1
|
Wang Q, Chen Y, Yang Q, Zhao J, Feng L, Wang M. SR5AL serves as a key regulatory gene in lycopene biosynthesis by Blakeslea trispora. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:126. [PMID: 35752808 PMCID: PMC9233402 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trisporic acids are considered to be key regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis and sexual reproduction in zygomycetes, but the mechanisms underlying this regulation have not been fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, the relationships between trisporic acids and lycopene synthesis were investigated in Blakeslea trispora. The lycopene concentration in single fermentation by the (-) strain with the addition of 24 μg/L trisporic acids was slightly higher than that observed in mated fermentation. After transcriptomic analysis, a steroid 5α-reductase-like gene, known as SR5AL in B. trispora, was first reported. 5α-Reductase inhibitors reduced lycopene biosynthesis and downregulated the expression of sex determination and carotenoid biosynthesis genes. Overexpression of the SR5AL gene upregulated these genes, regardless of whether trisporic acids were added. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that the SR5AL gene is a key gene associated with the response to trisporic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Jihong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lingran Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ge X, Li R, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Xin Q. Transcriptome sequencing and global analysis of blue light-responsive genes provide clues for high carotenoid yields in Blakeslea trispora. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:325-338. [PMID: 34746983 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blakeslea trispora has great potential uses in industrial production because of the excellent capability of producing a large quantity of carotenoids. However, the mechanisms of light-induced carotenoid biosynthesis even the structural and regulatory genes in pathways remain unclear. In this paper, we reported the first transcriptome study in B. trispora in which we have carried out global survey of expression changes of genes participated in blue light response. We verified that the yield of β-carotene increased 3-fold when transferred from darkness to blue light for 24 h and the enhancement of transcription levels of carRA and carB presented a positive correlation with the increase in carotenoid production. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 1124 genes were upregulated and 740 genes were downregulated respectively after blue light exposure. Annotation through GO, KEGG, Swissprot, and COG databases showed 11119 unigenes compared well with known gene sequences, 5514 unigenes were classified into Gene Ontology, and 4675 unigenes were involved in distinct pathways. Among the blue light-responsive genes, 4 genes (carG1, carG3, carRA and carB) identified to function in carotenoid metabolic pathways were dominantly upregulated. We also discovered that 142 TF genes belonging to 45 different superfamilies showed significant differential expression (p≤ 0.05), 62 of which were obviously repressed by blue light. The detailed profile of transcription data will not only allow us to conduct further functional genomics study in B. trispora, but also enhance our understanding of potential metabolic pathway and regulatory network involved in light-regulated carotenoid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xin
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jing K, He S, Chen T, Lu Y, Ng IS. Enhancing beta-carotene biosynthesis and gene transcriptional regulation in Blakeslea trispora with sodium acetate. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
4
|
Diversity, ecology, and evolution in Phycomyces. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1007-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
Roukas T. The role of oxidative stress on carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:424-33. [PMID: 25600464 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.989424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed during the fermentation that can cause oxidative stress in microorganisms. Microbial cells possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defensive systems that may protect cells from oxidative damage. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase are the two key defensive enzymes to oxidative stress. The factors that induce oxidative stress in microorganisms include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydrogen peroxide, metal ions, dissolved oxygen tension, elevated temperature, menadione, junglone, paraquat, liquid paraffin, introduction to bioreactors of shake flask inocula and synthetic medium sterilized at initial pH 11.0. Carotenes are highly unsaturated isoprene derivatives. They are used as antioxidants and as coloring agents for food products. In fungi, carotenes are derived via the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. The key genes in carotene biosynthesis are hmgR, ipi, isoA, carG, carRA and carB. Among microorganisms, Βlakeslea trispora is the main microorganism used for the production of carotenes on the industrial scale. Currently, the synthetic medium is considered the superior substrate for the production of carotenes in a pilot plant scale. The fermentation systems used for the production of carotenes include shake flasks, stirred tank fermentor, bubble column reactor and flat panel photobioreactor. This review summarizes the oxidative stresses in microorganisms and it is focused on the current status of carotene production by B. trispora including oxidative stress induced by BHT, enhanced dissolved oxygen levels, iron ions, liquid paraffin and synthetic medium sterilized at an initial pH 11.0. The oxidative stress induced by the above factors increases significantly the production of carotenes. However, to further reduce the cost of carotene production, new biotechnological methods with higher productivity still need to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Roukas
