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De Carvalho AP, Dos Santos HF, Ribeiro GD, Hiranobe CT, Goveia D, Gennaro EM, Paim LL, Dos Santos RJ. Sustainable Composites: Analysis of Filler-Rubber Interaction in Natural Rubber-Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Polyurethane Composites Using the Lorenz-Park Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:471. [PMID: 38399849 PMCID: PMC10893311 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined micronized polyurethane residues as a reinforcing filler in elastomeric composites made from natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Due to growing environmental concerns, this research aimed to find sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials. The results indicated that adding micronized polyurethane improved the mechanical properties of the composites, reinforcing the polymer matrix and increasing the cross-link density as a barrier against solvents. The composites met the requirements for industrial applications, though; at 40 phr of polyurethane filler, material deformation was reduced, indicating saturation. FTIR analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the materials without chemical reactions, while electron microscopy revealed an increase in the number of particles and irregularities with the filler. The composite with 10 phr showed a lower volume loss in abrasion resistance, meeting the standards for soles. The composite with 30 phr of polyurethane achieved the best results without the filler's saturation and met the footwear industry's requirements. The results show the potential for sustainable practices in industry using this elastomeric blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pimentel De Carvalho
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Harison Franca Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Gabriel Deltrejo Ribeiro
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Danielle Goveia
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Sciences and Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil;
| | - Elmer Mateus Gennaro
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Engineering School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista 13876-750, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo Lataro Paim
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
| | - Renivaldo José Dos Santos
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rosana 19274-000, SP, Brazil; (A.P.D.C.); (H.F.D.S.); (G.D.R.); (C.T.H.); (L.L.P.)
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Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N, Sharma S, Sayed MM, El-Shafay A, Nordin A. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic ENR/PVC Composites as Potential Membrane Technology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2432. [PMID: 35746008 PMCID: PMC9228183 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane separation processes are prevalent in industrial wastewater treatment because they are more effective than conventional methods at addressing global water issues. Consequently, the ideal membranes with high mechanical strength, thermal characteristics, flux, permeability, porosity, and solute removal capacity must be prepared to aid in the separation process for wastewater treatment. Rubber-based membranes have shown the potential for high mechanical properties in water separation processes to date. In addition, the excellent sustainable practice of natural fibers has attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composite membranes to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. The incorporation of natural fiber in thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as filler and pore former agent enhances the mechanical properties, and high separation efficiency characteristics of membrane composites are discussed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the fabrication technique of porous membranes affected the membrane's structure, and the performance of wastewater treatment applications is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Norfarhana
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Pagoh Education Hub, Pagoh Muar 84600, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N. Ngadi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed
- Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - A.S. El-Shafay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.H. Nordin
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
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