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García-Ruano D, Hsu I, Leray B, Billard B, Liti G, Coudreuse D. Engineering heterothallic strains in fission yeast. Yeast 2024; 41:87-94. [PMID: 38099423 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In poor nitrogen conditions, fission yeast cells mate, undergo meiosis and form spores that are resistant to deleterious environments. Natural isolates of Schizosaccharomyces pombe are homothallic. This allows them to naturally switch between the two h- and h+ mating types with a high frequency, thereby ensuring the presence of both mating partners in a population of cells. However, alteration of the mating type locus can abolish mating type switching or reduce it to a very low frequency. Such heterothallic strains have been isolated and are common in research laboratories due to the simplicity of their use for Mendelian genetics. In addition to the standard laboratory strains, a large collection of natural S. pombe isolates is now available, representing a powerful resource for investigating the genetic diversity and biology of fission yeast. However, most of these strains are homothallic, and only tedious or mutagenic strategies have been described to obtain heterothallic cells from a homothallic parent. Here, we describe a simple approach to generate heterothallic strains. It takes advantage of an alteration of the mating type locus that was previously identified in a mating type switching-deficient strain and the CRISPR-Cas9 editing tool, allowing for a one-step engineering of heterothallic cells with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Ruano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Genetics, CNRS UMR 5095, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ian Hsu
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | - Baptiste Leray
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Genetics, CNRS UMR 5095, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Gianni Liti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | - Damien Coudreuse
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Genetics, CNRS UMR 5095, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Schaffrath R, Brinkmann U. Diphthamide - a conserved modification of eEF2 with clinical relevance. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:164-177. [PMID: 38097404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Diphthamide, a complex modification on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), assures reading-frame fidelity during translation. Diphthamide and enzymes for its synthesis are conserved in eukaryotes and archaea. Originally identified as target for diphtheria toxin (DT) in humans, its clinical relevance now proves to be broader than the link to pathogenic bacteria. Diphthamide synthesis enzymes (DPH1 and DPH3) are associated with cancer, and DPH gene mutations can cause diphthamide deficiency syndrome (DDS). Finally, new analyses provide evidence that diphthamide may restrict propagation of viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1, and that DPH enzymes are targeted by viruses for degradation to overcome this restriction. This review describes how diphthamide is synthesized and functions in translation, and covers its clinical relevance in human development, cancer, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.
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3
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Shao Y, Molestak E, Su W, Stankevič M, Tchórzewski M. Sordarin - the antifungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1125-1145. [PMID: 34767248 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause serious problems in many aspects of human life, in particular infections in immunocompromised patients represent serious problems. Current antifungal antibiotics target various metabolic pathways, predominantly the cell wall or cellular membrane. Numerous compounds are available to combat fungal infections, but their efficacy is far from being satisfactory and some of them display high toxicity. The emerging resistance represents a serious issue as well; hence, there is a considerable need for new anti-fungal compounds with lower toxicity and higher effectiveness. One of the unique antifungal antibiotics is sordarin, the only known compound that acts on the fungal translational machinery per se. Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis at the elongation step of the translational cycle, acting on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. In this review, we intend to deliver a robust scientific platform promoting the development of antifungal compounds, in particular focusing on the molecular action of sordarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Eliza Molestak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Marek Stankevič
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Togami K, Pastika T, Stephansky J, Ghandi M, Christie AL, Jones KL, Johnson CA, Lindsay RW, Brooks CL, Letai A, Craig JW, Pozdnyakova O, Weinstock DM, Montero J, Aster JC, Johannessen CM, Lane AA. DNA methyltransferase inhibition overcomes diphthamide pathway deficiencies underlying CD123-targeted treatment resistance. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5005-5019. [PMID: 31437130 DOI: 10.1172/jci128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-3 receptor α subunit, CD123, is expressed in many hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). Tagraxofusp (SL-401) is a CD123-targeted therapy consisting of interleukin-3 fused to a truncated diphtheria toxin payload. Factors influencing response to tagraxofusp other than CD123 expression are largely unknown. We interrogated tagraxofusp resistance in patients and experimental models and found that it was not associated with CD123 loss. Rather, resistant AML and BPDCN cells frequently acquired deficiencies in the diphthamide synthesis pathway, impairing tagraxofusp's ability to ADP-ribosylate cellular targets. Expression of DPH1, encoding a diphthamide pathway enzyme, was reduced by DNA CpG methylation in resistant cells. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacitidine restored DPH1 expression and tagraxofusp sensitivity. We also developed a drug-dependent ADP-ribosylation assay in primary cells that correlated with tagraxofusp activity and may represent an additional novel biomarker. As predicted by these results and our observation that resistance also increased mitochondrial apoptotic priming, we found that the combination of tagraxofusp and azacitidine was effective in patient-derived xenografts treated in vivo. These data have important implications for clinical use of tagraxofusp and led to a phase 1 study combining tagraxofusp and azacitidine in myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Togami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Pastika
