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Lin W, Liu A, Weng C, Li H, Sun S, Song A, Zhu H. Cloning and characterization of a novel phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Inonotus baumii. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 112:52-58. [PMID: 29499780 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene plays an important role in the synthesis of flavones, lignin, and other bioactive compounds in living organisms. Inonotus baumii, the only known flavone-producing filamentous fungus, is of great importance in the investigation of flavone metabolic pathways. To study the function of PAL enzyme in I. baumii flavone synthesis, a full-length cDNA of pal gene was cloned from I. baumii using DOP-PCR and RACE-PCR. The 2502-bp PAL coding region encodes an 833 amino acid protein with an approximate MW of 88.2kDa. Three introns and four exons are present in the DNA sequence of IbPAL. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that IbPAL shares 76% similarity with PALs of Inonotus fungi. The three-dimensional structure of IbPAL showed that it is composed of an MIO domain, a core domain and an inserted shielding domain. On this basis, the IbPAL was expressed and purified using the prokaryotic expression vector pSMART-V with a 6xHis-tag in Escherichia coli, and its enzymatic activity was subsequently detected. Our results will aid in understanding the enzymatic properties of PAL and further confirm the mechanism of flavone synthesis in I. baumii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China; Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Liu
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Weng
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihuan Song
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, 7 Youyun Road, Qingdao 266104, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhu
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, 8 Shangsan Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China.
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Structure and expression of two phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes of the basidiomycete mushroom Tricholoma matsutake. MYCOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cui JD, Qiu JQ, Fan XW, Jia SR, Tan ZL. Biotechnological production and applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: a recent review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:258-68. [PMID: 23688066 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.791660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid and a free ammonium ion. It plays a major role in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine. The presence of PAL has been reported in diverse plants, some fungi, Streptomyces and few Cyanobacteria. In the past two decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme's importance in phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. In contrast, there is little knowledge about microbial PAL. Furthermore, the commercial source of the enzyme has been mainly obtained from the fungi. This study focuses on the recent advances on the physiological role of microbial PAL and the improvements of PAL biotechnological production both from our laboratory and many others as well as the latest advances on the new applications of microbial PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang , P R China
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Brefort T, Scherzinger D, Limón MC, Estrada AF, Trautmann D, Mengel C, Avalos J, Al-Babili S. Cleavage of resveratrol in fungi: Characterization of the enzyme Rco1 from Ustilago maydis. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zahiri A, Heimel K, Wahl R, Rath M, Kämper J. The Ustilago maydis forkhead transcription factor Fox1 is involved in the regulation of genes required for the attenuation of plant defenses during pathogenic development. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1118-29. [PMID: 20687802 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a plant-pathogenic fungus that establishes a biotrophic relationship with its host plant, Zea mays. The pathogenic stage of U. maydis is initiated by the fusion of two haploid cells, resulting in the formation of a dikaryotic hypha that invades the plant cell. The switch from saprophytic, yeast-like cells to the biotrophic hyphae requires the complex regulation of a multitude of biological processes to constitute the compatible host-fungus interaction. Transcriptional regulators involved in the establishment of the infectious dikaryon and penetration of the host tissue have been identified; however, regulators required during the post-penetration stages remained to be elucidated. In this study, we report the identification of a U. maydis forkhead transcription factor, Fox1, which is exclusively expressed during biotrophic development. Deletion of fox1 results in reduced virulence and impaired tumor development. The Deltafox1 hyphae induce the accumulation of H(2)O(2) in and around infected cells and a maize defense response phenotypically represented by the encasement of proliferating hyphae in a cellulose-containing matrix. The phenotype can be attributed to the fox1-dependent deregulation of several effector genes that are linked to pathogenic development and host defense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zahiri
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Oh Y, Donofrio N, Pan H, Coughlan S, Brown DE, Meng S, Mitchell T, Dean RA. Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R85. [PMID: 18492280 PMCID: PMC2441471 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood. RESULTS We analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes during spore germination and appressorium formation on a hydrophobic surface compared to induction by cAMP. During spore germination, 2,154 (approximately 21%) genes showed differential expression, with the majority being up-regulated. During appressorium formation, 357 genes were differentially expressed in response to both stimuli. These genes, which we refer to as appressorium consensus genes, were functionally grouped into Gene Ontology categories. Overall, we found a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Conversely, expression of genes associated with protein and amino acid degradation, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism and cellular transportation exhibited a dramatic increase. We functionally characterized several differentially regulated genes, including a subtilisin protease (SPM1) and a NAD specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Mgd1), by targeted gene disruption. These studies revealed hitherto unknown findings that protein degradation and amino acid metabolism are essential for appressorium formation and subsequent infection. CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study and functional analysis of infection structure formation by a fungal plant pathogen. Our data provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that will directly benefit efforts to identify fungal pathogenicity factors and aid the development of new disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Huaqin Pan
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: RTI international, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Sean Coughlan
- Agilent Technologies, Little Falls, DE 19808-1644, USA
| | - Douglas E Brown
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Shaowu Meng
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Thomas Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
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Bhattacharya S, Chakrabarti S, Nayak A, Bhattacharya SK. Metabolic networks of microbial systems. Microb Cell Fact 2003; 2:3. [PMID: 12740044 PMCID: PMC155636 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to bioreactors the metabolites within the microbial cells are converted in an impure atmosphere, yet the productivity seems to be well regulated and not affected by changes in operation variables. These features are attributed to integral metabolic network within the microorganism. With the advent of neo-integrative proteomic approaches the understanding of integration of metabolic and protein-protein interaction networks have began. In this article we review the methods employed to determine the protein-protein interaction and their integration to define metabolite networks. We further present a review of current understanding of network properties, and benefit of studying the networks. The predictions using network structure, for example, in silico experiments help illustrate the importance of studying the network properties. The cells are regarded as complex system but their elements unlike complex systems interact selectively and nonlinearly to produce coherent rather than complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Bhattacharya
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Subhra Chakrabarti
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Amiya Nayak
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44121, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Dept. of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Area I 31, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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