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Baruah D, Tamuli R. The cell functions of phospholipase C-1, Ca 2+/H + exchanger-1, and secretory phospholipase A 2 in tolerance to stress conditions and cellulose degradation in Neurospora crassa. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:327. [PMID: 37676310 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the cell functions of the Ca2+ signaling genes phospholipase C-1 (plc-1), Ca2+/H+ exchanger (cpe-1), and secretory phospholipase A2 (splA2) for stress responses and cellulose utilization in Neurospora crassa. The Δplc-1, Δcpe-1, and ΔsplA2 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to the alkaline pH and reduced survival during induced thermotolerance. The ΔsplA2 mutant also exhibited hypersensitivity to the DTT-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased microcrystalline cellulose utilization, increased protein secretion, and glucose accumulation in the culture supernatants. Moreover, the ΔsplA2 mutant could not grow on microcrystalline cellulose during ER stress. Furthermore, plc-1, cpe-1, and splA2 synthetically regulate the acquisition of thermotolerance induced by heat shock, responses to alkaline pH and ER stress, and utilization of cellulose and other alternate carbon sources in N. crassa. In addition, expression of the alkaline pH regulator, pac-3, and heat shock proteins, hsp60, and hsp80 was reduced in the Δplc-1, Δcpe-1, and ΔsplA2 single and double mutants. The expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) markers grp-78 and pdi-1 was also significantly reduced in the mutants showing growth defect during ER stress. The increased cellulolytic activities of the ΔsplA2 and Δcpe-1; ΔsplA2 mutants were due to increased cbh-1, cbh-2, and endo-2 expression in N. crassa. Therefore, plc-1, cpe-1, and splA2 are involved in stress responses and cellulose utilization in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Baruah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India.
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Marak CNK, Tamuli R. Calmodulin, Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases-1 and 2 Regulate Expression of the Heat Shock Proteins for Heat Shock Tolerance and Pheromone Signaling Genes for Sexual Development in Neurospora crassa. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:317-323. [PMID: 37781015 PMCID: PMC10533439 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary Ca2+ sensor that binds and activates numerous target proteins and regulates several cellular processes in eukaryotes. CaM is essential in Neurospora crassa; therefore, we generated a CaM mutant using repeat-induced point (RIP) mutation and investigated the cmdRIP mutant phenotypes. We also studied knockout mutants of four Ca2+/CaM kinases (camk-1, 2, 3, and 4) for their role during stress conditions and sexual development. The cmdRIP, ∆camk-1, and ∆camk-2 mutants showed reduced survival and growth rates under heat stress, oxidative stress, pH, and ER stress conditions. In addition, under the heat stress conditions, expression of the heat shock protein genes hsp70 and hsp80 was reduced in the cmdRIP, ∆camk-1, and ∆camk-2 mutants. The cmdRIP mutant was also defective in cell fusion, its vegetative hyphae could not support the fertilized wild type perithecia graft, and female sterile. Furthermore, the expression of pheromone signaling genes pre-1, pre-2, ccg-4, mfa-1, and fmf-1 was reduced in the cmdRIP, ∆camk-1, and ∆camk-2 mutants. Therefore, CaM, Ca2+/CaMK-1 and 2 are involved in the tolerance to heat stress conditions and sexual development by regulating the heat shock and pheromone response pathways, respectively, in N. crassa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01091-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Noche K. Marak
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781 039 India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781 039 India
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Fang Y, Jiang J, Ding H, Li X, Xie X. Phospholipase C: Diverse functions in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1192-1202. [PMID: 37119461 PMCID: PMC10423330 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) generates various second messenger molecules and mediates phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the important roles of plant and fungal PLC in disease resistance and pathogenicity, respectively, have been determined. However, the roles of PLC in plants and fungi are unintegrated and relevant literature is disorganized. This makes it difficult for researchers to implement PLC-based strategies to improve disease resistance in plants. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the structure, classification, and phylogeny of the PLCs involved in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. PLCs can be divided into two groups, nonspecific PLC (NPC) and phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC), which present marked differences in phylogenetic evolution. The products of PLC genes in fungi play significant roles in physiological activity and pathogenesis, whereas those encoded by plant PLC genes mediate the immune response to fungi. This review provides a perspective for the future control of plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Junmei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Haixia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
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Baruah D, Marak CNK, Roy A, Gohain D, Kumar A, Das P, Borkovich KA, Tamuli R. Multiple calcium signaling genes play a role in the circadian period of Neurospora crassa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad044. [PMID: 37193664 PMCID: PMC10237334 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+ signaling genes cpe-1, plc-1, ncs-1, splA2, camk-1, camk-2, camk-3, camk-4, cmd, and cnb-1 are necessary for a normal circadian period length in Neurospora crassa. In addition, the Q10 values ranged between 0.8 and 1.2 for the single mutants lacking cpe-1, splA2, camk-1, camk-2, camk-3, camk-4, and cnb-1, suggesting that the circadian clock exhibits standard temperature compensation. However, the Q10 value for the ∆plc-1 mutant was 1.41 at 25 and 30 °C, 1.53 and 1.40 for the ∆ncs-1 mutant at 20 and 25 °C, and at 20 and 30 °C, respectively, suggesting a partial loss of temperature compensation in these two mutants. Moreover, expression of frq, a regulator of the circadian period, and the blue light receptor wc-1, were increased >2-fold in the Δplc-1, ∆plc-1; ∆cpe-1, and the ∆plc-1; ∆splA2 mutants at 20 °C. The frq mRNA level was increased >2-fold in the Δncs-1 mutant compared to the ras-1bd strain at 20 °C. Therefore, multiple Ca2+ signaling genes regulate the circadian period, by influencing expression of the frq and wc-1 genes that are critical for maintaining the normal circadian period length in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Baruah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Christy Noche K Marak
