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Mashzhan A, Kistaubayeva A, Javier-López R, Bissenbay A, Birkeland NK. Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov., a Novel Feather-Degrading Anaerobic Thermophile. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1277. [PMID: 39065046 PMCID: PMC11278675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov. strain KAk was isolated from a geothermal hot spring located in Kazakhstan. Growth occurred at temperatures ranging from 50 to 80 °C, with approximately 70 °C as optimum. It also thrived in pH conditions ranging from 4.0 to 9.0, with the best growth occurring at 6.8. Under optimal conditions in a glucose-containing medium, the cells were predominantly observed singly, in pairs, or less frequently in chains, and did not form endospores. However, under conditions involving growth with merino wool or feathers, or under suboptimal conditions, the cells of strain KAk exhibited a notably elongated and thinner morphology, with lengths ranging from 5 to 8 µm, and spores were observed. The KAk strain exhibited efficient degradation of feather keratin and merino wool at temperatures ranging from 65 to 70 °C. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed KAk within the genus Caldanaerobacter, family Thermoanaerobacteraceae, with the highest similarity to C. subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis MB4T (98.84% sequence identity). Furthermore, our analysis of the draft genome sequence indicated a genome size of 2.4 Mbp, accompanied by a G+C value of 37.6 mol%. This study elucidated the physiological and genomic characteristics of strain KAk, highlighting its keratinolytic capabilities and distinctiveness compared to other members of the genus Caldanaerobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akzhigit Mashzhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Science Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Peoblem, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Almaty Branch of National Center for Biotechnology in Central Reference Laboratory (CRL), Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Botany, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Universitet St. 28, 100028 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Kistaubayeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Science Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Peoblem, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rubén Javier-López
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Akerke Bissenbay
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Almaty Branch of National Center for Biotechnology in Central Reference Laboratory (CRL), Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nils-Kåre Birkeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
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Kumari S, Choudhary G, Anu K, Devi S. Metagenomics insight into Puga geothermal geyser located in Himalayan Geothermal Belt (Trans-Himalayan Plateau) Ladakh, India. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01408-9. [PMID: 38874746 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Puga geothermal geyser and surrounding area, located in the Himalayan Geothermal Belt of the Trans-Himalayan Plateau in Ladakh, India, are very geographically isolated and considered pristine and free of anthropogenic activities. In this study, we have conducted the first metagenomic investigation of the microbes in and around the geyser. The whole genome sequencing analysis showed the presence of a total of 44.8%, 39.7% and 41.4% bacterial phyla in the PugW, PugS, and PugSo samples respectively, 8.6% of archaeal phyla (in all the samples), unclassified (derived from other sequences, PugW: 27.6%, PugS: 27.6%, and PugSo: 15.5%) and unclassified (derived from bacteria, PugW: 12%, PugS: 13.8%, and PugSo: 13.8%). The majority of archaeal sequences were linked to Euryarchaeota (2.84%) while the majority of the bacterial communities that predominated in most geothermal locations were linked to Pseudomonadota (67.14%) and Bacteroidota (12.52%). The abundant bacterial strains at the species level included Dechloromonas aromatica, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Arcobacter butzleri, in all the samples while the most abundant archaeal species were Methanosaeta thermophile, Methanoregula boonei, and Methanosarcina berkeri. Further, this geothermal geyser metagenome has a large number of unique sequences linked to unidentified and unclassified lineages, suggesting a potential source for novel species of microbes and their products. The present study which only examined one of the many geothermal geysers and springs in the Puga geothermal area, should be regarded as a preliminary investigation of the microbiota that live in the geothermal springs on these remote areas. These findings suggest that further investigations should be undertaken to characterize the ecosystems of the Puga geothermal area, which serve as a repository for unidentified microbial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 06, Himachal Pradesh, Palampur, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Geetanjli Choudhary
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 06, Himachal Pradesh, Palampur, 176061, India
| | - Kumari Anu
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 06, Himachal Pradesh, Palampur, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sarita Devi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 06, Himachal Pradesh, Palampur, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Mashzhan A, Kistaubayeva A, Javier-López R, Bissenova U, Bissenbay A, Birkeland NK. Polycladomyces zharkentensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic cellulose- and starch-degrading member of the Bacillota from a geothermal aquifer in Kazakhstan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 38407242 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic, aerobic and heterotrophic filamentous bacterium, designated strain ZKZ2T, was isolated from a pipeline producing hydrothermal water originating from a >2.3 km deep subsurface geothermal source in Zharkent, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, heat-resistant and capable of producing a variety of extracellular hydrolases. Growth occurred at temperatures between 55 and 75 °C, with an optimum around 70 °C, and at pH values between 5.5 and 9.0, with an optimum at pH 7.0-7.5 with the formation of aerial mycelia; endospores were produced along the aerial mycelium. The isolate was able to utilize the following substrates for growth: glycerol, l-arabinose, ribose, d-xylose, d-glucose, d-fructose, d-mannose, rhamnose, d-mannitol, methyl-d-glucopyranoside, aesculin, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, melibiose, sucrose, trehalose, melezitose, raffinose, starch, turanose and 5-keto-gluconate. Furthermore, it was able to hydrolyse carboxymethylcellulose, starch, skimmed milk, Tween 60 and Tween 80. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. Our 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed ZKZ2T within the genus Polycladomyces, family Thermoactinomycetaceae, with the highest similarity to the type species Polycladomyces abyssicola JIR-001T (99.18 % sequence identity). Our draft genome sequence analysis revealed a genome size of 3.3 Mbp with a G+C value of 52.5 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity value as compared to that of its closest relative, P. abyssicola JIR-001T, was 90.23 %, with an in silico DNA-DNA hybridization value of 40.7 %, indicating that ZKZ2T represents a separate genome species. Based on the phenotypic and genome sequence differences from the other two Polycladomyces species, we propose that strain ZKZ2T represents a novel species, for which we propose the name Polycladomyces zharkentensis sp. nov. The type strain is ZKZ2T (=CECT 30708T=KCTC 43421T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akzhigit Mashzhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Science Research Institute of Problem Biotechnology at the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Central Reference Laboratory, Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Botany, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Universitet St. 28, 100028 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Kistaubayeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Science Research Institute of Problem Biotechnology at the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rubén Javier-López
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulzhan Bissenova
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Akerke Bissenbay
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, Central Reference Laboratory, Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nils-Kåre Birkeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
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Valdez S, de la Vega FV, Pairazaman O, Castellanos R, Esparza M. Hyperthermophile diversity microbes in the Calientes geothermal field, Tacna, Peru. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2927-2937. [PMID: 37801222 PMCID: PMC10689642 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermophile microorganisms have been discovered worldwide, and several studies regarding biodiversity and the potential biotechnological applications have been reported. In this work, we describe for the first time the diversity of hyperthermophile communities in the Calientes Geothermal Field (CGF) located 4400 m above sea level in Tacna Region, Perú. Three hot springs were monitored and showed a temperature around 84 to 88 °C, for the microbiome analyzed was taken by sampling of sediment and water (pH 7.3-7.6). The hyperthermophile diversity was determined by PCR, DGGE, and DNA sequencing. The sediments analyzed showed a greater diversity than water samples. Sediments showed a more abundant population of bacteria than archaea, with the presence of at least 9 and 5 phylotypes, respectively. Most interestingly, in some taxa of bacteria (Bacillus) and archaea (Haloarcula and Halalkalicoccus), any of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) have not been observed before in hyperthermophile environments. Our results provide insight in the hyperthermophile diversity and reveal the possibility to develop new biotechnological applications based on the kind of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valdez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Perú
| | - Fabián Veliz de la Vega
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso-Chile Av. Brasil 2085, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Omar Pairazaman
- Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública (Diresa), Cajamarca, Perú
| | - Roberto Castellanos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna, Perú
| | - Mario Esparza
- Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Laboratorio de Genética, Reproducción y Biología Molecular, Trujillo, Perú
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Wu L, Long H, Huang S, Niu X, Li S, Yu X, You L, Ran X, Wang J. Bacterial diversity in water from Xifeng Hot Spring in China. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1943-1954. [PMID: 37594656 PMCID: PMC10484846 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xifeng Hot Spring is one of the eight largest hot springs in China, which is rich in radon gas and sulphur in karst scenery. Little is known about the microbiota structure in the spring. The water was collected from three sites containing the outlet of spring water discharge site (OWD), spring pool for tourist (SPT) and sewage effluent pool (SEP) in the Xifeng Hot Spring and further analyzed by culture-independent technique and culture-dependent method. A total of 57 phyla were identified from the water samples. The dominate phyla at OWD was Bacteroidetes (46.93%), while it was Proteobacteria in both sites of SEP and SPT with relative richness of 61.9% and 94.9%, respectively. Two bacteria, Deinococcus and Hymenobacter, that confirmed to be radiation-resistant, seven sulphur bacteria and three thermophilic bacteria were detected from Xifeng Hot Spring. Furthermore, it was found that genus Flavobacterium was susceptible to environmental change with abundance of 11 ~ 2825 times higher in OWD than the other two groups. Compared bacteria from the OWD group with that from 14 hot springs in six countries, total 94 unique genera bacteria were found out from the Xifeng Hot Spring including four thiometabolism-related bacteria (Propionispira, Desulforegula, Desulfobacter and Desulfococcus) and the thermophilic bacterium (Symbiobacterium). Using microbial culturing and isolation technology, sixteen strains were isolated from the water samples of three sites. The diversity of microbiota was abundant and variable along with the niche changed in conditions and surroundings. It indicated that numbers of valuable bacteria resources could be explored from the special surroundings of Xifeng Hot Spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wu
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Long
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shihui Huang
