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Xiu W, Pang J, Hu Y, Shi H. Immune-related mechanisms and immunotherapy in extragonadal germ cell tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145788. [PMID: 37138865 PMCID: PMC10149945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) are relatively rare tumors, accounting for 1%-5% of all GCTs. In this review, we summarize the current research progress regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of EGCTs from an immunology perspective. Recent findings The histological origin of EGCTs is related to a gonadal origin, but they are located outside the gonad. They show great variation in morphology and can occur in the cranium, mediastinum, sacrococcygeal bone, and other areas. The pathogenesis of EGCTs is poorly understood, and their differential diagnosis is extensive and challenging. EGCT behavior varies greatly according to patient age, histological subtype, and clinical stage. Summary This review provides ideas for the future application of immunology in the fight against such diseases, which is a hot topic currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Xiu
- 1Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyun Pang
- 1Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Huashan Shi,
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Huashan Shi,
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Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Gaisa NT, Schweyer S, Reis H, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Gayer FA, Leha A, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Kaulfuß S, Bremmer F. The detection of isochromosome i(12p) in malignant germ cell tumours and tumours with somatic malignant transformation by the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Histopathology 2020; 78:593-606. [PMID: 32970854 DOI: 10.1111/his.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malignant germ cell tumours (GCTs) of the testis are rare neoplasms, but the most common solid malignancies in young men. World Health Organization guidelines divide GCTs into five types, for which numerous immunohistochemical markers allow exact histological subtyping in the majority of cases. In contrast, a germ cell origin is often hard to prove in metastatic GCTs that have developed so-called somatic malignant transformation. A high percentage, up to 89%, of GCTs are characterised by the appearance of isochromosome 12p [i(12p)]. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation has been the most common diagnostic method for the detection of i(12p) so far, but has the disadvantages of being time-consuming, demanding, and not being a stand-alone method. The aim of the present study was to establish a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay as an independent method for detecting i(12p) and regional amplifications of the short arm of chromosome 12 by using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS A cut-off value to distinguish between the presence and absence of i(12p) was established in a control set consisting of 36 tumour-free samples. In a training set of 149 GCT samples, i(12p) was detectable in 133 tumours (89%), but not in 16 tumours (11%). In a test set containing 27 primary and metastatic GCTs, all 16 tumours with metastatic spread and/or somatic malignant transformation were successfully identified by the detection of i(12p). CONCLUSION In summary, the qPCR assay presented here can help to identify, further characterise and assign a large proportion of histologically inconclusive malignancies to a GCT origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Richter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon Filmar
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Oing
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Centre HaTriCS4, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian A Gayer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leha
- Institute of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
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Razafimahefa J, Gosset C, Culine S, Mongiat-Artus P, Verine J. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor in Nonseminomatous Mixed Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis: a Case Report and Review of the Literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 16:e349-e354. [PMID: 29395947 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Razafimahefa
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France; UPFR Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Andrainjato, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Clément Gosset
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Culine
- Service de Recherches en Hémato-immunologie, CEA, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, UMR E_5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mongiat-Artus
- Service d'Urologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Inserm, UMR_S1165, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Verine
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service de Recherches en Hémato-immunologie, CEA, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, UMR E_5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Inserm, UMR_S1165, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.
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Liu W, Gao X, Ma G, Yan L, Chen T, Li T, Yu RM, Ma JL. Correlation of genetic results with testicular histology, hormones and sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia patients with testis biopsy. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27921326 DOI: 10.1111/and.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the frequency and types of genetic results in different testicular histology of patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), and correlated with hormones and sperm retrieval (SR), a retrospective study was conducted in 286 Chinese NOA patients who underwent testis biopsy and 100 age-matched fertile men as the control group. Chromosome karyotype analyses were performed by the peripheral blood chromosome G-band detection method. Screening of Y chromosome microdeletions of azoospermia factor (AZF) region was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 11 sequence-tagged sites (STS). The serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and testosterone (T) and the appearance of scrotal ultrasound were also obtained. In 286 cases of NOA, 14.3% were found to have chromosomal alterations. The incidence of chromosomal abnormality was 2.8%. Sex chromosomal abnormalities were seen in six cases (four cases of Klinefelter's syndrome (47, XXY) and two cases of mosaics). The incidence of polymorphic chromosomal variants was 3% in the normal group and 11.5% in the NOA group. In total, 15.7% of NOA patients were found to have AZF microdeletions and AZF (c + d) was the most frequent one. The results of hormone and SR were found to be significantly different among all testicular histological types, whereas no significant differences were found when it comes to genetic alterations. It is concluded that the rate of cytogenetic alterations was high in NOA patients. So screening for chromosomal alterations and AZF microdeletions would add useful information for genetic counselling in NOA patients with testis biopsy and avoid vertical transmission of genetic defects by assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - X Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - G Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - L Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - T Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - T Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - R-M Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - J-L Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University) Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
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