[6]-Gingerol-loaded cellulose acetate electrospun fibers as a topical carrier for controlled release

Enrichment of Cellulose Acetate Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Retinyl Palmitate and Clove Essential Oil for Wound Healing Applications

The use of biocompatible materials and fabrication methods is of particular importance in the development of wound dressings. Cellulose acetate (CA) has excellent properties for wound dressing applications, but it is insufficient for the wound healing process due to its lack of bioactive and antibacterial properties. In this study, CA was electrospun with retinyl palmitate (RP) and clove essential oil (CLV) to fabricate a novel antibacterial and antioxidant biomaterial. The effects of RP and CLV incorporation on the surface morphology, fiber diameter, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, cell viability, and release behavior of the fabricated CA mats were investigated. In light of these studies, it was determined that the nanofiber mat, fabricated with a 15% w/v CA polymer concentration, a 1% w/w RP ratio, and a 5% w/w CLV ratio, was biocompatible with L929 fibroblast cells with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Overall, results showed that this nanofiber offers promise for use as a wound dressing.

Electrospun nanofibers with antibacterial properties for wound dressings

The antibacterial nanofibers have been proposed as an interesting material for wound healing management, since the majority of traditional wound dressings exhibit issues and complications such as infection, pain, discomfort, and poor adhesive proprieties. It allows the organism's passage through the dressing and delay the wound healing progression. Electrospun nanofibers have been intensively investigated for wound dressings in tissue engineering applications due to their distinctive features and structural similarities to the extracellular matrix including the various available methods to load the antibacterial compounds onto the nanofiber webs. To construct an effective electrospun wound dressing, various efforts have been made to design different strategies to develop advanced polymers, such as employing synthetic and/or natural materials, modifying fiber orientation, and incorporating chemicals and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) as intriguing materials for antibacterial bandages. Thus, this review summarizes the relevant recent studies on the production of electrospun antibacterial nanofibers from a wide variety of polymers used in biomedical applications for wound dressings.

Robust Electrospinning-Constructed Cellulose Acetate@Anthocyanin Ultrafine Fibers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Controlled Release Properties

Anthocyanin has attracted increasing attention due to its superior biological activity. However, the inherently poor stability of anthocyanin limits its practical applications. In this study, a fast and straightforward method was developed to improve the stability of anthocyanin. Cellulose acetate ultrafine fiber-loaded anthocyanin (CA@Anthocyanin UFs) was prepared by robust electrospinning, and the potential application of cellulose acetate ultrafine fibers (CA UFs) as a bioactive substance delivery system was comprehensively investigated. The experimental results showed that CA@Anthocyanin UFs had protective effects on anthocyanin against temperature, light, and pH. The results of the artificially simulated gastric fluid (pH = 2.0) indicated that the CA@Anthocyanin UFs had a controllable release influence on anthocyanin. A 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay suggested that the CA@Anthocyanin UFs still had an excellent antioxidant activity similar to anthocyanin. This work demonstrated the potential application of robust electrospinning-constructed cellulose acetate ultrafine fibers in bioactive substance delivery and controlled release systems, as well as its prospects in green packaging due to the nature of this environmentally friendly composite.

Nanofiber Systems as Herbal Bioactive Compounds Carriers: Current Applications in Healthcare

Nanofibers have emerged as a potential novel platform due to their physicochemical properties for healthcare applications. Nanofibers’ advantages rely on their high specific surface-area-to-volume and highly porous mesh. Their peculiar assembly allows cell accommodation, nutrient infiltration, gas exchange, waste excretion, high drug release rate, and stable structure. This review provided comprehensive information on the design and development of natural-based polymer nanofibers with the incorporation of herbal medicines for the treatment of common diseases and their in vivo studies. Natural and synthetic polymers have been widely used for the fabrication of nanofibers capable of mimicking extracellular matrix structure. Among them, natural polymers are preferred because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similarity with extracellular matrix proteins. Herbal bioactive compounds from natural extracts have raised special interest due to their prominent beneficial properties in healthcare. Nanofiber properties allow these systems to serve as bioactive compound carriers to generate functional matrices with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-viral, and other properties which have been studied in vitro and in vivo, mostly to prove their wound healing capacity and anti-inflammation properties.

