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Xiong J, Wang L, Feng Y, Zhen C, Hang S, Yu J, Lu H, Jiang Y. Geldanamycin confers fungicidal properties to azole by triggering the activation of succinate dehydrogenase. Life Sci 2024; 348:122699. [PMID: 38718854 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Azoles have been widely employed for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases; however, their efficacy is diminished as pathogenic fungi tolerate them due to their fungistatic properties. Geldanamycin (GdA) can render azoles fungicidal by inhibiting the ATPase and molecular chaperone activities of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Nonetheless, the clinical applicability of GdA is restricted due to its cytotoxic ansamycin scaffold structure, its induction of cytoprotective heat shock responses, and the conservative nature of Hsp90. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate the mechanism of action of GdA to confer fungicidal properties to azoles and mitigate the toxic adverse effects associated with GdA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through various experimental methods, including the construction of gene-deleted Candida albicans mutants, in vitro drug sensitivity experiments, Western blot analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, and succinate dehydrogenase activity assays, we identified Hsp90 client proteins associated with the tolerance of C. albicans to azoles. KEY FINDINGS It was observed that GdA effectively hindered the entry of Hsp90 into mitochondria, resulting in the alleviation of inhibitory effect of Hsp90 on succinate dehydrogenase. Consequently, the activation of succinate dehydrogenase led to an increased production of ROS. within the mitochondria, thereby facilitating the antifungal effects of azoles against C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE This research presents a novel approach for conferring fungicidal properties to azoles, which involves specifically disrupting the interaction of between Hsp90 and succinate dehydrogenase rather than employing a non-specific inhibition of ATPase activity of Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sijin Hang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Reidy M, Garzillo K, Masison DC. Nucleotide exchange is sufficient for Hsp90 functions in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2489. [PMID: 37120429 PMCID: PMC10148809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an essential eukaryotic chaperone that regulates the activity of many client proteins. Current models of Hsp90 function, which include many conformational rearrangements, specify a requirement of ATP hydrolysis. Here we confirm earlier findings that the Hsp82-E33A mutant, which binds ATP but does not hydrolyze it, supports viability of S. cerevisiae, although it displays conditional phenotypes. We find binding of ATP to Hsp82-E33A induces the conformational dynamics needed for Hsp90 function. Hsp90 orthologs with the analogous EA mutation from several eukaryotic species, including humans and disease organisms, support viability of both S. cerevisiae and Sz. pombe. We identify second-site suppressors of EA that rescue its conditional defects and allow EA versions of all Hsp90 orthologs tested to support nearly normal growth of both organisms, without restoring ATP hydrolysis. Thus, the requirement of ATP for Hsp90 to maintain viability of evolutionarily distant eukaryotic organisms does not appear to depend on energy from ATP hydrolysis. Our findings support earlier suggestions that exchange of ATP for ADP is critical for Hsp90 function. ATP hydrolysis is not necessary for this exchange but provides an important control point in the cycle responsive to regulation by co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reidy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA.
| | - Kevin Garzillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Daniel C Masison
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in response to rapid cold hardening. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279254. [PMID: 36520873 PMCID: PMC9754249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of insets to react efficiently to fluctuation in temperature is crucial for them to survive in variable surroundings. Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a process that increase cold tolerance in most insect species. The molecular mechanisms of RCH remain largely unknown, and whether it is associated with transcriptional changes is unclear. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes of Liriomyza trifolii and L. sativae exposed to RCH to investigate the transcript abundance due to RCH in both species. RNA-seq revealed 93,166 assembled unigenes, and 34,303 of these were annotated in the L. trifolii and L. sativae transcriptome libraries. After a 4-h treatment at 1°C (RCH) compared with control, 268 and 606 unigenes were differentially expressed in L. trifolii and L. sativae, respectively. When comparing pupae exposed to 2h cold shock directly with pupae went through 4h acclimation prior to 2h cold shock, 60 and 399 unigenes were differentially expressed in L trifolii and L sativae, respectively. Genes that were commonly expressed in both L. trifolii and L. sativae, included cytochrome P450, cuticular protein, glucose dehydrogenase, solute carrier family 22 and cationic amino acid transporter. Additionally, several pathways including galactose metabolism and peroxisome were significantly enriched during RCH. Our results show that the transcriptional response is correlated with RCH in the pupal stage of the two Liriomyza species, but more transcriptional changes were identified in L sativae than in L. trifolii.
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Large-scale commercial cultivation of morels: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4401-4412. [PMID: 35731306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since morels were first successfully cultivated commercially in Sichuan in 2012, morel cultivation has expanded to more than 20 provinces in China. The highest yield currently reaches 15,000 kg/ha. Morel cultivation is characterized by its environmental friendliness, short cycle length, and high profit. However, the yield obtained is unstable which makes morel cultivation a high-risk industry. Although 10 production cycles have passed, there is still a gap between morel cultivation practice and our basic knowledge of morel biology. This mini-review concentrates on the development needs of morel cultivation. We illustrate the key techniques used in the large-scale commercial cultivation of morels and their relevant studies, including nutritional requirements, mechanisms of nutrient bag, soil type, vegetative and reproductive growth conditions, and disease control. This review will be a useful practical reference for the commercial artificial cultivation of morels and promoting the vital technologies required. KEY POINTS: •Unstable yield still exists after commercial cultivation of morels realized. •There is a gap between cultivation practice and our knowledge of morel biology. •Key techniques are illustrated for morel cultivation practice.