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Stephansky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghandi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen L Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl A Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Craig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga Pozdnyakova
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan Montero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andrew A Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Ağuş HH, Yilmaz S, Şengöz CO. Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis induced by camphor in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:382-390. [PMID: 31892813 PMCID: PMC6911262 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1908-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Camphor is widely used in pharmacy, the food industry, and cosmetics. In this study, we evaluate inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of camphor in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which presents a unicellular model in mechanistic toxicology and cell biology. Low-dose camphor exposure (0.4 mg/mL) activated autophagy, which was shown by GFP-Atg8 dots and transcriptional upregulation of Atg6 (Beclin-1 ortholog). Autophagy was also confirmed by using autophagy-deficient cells, which showed reduction in GFP-Atg8 dot formation. However, high-dose camphor exposure (0.8 mg/mL) caused dramatic cell death ratios, demonstrated by spot and colony-forming assays, even in autophagy-deficient cells. To unravel the underlying mechanism, this time, apoptosis-deficient cells were exposed to low- and high-dose camphor. Apoptosis was also confirmed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Among yeast apoptosis mediators, Aif1 was found to mediate camphor-induced cell death. In conclusion, differential regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, and switches between them, were found to be dose-dependent. The potential effects of camphor on autophagy and apoptotic cell death and underlying mechanisms were clarified in basic unicellular eukaryotic model, S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hızlan Hıncal Ağuş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Sedanur Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Cansın Ogeday Şengöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
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Agus HH, Sengoz CO, Yilmaz S. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death induced by camphor in sod1-deficient Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:216-226. [PMID: 30931102 PMCID: PMC6404167 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphor is one of the monoterpenes widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the food industry. In this study, we aimed to assess the oxidative, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of camphor on the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which is a promising unicellular model organism in mechanistic toxicology and cell biology. Since Sod1 is the main radical scavenger in the cell, we used sod1 mutants to understand whether camphor-induced ROS accumulation caused higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Camphor exposure (0-2000 mg L-1) caused significant cytotoxicity in yeast, particularly in sod1Δ cells. DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) fluorescence and NBT (p-nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride) reduction increased (at least 2.5-3-fold in sod1Δ cells) in correlation with camphor concentrations (800-1200 mg L-1), showing higher ROS levels and oxidative stress. Moreover, cells, stained with acridine orange/ethidium bromide, showed an apoptotic morphology with nuclear fragmentation and condensation. DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used to validate the apoptotic nuclear morphology. Dramatically increased mitochondrial impairment, which was higher in sod1Δ cells than in wild type cells, was shown by rhodamine 123 staining. In conclusion, camphor-induced excessive ROS production, which could not be prevented significantly in sod1 mutants, caused a dramatic increase in mortality rates due to intrinsic apoptosis revealed by mitochondrial impairment and apoptotic nuclear morphology. The potential effects of camphor on apoptotic cell death and the underlying mechanisms were clarified in the unicellular eukaryotic model, S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizlan Hincal Agus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
| | - Cansin Ogeday Sengoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
| | - Sedanur Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
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Elp3 and Dph3 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mediate cellular stress responses through tRNA LysUUU modifications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7225. [PMID: 28775286 PMCID: PMC5543170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires diphthamide modification of translation elongation factor eEF2 and wobble uridine modifications of tRNAs. In higher eukaryotes, these processes are important for preventing neurological and developmental defects and cancer. In this study, we used Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model to analyse mutants defective in eEF2 modification (dph1Δ), in tRNA modifications (elp3Δ), or both (dph3Δ) for sensitivity to cytotoxic agents and thermal stress. The dph3Δ and elp3Δ mutants were sensitive to a range of drugs and had growth defects at low temperature. dph3Δ was epistatic with dph1Δ for sensitivity to hydroxyurea and methyl methanesulfonate, and with elp3Δ for methyl methanesulfonate and growth at 16 °C. The dph1Δ and dph3Δ deletions rescued growth defects of elp3Δ in response to thiabendazole and at 37 °C. Elevated tRNALysUUU levels suppressed the elp3Δ phenotypes and some of the dph3Δ phenotypes, indicating that lack of tRNALysUUU modifications were responsible. Furthermore, we found positive genetic interactions of elp3Δ and dph3Δ with sty1Δ and atf1Δ, indicating that Elp3/Dph3-dependent tRNA modifications are important for efficient biosynthesis of key factors required for accurate responses to cytotoxic stress conditions.
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