- a Laboratory of Food Engineering and Processing, Department of Food Science and Technology , Aristotle University , Thessaloniki , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Sahadevan Y, Richter-Fecken M, Kaerger K, Voigt K, Boland W. Early and late trisporoids differentially regulate β-carotene production and gene transcript Levels in the mucoralean fungi Blakeslea trispora and Mucor mucedo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7466-75. [PMID: 24056470 PMCID: PMC3837771 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02096-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multistep cleavage of carotenoids in Mucorales during the sexual phase results in a cocktail of trisporic acid (C18) sex pheromones. We hypothesized that the C18 trisporoid intermediates have a specific regulatory function for sex pheromone production and carotenogenesis that varies with genus/species and vegetative and sexual phases of their life cycles. Real-time quantitative PCR kinetics determined for Blakeslea trispora displayed a very high transcript turnover in the gene for carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, tsp3, during the sexual phase. An in vivo enzyme assay and chromatographic analysis led to the identification of β-apo-12'-carotenal as the first apocarotenoid involved in trisporic acid biosynthesis in B. trispora. Supplementation of C18 trisporoids, namely D'orenone, methyl trisporate C, and trisporin C, increased tsp3 transcripts in the plus compared to minus partners. Interestingly, the tsp1 gene, which is involved in trisporic acid biosynthesis, was downregulated compared to tsp3 irrespective of asexual or sexual phase. Only the minus partners of both B. trispora and Mucor mucedo had enhanced β-carotene production after treatment with C20 apocarotenoids, 15 different trisporoids, and their analogues. We conclude that the apocarotenoids and trisporoids influence gene transcription and metabolite production, depending upon the fungal strain, corresponding genus, and developmental phase, representing a "chemical dialect" during sexual communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Sahadevan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mareike Richter-Fecken
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaerger
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Hans-Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Hans-Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan Z, Wang C, Lin J, Cai J. Medium optimization using mathematical statistics for production of β-Carotene by Blakeslea trispora and fermenting process regulation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
Sun J, Li H, Sun X, Yuan Q. Trisporic acid stimulates gene transcription of terpenoid biosynthesis in Blakeslea trispora. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Breitenbach J, Fraser PD, Sandmann G. Carotenoid synthesis and phytoene synthase activity during mating of Blakeslea trispora. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 76:40-45. [PMID: 22281381 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid formation was investigated in wild type and carotenogenic mutants of Blakeslea trispora after mating (-) and (+) strains. The highest yields of carotenoids, especially β-carotene was observed following mating. In vitro incorporation of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate into phytoene and β-carotene corresponded to increased carotenogenesis in the mated strains. Immuno determination of phytoene synthase protein levels revealed that the amounts of this enzyme is concurrent with the increases in carotenoid content. In fungi, phytoene synthase together with lycopene cyclase are encoded by a fusion gene crtYB or carRA with two individual domains. These domains were both heterologously expressed in an independent manner and antisera raised against both. These antisera were used, to assess protein levels in mated and non-mated B. trispora. The phytoene synthase domain was detected as an individual soluble protein with a molecular weight of 40 kDa and the lycopene cyclase an individual protein of mass about 30 kDa present in the membrane fraction following sub-cellular fractionation. This result demonstrates a post-translational cleavage of the protein transcribed from a single mRNA into independent functional phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase.
Collapse
|
11
|
Medina HR, Cerdá-Olmedo E, Al-Babili S. Cleavage oxygenases for the biosynthesis of trisporoids and other apocarotenoids in Phycomyces. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|