[Hereditary bone tumors]

[Bone tumors in children and adolescents]

Osseous lesions are rare; however, their incidence is increased in childhood and adolescence. The spectrum of osseous processes in this age group is limited, with benign lesions being much more prevalent than malignant tumors. For the differential diagnosis, it is essential to have in-depth knowledge of the more frequent bone diseases in children and adolescents. The current review presents these diseases based on the morphologic approach of the WHO classification, including giant cell-rich and cystic lesions, chondrogenic and bone-forming lesions [7]. Small round cell sarcomas which are now summarized in a separate chapter of the WHO classification have been described previously [12, 20].

Guideline and Implementation of Osteosarcoma Nursing Care for Children and Adolescents

Clinical trials on pediatric oncology use therapeutic techniques with the overwhelming majority of children's cancer patients obtaining therapy via clinical investigation procedures. Medical treatment is scheduled according to a specific protocol for enrolled patients. These protocols often do not refer to nursing care. Nursing care, on the other hand, must complement the medical care specified in the medical research protocol. Safe treatment administration, assessment of treatment responses, patients' and families' education, and communication with the whole medical team are just a few of the critical nursing tasks that should be properly managed. Nursing care standards have been developed in this study to strike a good balance between the procedure for clinical research and the nursing care connected with it. These recommendations outline the nursing activities and considerations that must be made while caring for pediatric cancer patients who are engaged in a specific clinical investigation procedure. The objective of this study is to outline the procedure through which nursing care guidelines could be developed and evaluated. The goal of this study was to find out the involvement of nurses in the process of health education for osteosarcoma and family patients.

[Giant cell-containing tumors of bone and differential diagnoses]

Osteoclastic giant cells represent a common cellular component of lesions arising in bone. Highlighting this morphological finding, the current WHO classification of bone tumors defines a diagnostic group comprising aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor of bone and non-ossifying fibroma, which may display morphologic similarities while being distinct with regard to molecular and biological features. Starting with these tumors - putting a focus on lesions arising in bone - this article gives a survey of other (chondrogenic and osteogenic) tumors that frequently contain osteoclastic giant cells, which may, particularly in small biopsies, enter differential diagnosis. Overlapping features with selected giant cell-containing soft tissue tumors, which may be of differential diagnostic relevance in daily routine, are discussed.

[Pathogenesis and genetics of osteosarcoma : Current concepts and developments]

Osteosarcomas are genetically complex tumours for which the cell of origin and the molecular pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Despite intensive multimodal treatment protocols only two thirds of patients currently survive the disease which is at least partly due to the early occurring chromosomal instability resulting in marked inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. This review article outlines the current state of osteosarcoma research with a particular focus on exome- and genome-wide sequencing analyses and potential impacts on new therapeutic opportunities.