Perspective on the application of medicinal plants and natural products in wound healing: A mechanistic review

Wound is defined as any injury to the body such as damage to the epidermis of the skin and disturbance to its normal anatomy and function. Since ancient times, the importance of wound healing has been recognized, and many efforts have been made to develop novel wound dressings made of the best material for rapid and effective wound healing. Medicinal plants play a great role in the wound healing process. In recent decades, many studies have focused on the development of novel wound dressings that incorporate medicinal plant extracts or their purified active compounds, which are potential alternatives to conventional wound dressings. Several studies have also investigated the mechanism of action of various herbal medicines in wound healing process. This paper attempts to highlight and review the mechanistic perspective of wound healing mediated by plant-based natural products. The findings showed that herbal medicines act through multiple mechanisms and are involved in various stages of wound healing. Some herbal medicines increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) which play important role in stimulation of re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue, and collagen fiber deposition. Some other wound dressing containing herbal medicines act as inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression thereby inducing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various phases of the wound healing process. Besides the growing public interest in traditional and alternative medicine, the use of herbal medicine and natural products for wound healing has many advantages over conventional medicines, including greater effectiveness due to diverse mechanisms of action, antibacterial activity, and safety in long-term wound dressing usage.

Bioactive Sambong oil-loaded electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers: Preparation, characterization, and in-vitro biocompatibility

Blumea balsamifera oil loaded cellulose acetate nanofiber mats were prepared by electrospinning. The inclusion of blumea oil increased the nanofiber diameter. FTIR spectra confirm the addition of blumea oil in the nanofiber mats. The XRD pattern suggests that the inclusion of blumea oil has caused a misalignment in the polymer chains of the cellulose acetate. Thus, a decrease in the tensile strength was observed for the blumea oil loaded nanofibers. The increase in fiber diameter causes a reduction in the porosity of the nanofiber mats. The blumea oil loaded nanofiber mats showed antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The blumea oil showed antioxidant abilities against the DPPH solution. MVTR of the neat and blumea oil loaded nanofiber mats was in the range of 2450-1750 g/m²/day, which is adequate for the transport of air and moisture from the wound surface. Blumea oil loaded mats showed good cell viability ~92% for NIH 3T3 cells in more extended periods of incubation. A biphasic release profile was obtained, and the release followed the first-order kinetics depending upon the highest value of the coefficient of correlation R 2 (88.6%).

Functional Nanofibrous Biomaterials of Tailored Structures for Drug Delivery-A Critical Review

Nanofibrous biomaterials have huge potential for drug delivery, due to their structural features and functions that are similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM). A wide range of natural and polymeric materials can be employed to produce nanofibrous biomaterials. This review introduces the major natural and synthetic biomaterials for production of nanofibers that are biocompatible and biodegradable. Different technologies and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages for manufacturing nanofibrous biomaterials for drug delivery were also reported. The morphologies and structures of nanofibers can be tailor-designed and processed by carefully selecting suitable biomaterials and fabrication methods, while the functionality of nanofibrous biomaterials can be improved by modifying the surface. The loading and releasing of drug molecules, which play a significant role in the effectiveness of drug delivery, are also surveyed. This review provides insight into the fabrication of functional polymeric nanofibers for drug delivery.

Electrospun Nanocomposites Containing Cellulose and Its Derivatives Modified with Specialized Biomolecules for an Enhanced Wound Healing

Wound healing requires careful, directed, and effective therapies to prevent infections and accelerate tissue regeneration. In light of these demands, active biomolecules with antibacterial properties and/or healing capacities have been functionalized onto nanostructured polymeric dressings and their synergistic effect examined. In this work, various antibiotics, nanoparticles, and natural extract-derived products that were used in association with electrospun nanocomposites containing cellulose, cellulose acetate and different types of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) have been reviewed. Renewable, natural-origin compounds are gaining more relevance each day as potential alternatives to synthetic materials, since the former undesirable footprints in biomedicine, the environment, and the ecosystems are reaching concerning levels. Therefore, cellulose and its derivatives have been the object of numerous biomedical studies, in which their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and, most importantly, sustainability and abundance, have been determinant. A complete overview of the recently produced cellulose-containing nanofibrous meshes for wound healing applications was provided. Moreover, the current challenges that are faced by cellulose acetate- and nanocellulose-containing wound dressing formulations, processed by electrospinning, were also enumerated.

