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de Macêdo Neto JC, de Freitas BM, de Miranda AG, de Almeida Rodrigues R, Del Pino GG, Kieling AC, Dos Santos MD, Duvoisin Junior S, Sanches AE, Gondres Torné I, Silva CC, da Costa JCM, Bello RH. The Stability and Properties of Polystyrene/Kaolinite Nanocomposites during Synthesis via Emulsion Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092094. [PMID: 37177240 PMCID: PMC10180905 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the stability and morphological properties of polystyrene latex containing kaolinite as a filler during the process of synthesis of nanocomposites viaemulsion polymerization. Nanocomposites with 1, 3, and 5 wt% of kaolinite were prepared. Latexes with 1 to 3 wt% of kaolinite were stable during the polymerization reaction. Hydrodynamic diameters of 93.68 and 82.11 nm were found for latexes with 1 and 3 wt% of kaolinite, respectively. The quantities of 1 to 3 wt% of kaolinite added during the reaction did not influence the reaction conversion curves or the number of particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and unconventional techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed the presence of exfoliated and intercalated structures of the kaolinite.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Costa de Macêdo Neto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mello de Freitas
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Gomes de Miranda
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo de Almeida Rodrigues
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Garcia Del Pino
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Antônio Claudio Kieling
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Sergio Duvoisin Junior
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Antônio Estanislau Sanches
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Israel Gondres Torné
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Cândida Silva
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Martins da Costa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Roger Hoel Bello
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Amazonas State University, Avenida Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez de Novembro, Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil
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Abstract
The present study deals with the relation between crystalline order in kaolinites and their ability to intercalate DMSO. Raw clays and kaolinite–DMSO complexes are analyzed using FTIR, XRD powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA). The crystallinity is accessed using the Hinckley index (HI) from the raw clays’ XRD patterns and the p2 factor from their FTIR spectra. The intercalation ratio is evaluated from XRD and compared among the samples. The thermal analyses show a decrease in the dehydroxylation temperature in the DMSO–kaolinite complexes, indicating a decrease in the interlayer cohesion that may be useful to improve the delamination of kaolinite. The analysis of the coherent scattering domain size in the raw and the DMSO-intercalated samples indicates that the ordering is not affected during the DMSO intercalation. From these results, it is deduced that DMSO intercalation is favored by an increased crystallinity, as revealed by the intercalation ratio from XRD and the DSMO release during DSC-TGA analysis.
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Daramola O, Olajide J, Adediran A, Adewuyi B, Ayodele T, Desai D, Sadiku E. Multiscale analysis and experimental validation of the effective elastic modulus of epoxy-dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay composite. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04008. [PMID: 32548316 PMCID: PMC7286974 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, developed finite element codes were used to study the effective elastic modulus and stress-strain distribution profiles of epoxy resin filled with 6 wt. % microparticles of kaolinite. The random distribution of the particles was microstructurally regenerated with Digimat MSC software and random sequential algorithm codes in epoxy matrix. Stochastic representative volume element models of the composites were developed and analyzed under periodic boundary conditions. For validation, the predicted result by finite element analysis was compared with that of Mori-Tanaka's mean field homogenization scheme, selected micromechanical models and experiment. All the results indicated that 6 wt. % of kaolinite microparticles can improve the elastic modulus and load-bearing capacity of epoxy resin with <5 % error between predicted and actual results. The microstructure, phase identification and chemical characterization of the composite were also studied with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, respectively. In addition, the particle size and distribution of the kaolinite in the epoxy matrix were experimentally investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.O. Daramola
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research (INER) and the Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| | - J.L. Olajide
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A.A. Adediran
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - B.O. Adewuyi
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
| | - T.T. Ayodele
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
| | - D.A. Desai
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E.R. Sadiku
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research (INER) and the Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Liang Y, Jiang W, Ding H, Wang Y. The modification and characterization of thermal-treated sericite by fluorosilicate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14293. [PMID: 30250221 PMCID: PMC6155198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the thermal-treated sericite was modified by both fluorosilicate and the combination of fluorosilicate and nitric acid in order to reduce its layer charge and gain cation exchange capabilities for the preparation of sericite/polymer nanocomposites. After several orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the optimal experimental conditions were set up and we found that the combination of nitric acid and fluorosilicate is much more effective than fluorosilicate alone. Chemical composition analysis showed Al3+ was dissolved out from sericite and the dissolving amount is 65 mg/g under optimal experimental conditions. Combining the NMR test, it is considered that the Si/Al ratio in the tetrasheet of the modified product increased from 3.48 to 10. The layer charge reduced and the CEC value increased after fluorosilicate modification, which means the modified sericite is a promising matrix for clay-polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Materials Science and Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yongkui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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