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xi Niu
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xing Yu
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Longjiang You
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueqin Ran
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jiafu Wang
- College of Animal Science/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region and Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
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Soy S, Lakra U, Prakash P, Suravajhala P, Nigam VK, Sharma SR, Bayal N. Exploring microbial diversity in hot springs of Surajkund, India through 16S rRNA analysis and thermozyme characterization from endogenous isolates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14221. [PMID: 37648773 PMCID: PMC10469164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot springs are a valuable source of biologically significant chemicals due to their high microbial diversity. To investigate the possibilities for industrial uses of these bacteria, researchers collected water and sediment samples from variety of hot springs. Our investigation employed both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, including 16S-based marker gene analysis of the microbiota from the hot springs of Surajkund, Jharkhand. In addition, we cultivated thermophilic isolates and screened for their ability to produce amylase, xylanase, and cellulase. After the optimized production of amylase the enzyme was partially purified and characterized using UPLC, DLS-ZP, and TGA. The retention time for the amylase was observed to be around 0.5 min. We confirmed the stability of the amylase at higher temperatures through observation of a steady thermo gravimetric profile at 400 °C. One of the thermophilic isolates obtained from the kund, demonstrated the potential to degrade lignocellulosic agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soy
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - U Lakra
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - P Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - P Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana, Kerala, India
- Systems Genomics Lab, Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
| | - V K Nigam
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - S R Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - N Bayal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Fervidobacterium pennivorans subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov., a Novel Feather-Degrading Anaerobic Thermophile. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010022. [PMID: 36677314 PMCID: PMC9861569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fervidobacterium pennivorans subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov. strain T was isolated from a terrestrial, high-altitude hot spring in Tajikistan. This strain is an obligate anaerobic rod and their cells occur singly, in pairs, or as short chains under the optimal growth conditions of a temperature of 65 °C and pH 6.5, with peptone, glucose, and galactose as the preferred substrates. The minimum generation time of this strain is 150 min. Strain T can efficiently degrade feather keratin at 65-75 °C; this unusual feature is also exhibited by a few other members of the Fervidobacterium genus. The total genome size of this bacterial strain is 2,002,515 base pairs, with a C + G content of 39.0%. The maximum digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 76.9% was observed on comparing the genome of this strain with that of Fervidobacterium pennivorans type strain DSM9078. This study describes the physiological and genomic properties of strain T, with an emphasis on its keratinolytic power and differences from other members of the genus Fervidobacterium.
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Fariq A, Yasmin A, Blazier JC, Jannat S. Identification of bacterial communities in extreme sites of Pakistan using high throughput barcoded amplicon sequencing. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e68929. [PMID: 34744475 PMCID: PMC8551136 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e68929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms thrive nearly everywhere including extreme environments where few other forms of life can exist. Geochemistry of extreme sites plays a major role in shaping these microbial communities and microbes thriving in such harsh conditions are untapped sources of novel biomolecules. To understand the structure and composition of such microbial communities, culture-independent bacterial diversity was characterised for two extreme sites in Pakistan, Khewra salt range and Murtazaabad hot spring. Barcoded amplicon sequencing technique was used to study the microbial communities. Physicochemical analysis of these sites was also conducted to study the dynamics of microbial communities under stressed conditions. Metagenomic sequencing of salt range soil samples yielded of 40,433 16S rRNA sequences, while hot spring sediments produced 76,449 16S rRNA sequence reads. Proteobacteria were predominant in saline soil while Firmicutes were most abundant in hot spring sediment. The taxonomic analysis of saline samples revealed 914 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) while that of hot spring sequences were clustered into 726 distinct OTUs. OTUs from genus Alkalibacillus were most abundant in hot spring sediments, whereas Haloarcula were more prevalent in saline soil. Some unidentified sequences were also present at each taxonomic level. Multivariate analysis indicated that electrical conductivity and pH are the major environmental factors involved in modelling microbial communities. This study revealed a poly-extremophilic microbial community in the Murtazaabad hot spring and characterised the unexplored halophilic microbial diversity of saline soil of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Fariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, AJK, Kotli, Pakistan Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, AJK Kotli Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - John C Blazier
- Texas A&M Institute of Genome Sciences and SocietyTexas A&M University,, College Station, Texas, United States of America Texas A&M Institute of Genome Sciences and SocietyTexas A&M University, College Station, Texas United States of America
| | - Sammyia Jannat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, AJK, Kotli, Pakistan Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, AJK Kotli Pakistan
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