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Yang X, Li Y, Lei W, Bai Z, Zhan Y, Li Y, Li K, Wang P, Feng W, Liu Q. Understanding the Thermal Degradation Mechanism of High-Temperature-Resistant Phthalonitrile Foam at Macroscopic and Molecular Levels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3947. [PMID: 37835995 PMCID: PMC10575044 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foam, a special form of polymer, usually demonstrates some unexpected properties that rarely prevail in the bulky polymer. Studying the thermal degradation behavior of a specific polymer foam is important for its rational design, quick identification, objective evaluation, and industrial application. The present study aimed to discover the thermal degradation mechanism of high-temperature-resistant phthalonitrile (PN) foam under an inert gas atmosphere. The macroscopic thermal decomposition of PN foam was carried out at the cost of size/weight loss, resulting in an increasing number of open cells with pyrolyzation debris. Using the TGA/DTG/FTIR/MS technique, it was found that PN foam involves a three-stage thermal degradation mechanism: (I) releasing gases such as H2O, CO2, and NH3 generated from azo-containing intermediate decomposition and these trapped in the closed cells during the foaming process; (II) backbone decomposition from C-N, C-O, and C-C cleavage in the PN aliphatic chain with the generation of H2O, CO2, NH3, CO, CH4, RNH2, HCN, and aromatic gases; and (III) carbonization into a final N-hybrid graphite. The thermal degradation of PN foam was different from that of bulky PN resin. During the entire pyrolysis of PN foam, there was a gas superposition phenomenon since the release of the decomposition volatile was retarded by the closed cells in the PN foam. This research will contribute to the general understanding of the thermal degradation behavior of PN foam at the macroscopic and molecular levels and provide a reference for the identification, determination, and design of PN material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yi Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Wenwu Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
- Chengdu Hongbo Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610199, China
| | - Zhongxiang Bai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yingqing Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Kui Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Qi Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
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Deberdeev TR, Akhmetshina AI, Karimova LK, Ignat’eva EK, Deberdeev RY, Berlin AA. Heat-Resistant Polymer Materials Based on Liquid Crystal Compounds. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238220020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Devadiga D, Ahipa TN. Recent synthetic advances in pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23161-23228. [PMID: 35514516 PMCID: PMC9067307 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, numerous articles have reported pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens; however, reviews of their synthetic methodologies are rare. Therefore, the present critical review describes the recent synthetic advances in the field of pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens. Also, we discuss the various types of thermotropic mesogens (such as calamitic, discotic, bent-shaped, polycatenar, and polymeric mesogens) consisting of pyridine derivatives and their structure–property relationships. Currently, numerous articles have reported pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens; however, reviews of their synthetic methodologies are rare.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Devadiga
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District Bangalore-562 112 India
| | - T N Ahipa
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District Bangalore-562 112 India
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Chen G, Zhang Q, Hu Z, Wang S, Wu K, Shi J, Liang L, Lu M. Liquid crystalline epoxies bearing biphenyl ether and aromatic ester mesogenic units: Synthesis and thermal properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1581578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guokang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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DiCiccio AM, Lee YAL, Glettig DL, Walton ESE, de la Serna EL, Montgomery VA, Grant TM, Langer R, Traverso G. Caffeine-catalyzed gels. Biomaterials 2018; 170:127-135. [PMID: 29660635 PMCID: PMC5937912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Covalently cross-linked gels are utilized in a broad range of biomedical applications though their synthesis often compromises easy implementation. Cross-linking reactions commonly utilize catalysts or conditions that can damage biologics and sensitive compounds, producing materials that require extensive post processing to achieve acceptable biocompatibility. As an alternative, we report a batch synthesis platform to produce covalently cross-linked materials appropriate for direct biomedical application enabled by green chemistry and commonly available food grade ingredients. Using caffeine, a mild base, to catalyze anhydrous carboxylate ring-opening of diglycidyl-ether functionalized monomers with citric acid as a tri-functional crosslinking agent we introduce a novel poly(ester-ether) gel synthesis platform. We demonstrate that biocompatible Caffeine Catalyzed Gels (CCGs) exhibit dynamic physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, which can be tailored in shape, surface texture, solvent response, cargo release, shear and tensile strength, among other potential attributes. The demonstrated versatility, low cost and facile synthesis of these CCGs renders them appropriate for a broad range of customized engineering applications including drug delivery constructs, tissue engineering scaffolds, and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M DiCiccio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Young-Ah Lucy Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dean L Glettig
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth S E Walton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Eva L de la Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Veronica A Montgomery
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tyler M Grant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhou D, Lu M, Liang L, Shen T, Xiao W. Curing behavior of Azo-containing twin liquid crystalline epoxy resins with anhydride. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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