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Sreedharan V, Rao KB. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102739. [PMID: 36603827 PMCID: PMC9871078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K.V. Bhaskara Rao
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Baig U, Dahanukar N, Shintre N, Holkar K, Pund A, Lele U, Gujarathi T, Patel K, Jakati A, Singh R, Vidwans H, Tamhane V, Deshpande N, Watve M. Phylogenetic diversity and activity screening of cultivable Actinobacteria isolated from marine sponges and associated environments from the western coast of India. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000242. [PMID: 34712902 PMCID: PMC8549387 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic diversity of cultivable actinobacteria isolated from sponges (Haliclona spp.) and associated intertidal zone environments along the northern parts of the western coast of India were studied using 16S rRNA gene sequences. A subset of randomly selected actinobacterial cultures were screened for three activities, namely predatory behaviour, antibacterial activity and enzyme inhibition. We recovered 237 isolates from the phylum Actinobacteria belonging to 19 families and 28 genera, which could be attributed to 95 putative species using maximum-likelihood partition and 100 putative species using Bayesian partition in Poisson tree processes. Although the trends in the discovery of actinobacterial genera isolated from sponges were consistent with previous studies from different study areas, we provide the first report of nine actinobacterial species from sponges. We observed widespread non-obligate epibiotic predatory behaviour in eight actinobacterial genera and we provide the first report of predatory activity in Brevibacterium, Glutamicibacter, Micromonospora, Nocardiopsis, Rhodococcus and Rothia. Sponge-associated actinobacteria showed significantly more predatory behaviour than environmental isolates. While antibacterial activity by actinobacterial isolates mainly affected Gram-positive target bacteria with little or no effect on Gram-negative bacteria, predation targeted both Gram-positive and Gram-negative prey with equal propensity. Actinobacterial isolates from both sponges and associated environments produced inhibitors of serine proteases and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Predatory behaviour was strongly associated with inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Our study suggests that the sponges and associated environments of the western coast of India are rich in actinobacterial diversity, with widespread predatory activity, antibacterial activity and production of enzyme inhibitors. Understanding the diversity and associations among various actinobacterial activities – with each other and the source of isolation – can provide new insights into marine microbial ecology and provide opportunities to isolate novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulfat Baig
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelesh Dahanukar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Shintre
- Department of Microbiology, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki Holkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anagha Pund
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Uttara Lele
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tejal Gujarathi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kajal Patel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avantika Jakati
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshada Vidwans
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaijayanti Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelima Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind Watve
- Behavioural Intervention for Lifestyle Disorders (BILD) Clinic, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Erandwane, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
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