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Chen C, Fu R, Wang J, Li X, Chen X, Li Q, Lu D. Genome sequence and transcriptome profiles of pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces penicillatus reveal its interactions with edible fungus Morchella importuna. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2607-2617. [PMID: 34025947 PMCID: PMC8120865 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces penicillatus is one of the pathogens of morels, which greatly affects the yield and quality of Morchella spp.. In the present study, we de novo assembled the genome sequence of the fungus P. penicillatus SAAS_ppe1. We analyzed the transcriptional profile of P. penicillatus SAAS_ppe1 infection of Morchella importuna at different stages (3 days and 6 days after infection) and the response of M. importuna using the transcriptome. The assembled genome sequence of P. penicillatus SAAS_ppe1 was 39.78 Mb in length (11 scaffolds; scaffold N50, 6.50 Mb), in which 99.7% of the expected genes were detected. A total of 7.48% and 19.83% clean transcriptional reads from the infected sites were mapped to the P. penicillatus genome at the early and late stages of infection, respectively. There were 3,943 genes differently expressed in P. penicillatus at different stages of infection, of which 24 genes had increased expression with the infection and infection stage, including diphthamide biosynthesis, aldehyde reductase, and NAD (P)H-hydrate epimerase (P < 0.05). Several genes had variable expression trends at different stages of infection, indicating P. penicillatus had diverse regulation patterns to infect M. importuna. GO function, involving cellular components, and KEGG pathways, involving glycerolipid metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction were significantly enriched during infection by P. penicillatus. The expression of ten genes in M. importuna increased during the infection and infection stage, and these may regulate the response of M. importuna to P. penicillatus infection. This is the first comprehensive study on P. penicillatus infection mechanism and M. importuna response mechanism, which will lay a foundation for understanding the fungus-fungus interactions, gene functions, and variety breeding of pathogenic and edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, PR China
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Zhu L, Luo X, Fu N, Chen L. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response: A novel pathway in metabolism and immunity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105603. [PMID: 33838292 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mitoUPR) is a mitochondria stress response to maintain mitochondrial proteostasis during stress. Increasing evidence suggests that mitoUPR participates in diverse physiological processes especially metabolism and immunity. Although mitoUPR regulates metabolism in many aspects, it is mainly reflected in the regulation of energy metabolism. During stress, mitoUPR alters energy metabolism via suppressing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or increasing glycolysis. MitoUPR also alters energy metabolism and regulates diverse metabolic diseases such as diabetes, cancers, fatty liver and obesity. In addition, mitoUPR also participates in immune process during stress. MitoUPR can induce innate immune response during various infections and may regulate inflammatory response during diverse inflammations. Considering the pleiotropic actions of mitoUPR, mitoUPR may supply diverse therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Novel insights into molecular chaperone regulation of ribonucleotide reductase. Curr Genet 2018; 65:477-482. [PMID: 30519713 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 bind and fold a significant proportion of the proteome. They are responsible for the activity and stability of many disease-related proteins including those in cancer. Substantial effort has been devoted to developing a range of chaperone inhibitors for clinical use. Recent studies have identified the oncogenic ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex as an interactor of chaperones. While several generations of RNR inhibitor have been developed for use in cancer patients, many of these produce severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting and hair loss. Development of more potent, less patient-toxic anti-RNR strategies would be highly desirable. Inhibition of chaperones and associated co-chaperone molecules in both cancer and model organisms such as budding yeast result in the destabilization of RNR subunits and a corresponding sensitization to RNR inhibitors. Going forward, this may form part of a novel strategy to target cancer cells that are resistant to standard RNR inhibitors.
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Kato H, Okazaki K, Urano T. How does Hsp90 function in RNAi-dependent heterochromatin assembly? Curr Genet 2018; 65:87-91. [PMID: 29974204 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was recently identified as a silencing factor required for RNA interference (RNAi)-dependent heterochromatin assembly in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. As Hsp90 is known to contribute to the formation of small RNA-containing effector complexes, it would be expected that Hsp90 is also involved in the RNAi pathway in fission yeast. However, upon investigation, we found it very difficult to determine how Hsp90 modulates RNAi-dependent heterochromatin assembly in the cell. A lack of detectable small interfering RNAs in hsp90 mutant cells prevented us from examining the role of Hsp90 in the siRNA loading in the cell. In addition, deletion of genes encoding co-chaperones for Hsp90 appears not to affect RNAi-dependent pericentromeric silencing. One possible approach for elucidating the role of Hsp90 in RNAi-dependent heterochromatin assembly is the use of forward genetic screens to identify novel factors linking Hsp90 with other known RNAi factors. Here, we discuss the benefits of conducting further screenings and present some technical hints to help identify new factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.,KNC Laboratories Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2271, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
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Sugimoto K. Branching the Tel2 pathway for exact fit on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases. Curr Genet 2018; 64:965-970. [PMID: 29470645 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs), are structurally related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (lipid kinase), but possess protein kinase activities. PIKKs include ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, mTOR and SMG1, key regulators of cell proliferation and genome maintenance. TRRAP, which is devoid of protein kinase activity, is the sixth member of the PIKK family. PIKK family members are gigantic proteins in the range of 300-500 kDa. It has become apparent in the last decade that the stability or maturation of the PIKK family members depends on a molecular chaperone called the Tel2-Tti1-Tti2 (TTT) complex. Several lines of evidence have established a model in which TTT connects to the Hsp90 chaperone through the Rvb1-Rvb2-Tah1-Pih1 (R2TP) complex in mammalian and yeast cells. However, recent studies of yeast cells indicate that TTT is able to form different complexes. These observations raise a possibility that several different mechanisms regulate TTT-mediated protein stability of PIKKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Sugimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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