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Avishek Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Dibakar Gohain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pallavi Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Katherine A Borkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside 92521, CA, USA
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Regulation of Hsp80 involved in the acquisition of induced thermotolerance, and NCA-2 involved in calcium stress tolerance by the calcineurin-CRZ-1 signaling pathway in Neurospora crassa. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wilson AM, Wilken PM, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. Genetic Networks That Govern Sexual Reproduction in the Pezizomycotina. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0002021. [PMID: 34585983 PMCID: PMC8485983 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual development in filamentous fungi is a complex process that relies on the precise control of and interaction between a variety of genetic networks and pathways. The mating-type (MAT) genes are the master regulators of this process and typically act as transcription factors, which control the expression of genes involved at all stages of the sexual cycle. In many fungi, the sexual cycle typically begins when the mating pheromones of one mating type are recognized by a compatible partner, followed by physical interaction and fertilization. Subsequently, highly specialized sexual structures are formed, within which the sexual spores develop after rounds of meiosis and mitosis. These spores are then released and germinate, forming new individuals that initiate new cycles of growth. This review provides an overview of the known genetic networks and pathways that are involved in each major stage of the sexual cycle in filamentous ascomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi M. Wilson
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Cellular Calcium Levels Influenced by NCA-2 Impact Circadian Period Determination in Neurospora. mBio 2021; 12:e0149321. [PMID: 34182778 PMCID: PMC8262947 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01493-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in the control of a variety of circadian processes in animals and plants, but its role in microbial clocks has remained largely cryptic. To examine the role of intracellular Ca2+ in the Neurospora clock, we screened mutants with knockouts of calcium transporter genes and identified a gene encoding a calcium exporter, nca-2, uniquely as having significant period effects. The loss of NCA-2 results in an increase in the cytosolic calcium level, and this leads to hyper-phosphorylation of core clock components, FRQ and WC-1, and a short period, as measured by both the core oscillator and the overt clock. Genetic analyses showed that mutations in certain frq phospho-sites and in Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (camk-2) are epistatic to nca-2 in controlling the pace of the oscillator. These data are consistent with a model in which elevated intracellular Ca2+ leads to the increased activity of CAMK-2, leading to enhanced FRQ phosphorylation, accelerated closure of the circadian feedback loop, and a shortened circadian period length. At a mechanistic level, some CAMKs undergo more auto-phosphorylations in the Δnca-2 mutant, consistent with high calcium levels in the Δnca-2 mutant influencing the enzymatic activities of CAMKs. NCA-2 interacts with multiple proteins, including CSP-6, a protein known to be required for circadian output. Most importantly, the expression of nca-2 is circadian clock-controlled at both the transcriptional and translational levels, and this in combination with the period effects seen in strains lacking NCA-2 firmly places calcium signaling within the larger circadian system, where it acts as both an input to and an output from the core clock.
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Barman A, Nath A, Thakur D. Identification and characterization of fungi associated with blister blight lesions of tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) isolated from Meghalaya, India. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126561. [PMID: 32799070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diseases in plants are mostly caused by fungi. Fungal interactions with the host can be either biotrophic, necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic. Synergistic polymicrobial interactions have been recently recognized that can also attribute to the occurrence of complex plant diseases. Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, although tea plants are affected by many different diseases causing a significant reduction in global tea production. Blister blight is one such serious and damaging leaf disease of tea. An assessment of blister blight disease was carried out at the tea development center in Umsning, Meghalaya. A considerable number of tea varieties showed characteristic blister blight symptoms that ranged from preliminary yellow spots in the upper leaf surface, matured white sporulating blisters in the lower leaf surface, and delayed brown necrotic lesions throughout the surfaces of the leaves. A total of 42 isolates, 15 from initial, 15 from mature, and 12 from necrotic stages were isolated from the symptomatic leaf samples. Pestalotiopsis and Nigrospora were the two fungi incessantly isolated from the diseased leaves. Colony characteristics that included colony, hyphal, and spore morphologies were examined and mycelial accumulation, sporulation, and sporal germination were determined for all the isolates of Pestalotiopsis and Nigrospora. Molecular analysis based on ITS-RFLP was performed for identification and genetic variability. In vitro pathogenicity assay revealed that Pestalotiopsis spp. and Nigrospora sp. developed distinct characteristics symptoms on greenhouse acclimated TV17 tea clones. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the prevalence of tea blister blight disease in Meghalaya and it is an initial attempt to identify fungal pathogens during different stages of blister blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barman
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India
| | - Archana Nath
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India.
