. Children were less likely to comply with MG rules during training as they grew older. Most parents believed a custom MG would best protect their child's teeth, yet few children had a custom MG. Players and parents had variable knowledge in relation to MG hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Shore
- Division of Public and Child Dental Health, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anne C O'Connell
- Division of Public and Child Dental Health, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Sliwkanich L, Ouanounou A. Mouthguards in dentistry: Current recommendations for dentists. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:661-671. [PMID: 34019343 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Properly fitted mouthguards reduce the risk and severity of orofacial injury, to both hard and soft tissues, preventing thousands of dollars of trauma management. In this review, findings from recent research will be evaluated to discuss the strengths and limitations of the different types of mouthguards, including their indications by sport. Design, ideal dimensions, and other characteristics will also be explored. Additionally, patient education and motivation will be examined, with a focus on the dentist's role in this regard. Finally, in addition to proper oral hygiene, the importance of proper mouthguard maintenance and evaluation will be discussed. This review will therefore be able to act as a guide for dentists looking to provide patients of all ages with personal protective equipment and stay up-to-date on recent developments in this branch of the sports dentistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sliwkanich
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aviv Ouanounou
- Department of Clinical Sciences (pharmacology & Preventive Dentistry), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tripodi D, Cosi A, Fulco D, D’Ercole S. The Impact of Sport Training on Oral Health in Athletes. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:51. [PMID: 34063591 PMCID: PMC8147607 DOI: 10.3390/dj9050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes' oral health appears to be poor in numerous sport activities and different diseases can limit athletic skills, both during training and during competitions. Sport activities can be considered a risk factor, among athletes from different sports, for the onset of oral diseases, such as caries with an incidence between 15% and 70%, dental trauma 14-70%, dental erosion 36%, pericoronitis 5-39% and periodontal disease up to 15%. The numerous diseases are related to the variations that involve the ecological factors of the oral cavity such as salivary pH, flow rate, buffering capability, total bacterial count, cariogenic bacterial load and values of secretory Immunoglobulin A. The decrease in the production of S-IgA and the association with an important intraoral growth of pathogenic bacteria leads us to consider the training an "open window" for exposure to oral cavity diseases. Sports dentistry focuses attention on the prevention and treatment of oral pathologies and injuries. Oral health promotion strategies are needed in the sports environment. To prevent the onset of oral diseases, the sports dentist can recommend the use of a custom-made mouthguard, an oral device with a triple function that improves the health and performance of athletes. During training, the sports dentist must monitor the athletes and the sports examination protocol must be implemented with the inclusion of the clinical examination, quantitative and qualitative analysis of saliva and instructions on the use, cleansing and storage of the mouthguard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simonetta D’Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.T.); (A.C.); (D.F.)
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