Fabrication of 6-gingerol, doxorubicin and alginate hydroxyapatite into a bio-compatible formulation: enhanced anti-proliferative effect on breast and liver cancer cells

Ample attention has been devoted to the construction of anti-cancer drug delivery systems with increased stability, and controlled and targeted delivery, minimizing toxic effects. In this study we have designed a magnetically attractive hydroxyapatite (m-HAP) based alginate polymer bound nanocarrier to perform targeted, controlled and pH sensitive drug release of 6-gingerol, doxorubicin, and their combination, preferably at low pH environments (pH 5.3). They have exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency which is in the range of 97.4-98.9% for both 6-gingerol and doxorubicin molecules whereas the co-loading has accounted for a value of 81.87 ± 0.32%. Cell proliferation assays, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometric analysis, demonstrated the remarkable time and dose responsive anti-proliferative effect of drug loaded nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells and HEpG2 cells compared with their neat counter parts. Also, these systems have exhibited significantly reduced toxic effects on non-targeted, non-cancerous cells in contrast to the excellent ability to selectively kill cancerous cells. This study has suggested that this HAP based system is a versatile carrier capable of loading various drug molecules, ultimately producing a profound anti-proliferative effect.

Rosmarinic acid-loaded electrospun nanofibers: In vitro release kinetic study and bioactivity assessment

This study seeks to develop a nanofibrous matrix containing rosmarinic acid (RosA), an herbal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug with low water solubility, for drug delivery applications. Neat and two types of RosA-loaded cellulose acetate (CA) mats varying in the initial content of RosA were electrospun. Microstructure of nanofibers, chemistry and physical state of RosA in nanofibers, RosA loading efficiency and RosA release in acetate buffer were investigated. To evaluate bioactivity of RosA-loaded nanofibers, their ability to inhibit protein denaturation was assayed as an indicator of anti-inflammatory properties and their antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay. The indirect cytotoxicity assay was used to find if there is a cytotoxic response to nanofibers. The homogeneous distribution of the drug within nanofibers through electrospinning led to high loading efficiency, low burst release and prolonged release of a large percentage of RosA over a period of 64h following Fickian diffusion mechanism. Nanofibers with higher RosA content exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to ibuprofen, and higher antioxidant activity compared to nanofibers with lower RosA content. Additionally, extracts from nanofibers did not give any major harmful effect on cells. Sustained release of RosA, and bioactivity of RosA-loaded nanofibers confirmed the potential of the produced matrix as a drug delivery system.

A phosphorylated chitosan armed hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for advancing activity onosteoblastandosteosarcomacells

Recently, applications of traditional medicine in tissue engineering have gained increasing attention.

Encapsulation of Bioactive Compound in Electrospun Fibers and Its Potential Application

Electrospinning is a simple and versatile encapsulation technology. Since electrospinning does not involve severe conditions of temperature or pressure or the use of harsh chemicals, it has great potential for effectively entrapping and delivering bioactive compounds. Recently, electrospinning has been used in the food industry to encapsulate bioactive compounds into different biopolymers (carbohydrates and proteins), protecting them from adverse environmental conditions, maintaining the health-promoting properties, and achieving their controlled release. Electrospinning opens a new horizon in food technology with possible commercialization in the near future. This review summarizes the principles and the types of electrospinning processes. The electrospinning of biopolymers and their application in encapsulating of bioactive compounds are highlighted. The existing scope, limitations, and future prospects of electrospinning bioactive compounds are also presented.

Recent advances in multiaxial electrospinning for drug delivery

Electrospun fibers have seen an insurgence in biomedical applications due to their unique characteristics. Coaxial and triaxial electrospinning techniques have added new impetus via fabrication of multilayered nano and micro-size fibers. These techniques offer the possibility of forming fibers with features such as blending, reinforced core, porous and hollow structure. The unique fabrication process can be used to tailor the mechanical properties, biological properties and release of various factors, which can potentially be useful in various controlled drug delivery applications. Harvesting these advantages, various polymers and their combinations have been explored in a number of drug delivery and tissue regeneration applications. New advances have shown the requirement of drug-polymer compatibility in addition to drug-solvent compatibility. We summarize recent findings using both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (or lipophilic) drugs in hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymers on release behavior. We also describe the fundamental forces involved during the electrospinning process providing insight to the factors to be considered to form fibers. Also, various modeling efforts on the drug release profiles are summarized. In addition new developments in the immune response to the electrospun fibers, and advances in scale-up issues needed for industrial size manufacturing.