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal signalling molecule of life. The Ca2+ signalling is an evolutionarily conserved process from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Ca2+ at high concentration is deleterious to the cell; therefore, cell maintains a low resting level of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c). The resting [Ca2+]c is tightly regulated, and a transient increase of the [Ca2+]c initiates a signalling cascade in the cell. Ca2+ signalling plays an essential role in various processes, including growth, development, reproduction, tolerance to stress conditions, and virulence in fungi. In this review, we describe the evolutionary aspects of Ca2+ signalling and cell functions of major Ca2+ signalling proteins in different fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Darshana Baruah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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Conidiation in Neurospora crassa: vegetative reproduction by a model fungus. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:97-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gohain D, Tamuli R. Calcineurin responsive zinc-finger-1 binds to a unique promoter sequence to upregulate neuronal calcium sensor-1, whose interaction with MID-1 increases tolerance to calcium stress in Neurospora crassa. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1510-1528. [PMID: 30825330 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We studied the molecular mechanism of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) signaling pathway for tolerance to Ca2+ stress in Neurospora crassa. Increasing concentration of Ca2+ increased the expression of ncs-1; however, the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 severely reduced ncs-1 mRNA transcript levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies revealed that the transcription factor calcineurin responsive zinc finger-1 (CRZ-1) binds to the ncs-1 promoter, and CRZ-1 binding upregulated ncs-1 expression under high Ca2+ concentrations. These results suggested the regulation of NCS-1 function through calcineurin- CRZ-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the CRZ-1 binds specifically to an 8 bp sequence 5'-CCTTCACA-3' in the ncs-1 promoter 216 bp upstream of the ATG start codon. We also showed that NCS-1 binds to the Ca2+ permeable channel MID-1 for tolerance to Ca2+ stress. Therefore, CRZ-1 binds to a unique sequence in the ncs-1 promoter, causing upregulation of NCS-1 that binds to MID-1 for tolerance to Ca2+ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Gohain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
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Disturbance in biosynthesis of arachidonic acid impairs the sexual development of the onion blight pathogen Stemphylium eturmiunum. Curr Genet 2019; 65:759-771. [PMID: 30649584 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of sexual fruiting bodies for plant pathogenic fungi is a key strategy to propagate their progenies upon environmental stresses. Stemphylium eturmiunum is an opportunistic plant pathogen fungus causing blight in onion. This self-fertilizing filamentous ascomycete persists in the soil by forming pseudothecia, the sexual fruiting body which helps the fungus survive in harsh environments. However, the regulatory mechanism of pseudothecial formation remains unknown. To uncover the mechanism for pseudothecial formation so as to find a practical measure to control the propagation of this onion pathogen, we tentatively used DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AC) to treat S. eturmiunum. 5-AC treatment silenced the gene-encoding monoacylglycerol lipase (magl) concomitant with the presence of the inheritable fluffy phenotype and defectiveness in pseudothecial development. Moreover, the silence of magl also resulted in a reduction of arachidonic acid (AA) formation from 27 ± 3.1 µg/g to 9.5 ± 1.5 µg/g. To correlate the biosynthesis of AA and pseudothecial formation, we created magl knockdown and overexpression strains. Knockdown of magl reduced AA to 11 ± 2.4 µg/g, which subsequently disabled pseudothecial formation. In parallel, overexpression of magl increased AA to 37 ± 3.4 µg/g, which also impaired pseudothecial formation. Furthermore, exogenous addition of AA to the culture of magl-silenced or magl knockdown strains rescued the pseudothecial formation but failed in the gpr1 knockdown strain of S. eturmiunum, which implicates the involvement of AA in signal transduction via a putative G protein-coupled receptor 1. Thus, AA at a cellular level of 27 ± 3.1 µg/g is essential for sexual development of S. eturmiunum. Disturbance in the biosynthesis of AA by up- and down-regulating the expression of magl disables the pseudothecial development. The specific requirement for AA in pseudothecial development by S. eturmiunum provides a hint to curb this onion pathogen: to impede pseudothecial formation by application of AA.
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Phospholipases play multiple cellular roles including growth, stress tolerance, sexual development, and virulence in fungi. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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